Nanang Ali Sutisna

Engineering Drawing
Module 1

Drafting Studio
President University
 General Objectives

The general objectives of Engineering Drawing

are:

1. To develop the ability to express ideas and

describe objects by means of drawing
2. To interpret norm and symbols used in
engineering drawing and in daily life
3. To develop skills in lettering and hand drawing
using traditional drawing equipment
4. To read and understand simple drawing
 Module 1

Overview of an
Engineering Drawing

TOPICS
Graphics language, Engineering Drawing,
Projection methods, Orthographic projection,
Lettering, Drawing standards
 Specific Objectives

After you have studied this course and completed all

the exercises you will be able to:

1. Identify lines, types of drawing and basic drawing

tools
2. Write Letter and number for drawings
3. Given a pictorial drawing, draw the multi-view
drawing of a simple objects
4. Given a multi-view drawing, draw the pictorial
drawing of simple object
5. Correctly place dimensions on drawing of simple
objects
 Contents

General Objectives ............................................................................................................ ii

Specific Objectives ........................................................................................................... iv
Contents ............................................................................................................................v
SECTION 1: GRAPHICS LANGUAGE.............................................................................. 6
Effectiveness of Graphics Language ............................................................................. 6
Composition of Graphic Language ................................................................................ 7
SECTION 2: ENGINEERING DRAWING ........................................................................ 10
Elements of Engineering Drawing ............................................................................... 10
SECTION 3: PROJECTION METHOD ............................................................................ 11
Projection Theory ........................................................................................................ 12
Orthographic Projection ............................................................................................... 14
Orthographic View ....................................................................................................... 14
Orthographic View ....................................................................................................... 15
Multiview Drawing .................................................................................................... 16
SECTION 4: STANDARD LETTERING........................................................................... 22
Text on Drawings ........................................................................................................ 22
Lettering Standard ...................................................................................................... 22
EXERCISE 2: Lettering ............................................................................................... 25
SECTION 5: DRAWING STANDARD ............................................................................. 29
Introduction ................................................................................................................. 29
Drawing Sheet ........................................................................................................... 29
SECTION 1: GRAPHICS LANGUAGE

Effectiveness of Graphics Language

The word languages are inadequate for describing the size,
shape and features completely as well as concisely.

1. Try to write a description of this object.

2. Test your written description by having someone attempt to

make a sketch from your description

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Composition of Graphic Language

Graphic language in “engineering application” use lines to

represent the surfaces, edges and contours of objects.
The language is known as “drawing” or “drafting” .

A drawing can be done using freehand, instruments or computer

methods.
Freehand drawing
The lines are sketched without using instruments other
than pencils and erasers

Instrument Drawing
Instruments are used to draw straight lines, circles, and curves
concisely and accurately. Thus, the drawings are usually made to
scale.

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Example

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Computer drawing
The drawings are usually made by commercial software such as
AutoCAD, Solidworks, CATIA etc.

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SECTION 2: ENGINEERING DRAWING

Elements of Engineering Drawing

Engineering drawing are made up of graphics language
and word language.

Graphics
language

Describe a shape: Line type, Projection method, Geometric

construction.

Word
language

Describe size, location and specification of the object:: Lettering.

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SECTION 3: PROJECTION METHOD

PROJECTION METHOD

Perspective Parallel

Oblique Orthographic

Axonometric Multiview

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Projection Theory
The projection theory is used to graphically represent 3-D objects
on 2-D media (paper, computer screen).

The projection theory is based on two variables:

1) Line of sight
2) Plane of projection (image plane or picture plane)

Line of sight is an imaginary ray of light between an observer’s

eye and an object.

There are 2 types of LOS : parallel and converge/persfpective

Parallel projection Perspective projection

Line of sight Line of sight

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Plane of projection is an imaginary flat plane which the image is
created.

The image is produced by connecting the points where the LOS

pierce the projection plane.

Parallel projection Perspective projection

Plane of projection Plane of projection

Disadvantages of perspective projection

Perspective projection is not used by engineer for manufacturing
of parts, because

1. It is difficult to create.
2. It does not reveal exact shape and size.

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Orthographic Projection

Orthographic projection is a parallel projection technique in

which the parallel lines of sight are perpendicular to the
projection plane

Orthographic View
Orthographic projection technique can produce either
1. Multiview drawing
that each view show an object in two dimensions.
2. Axonometric drawing
that show all three dimensions of an object in one view.

Both drawing types are used in technical drawing for

communication.

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Orthographic View

Orthographic projection technique can produce either

1. Multiview drawing
that each view show an object in two dimensions.

2. Axonometric drawing
that show all three dimensions of an object in one view.
Both drawing types are used in technical drawing for
communication.

Axonometric (Isometric) Drawing

Advantage: Easy to understand
Disadvantage: Shape and angle distortion

Example
Distortions of shape and size in isometric drawing

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Multiview Drawing
Advantage: It represents accurate shape and size.
Disadvantage: Require practice in writing and reading.
Example

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EXERCISE 1: Orthographic Projection

Complete the projection of the object on next pages, use the

grid as unit of measure.

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SECTION 4: STANDARD LETTERING

Text on Drawings
Text on engineering drawing is used :

• To communicate nongraphic information.

• As a substitute for graphic information, in those instance
where text can communicate the needed information more clearly
and quickly.

Thus, it must be written with

Legibility - shape
- space between letters and words
Uniformity - size
- line thickness

Lettering Standard

ANSI Standard ISO Standard

Use a Gothic text style, either Use a ISO Gothic text style, either
inclined or vertical. inclined or vertical.

Use all capital letters Use both capital and

lower-case letters.
Use 3 mm for most text Use 3.5 mm for most text height. Use
height. 5~7 mm text height for title block
Space between lines N/A. Follows ANSI rule.
of text is at least 1/3
of text height.

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ISO 3098 Standard Lettering

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ISO 3098 Standard Lettering

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EXERCISE 2: Lettering
Complete Lettering Exercise on next page, use ISO Standard
Lettering , and also complete the title block lettering on the
page after.

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 SECTION 5: DRAWING STANDARD

Introduction

Standards are set of rules that govern how technical drawings are
represented.

Drawing standards are used so that drawings convey the same

meaning to everyone who reads them.

Standard Code

Country Code Full Name

ISO International Standards Organization

USA ANSI American National Standard Institute
Japan JIS Japanese Industrial Standard
UK BS British Standard
Australia AS Australian Standard
German DIN Deutsches Institut für Normung

Drawing Sheet
Trimmed paper of a size A0 ~ A4.
Standard sheet size (ISO / JIS) A4 210 x 297 mm

A3 297 x 420 mm
A2 420 x 594 mm
A1 594 x 841 mm
A0 841 x 1189 mm

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30
Orientation of drawing sheet

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 Sheet size c (min) d (min)

A4 10 20
A3 10 20
A2 10 20
A1 20 20
A0 20 20

Drawing Scales
Designation of a scale consists of the word “SCALE” followed by
the indication of its ratio, as follow

SCALE 1:1 for full size

SCALE X:1 for enlargement scales (X > 1)

SCALE 1:X for reduction scales (X > 1)

Dimension numbers shown in the drawing are correspond to “true

size” of the object and they are independent of the scale used in
creating that drawing.

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Basic Line Types

Types of Lines Appearance Application

Continuous thick line Visible line

Thickness: 0.7 mm
Dash thin line Hidden line
Thickness: 0.5 mm
Dimension line
Continuous thin line
Extension line
Thickness: 0.35 mm
Leader line
Chain thin line Center line
Thickness: 0.35 mm

Meaning of Lines
Visible lines represent features that can be seen in the current
view

Hidden lines represent features that can not be seen in the

current view

Center line represents symmetry, path of motion, centers of

circles, axis of axisymmetrical parts

Dimension and Extension lines indicate the sizes and location

of features on a drawing

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Exercise 3 : Line conventions

Draw the following object using standard line thickness

Dimension Line

Extension Line

Leader Line

Centre Line

Visible Line

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