INDEX
TOPIC PAGE NO
1. POLLINATION 1
2. TYPES OF POLLINATION 5
o SELF POLLINATION 6
o CROSS POLLINATION 8
3.AGENTS OF POLLINATION 10
o WIND POLLINATION 10
o WATER POLLINATION 11
o ANIMAL POLLINATION 12
4.CONCLUSION 14
5.BIBILOGRAPHY
POLLINATION
The flower is the part of plant that brings about
reproduction by sexual means. The male and female parts of
plant are the key elements in pollination. The male parts
include the anther and filament which together are called the
stamen. The stamen produces the pollen. The female parts are
the stigma, the style, and the ovary at the base of the flower,
which together are called the carpel
The transfer of pollen grains from anther to
stigma of a pistil is termed as pollination
There are two types of pollination:
SELF POLLINATION and CROSS POLLINATION
There are two types of self-pollination:
AUTOGAMY and GEITONOGAMY
One type of cross pollination: XENOGAMY
Cross pollination: Pollination of a flower or plant with pollen
from another flower or plant
PARTS OF A FLOWER
Pollination is the process of reproduction in plants. This
process can be of different kinds, like self-pollination and
cross pollination and these two kinds also have subcategories
which we will look at in detail. The word pollination comes
from pollen grains. Pollen grains are microscopic single cell
bodies that contain male reproductive cell of the plants.
Pollen is also called sperm cells or male gametes of the plant.
Pollination occurs when pollen grains from the male part of
the plant [anther] are transferred to the female part of the
plant, referred to as stigma. Before we move further, we
should know that flowers are the reproductive part of the
plants
TYPES OF POLLINATION
After pollens grains successfully land on the stigma a pollen
tube is formed through the length of style, a long stalk that
connects the stigma and the ovary of the flower. As the
pollen tube formation gets completed the sperms cells from
the pollen grain through the pollen tube are sent down to the
ovary. As the sperm cell and egg cell meet, fertilization takes
place and fertilization of these cells result in formation of a
seed. Later seed gets detached from the parent plant, seed
grows into another plant and again in the plant occurs
pollination. This way these immobile creatures reproduce
through pollination. There are basically two types of
pollination: Self- pollination and Cross-pollination. While self-
pollination is the primary type of pollination, cross pollination
is a bit complex. Now we are going to study self and cross
pollination in detail.
SEL-POLLINATION: This type of pollination deals with
only one flower and hence it is quite basic type of pollination.
When pollen grain from the male part of the flower[anther]
falls directly on the stigma which is the female part of the
same flower and fertilization occurs, such type of pollination
is called self-pollination. The plants that undergo self-
pollination are referred to as self-pollinating plants. Some
examples of self-pollinating plants are: Wheat, Apricot, Rice,
Peanut etc... Self-pollination though itself is a type of
pollination, it further has sub-categories as well
TYPES OF SELF-POLLINATION
Self-pollination is of two types. Autogamy and
Geitonogamy
AUTOGAMY: This type of self-pollination occurs where
the transfer of sperms cells from the pollen grain to the
stigma takes place within the same flower. Autogamy is
possible under some circumstances like both the anther and
the stigma of the same flower should be open. Stigma should
be prepared to receive the pollen when released from the
anther. Anther and stigma should be close enough.
GEITONOGAMY: This type of self-pollination occurs
when transfer of pollen grains from male part of the plant to
the female part of the plant takes place in different flowers
but of the same plant. Geitonogamy seems more of a cross
pollination and requires a pollination agent but since it
occurs in the same plant.
CROSS-POLLINATION: This type of pollination is more
complex. The transfer of pollen grain occurs from the anther
of one flower to the stigma of a different flower. Cross
pollination is also called xenogamy. The movement of pollen
grains in cross-pollination is possible through pollinating
agents. Pollinating agents can be anything like animals,
insects, winds and some other abiotic and biotic things.
Generally, cross-pollination occurs in bright coloured flowers
as their colour and odour attracts the insects like bees. Some
of the cross-pollination plants are lavender, strawberry,
apple, dandelion etc…
CHASMOGAMOUS FLOWER
CLEISTOGAMUS FLOWER
AGENTS OF POLLINATION
Pollination in plants is achieved through three agents.
They are:
Wind
Water
Animals
Among these agents, biotic agents[animals] are used by
majority of the plants. Abiotic agents like wind and water
have low chances of pollination. To componsate for the
same, enormous amount of pollen is produced when
compared to the number of ovules available for pollination.
WIND POLLINATION
The several adaptations of wind pollinated
flowers are as follows
o Light and non-sticky pollen grains
o Well exposed stamen
o Large feathery stigma
o Arranged into an inflorescence in which a flower has
single ovule in each ovary.
Eg: Corncob, coconut palm, cereals, millets, grasses etc…
WATER POLLINATION
Water pollination is carried out in 30 genera out
of which most of then are monocotyledons. In most of the
water pollinated species, pollen grains are protected from
wetting by a mucilaginous covering. In Vallisneria, the
female flower reach the surface of the water by the long stalk
and male flowers or pollen grains are released pn to the
surface of water. Some of them eventually reach the female
flowers and the stigma after being carried passively by water
currents. In plants like sea grasses [Zostera], female flowers
remain submerged in water and the long ribbon like
pollengrains are released inside the water. Pollination occurs
after it is passively transported by water.
ANIMAL POLLINATION
Bees, butterflies, moths, bats, are common
pollinating agents. Among the animals, insects are the
dominant biotic pollinating agent. Adaptations of insect
pollinated flowers are as follows:
o Flowers are large, colourful, fragrant and rich in nectar
o Small flowers are clustered into an inflorescence to
make them conspicuous
o To sustain animal visits, flowers provide nectar and
pollen to animals
In some species, floral rewards are in providing a safe place
to lay eggs. For example, in a relationship between a species
of moth and yucca plant, completing their respective life
cycle without each other is not possible
CONCLUSION
Flowers are objects of aesthetic, ornamental, social, religious,
and cultural value. Flowers are the reproductive organs of
plants. The male and female reproductive organs of a flower
are represented by androecium consisting of stamen and
gynoecium consist of carpels. The transfer of male
gametophyte called pollen grains from anther to the stigma
of the pistil is termed as pollination. Pollination can be
divided depending upon the source of pollen into three
types: -
AUTOGAMY
GEITONOGAMY
XENOGAMY
Process of transfer of pollen grains from the anther of a
flower to the stigma of the same flower –Autogamy
Eg :- Wheat, Rice, Pea etc…
Process of transfer of pollen grains from the anther of a
flower of the same plant –Geitonogamy
Process of transfer of pollen grains from the anther of flower
to the stigma of the flower of another plant of same species –
Xenogamy
Based on the nature of pollinating agents, pollination may be
of three types :-
Anemophily or wind pollination
Hydrophily or water pollination
Zoophily or animal pollination
Pollination by agency of wind—Wind pollination
Pollination by agency of water—Water pollination
Pollination by agency of animals—Animal pollination
BIBILIOGRAPHY
https://www.teacherspayteachers.com/ Product/Parts-of-a-Flower-booklet-457 9915
https://www.researchgate.net/figure/Violapubescens-var-scabriuscula-bearing-A-chasmogamous-
and-B-cleistogamous-flowers_fig1_339855192 https://byjus.com/question-answer/flowers -which-
have-a-single-ovule-in-the-ovary-a nd-numerous-flowers-packed-into-an-1/
https://www.brainkart.com/article/Agents-o f-pollination_38201/
https://www.bcbotanicals.com/blog/the-yucca-and-yucca-moth
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I am greatly obliged to our Biology teachers Mrs.
Mrudula PV and Mrs. Sajitha.s whose guidelines were
inevitable for the completion of this work. I would like to
express my sincere gratitude for our Principal Mrs.Savitha M
for her valuable guidance and for providing ample facilities to
complete the project.
Last but not least I would like to express my thanks to all
my friends and well wishers for their kind assistance.
