Method and methodology

 Area of study:
The area we choose for the study was Delhi NCR and Aligarh (UP). In the area of Delhi
NCR, we collected the sample of two communities first one was wrestlers and second
one was the Jatavas. And in the Aligarh district too we collected the sample of two
communities one was the Brahmins and other one was Muslims.
1) Delhi NCR:
Wrestlers: Wrestlers are persons who participate in wrestling, which is known in India as
pehlwani. In the Indian subcontinent, pehlwani is a sort of wrestling. It was developed under the
Mughal Empire by combiningPersian koshti pahlevani with indigenous Indian malla-yuddha
influences. Pehlwani and kushti are derived from the Persian phrases pahlavani (gallant) and
koshti (wrestling or killing), respectively. All things considered, the phrase derives from the
Iranian word "Pehalavi." which refers to Iranians. A pehlwan (Persian word for saint) is a game
specialist, whereas ustad (Persian term for educator) is a game educator (Persian word for
instructor or master). The Great Gama (Ghulam Mohammad Baksh Butt), regarded as the finest
grappler of all time, was one of the most well-known pehlwani professionals. Pehlwani had a big
influence on discover wrestling, which sparked folk style wrestling, free-form wrestling, and
mixed hand-to-hand combat (MMA).

Population:
Sex ratio :
History: Wrestling has been famous in India since antiquated times, it was mostly an activity to
remain in great shape. The wrestlers, generally, use to wear an undergarment, langota. In Ancient
India wrestling was most broadly known as Malla-yuddha. One of the head characters in
Mahabharata, Bhima was viewed as an incredible grappler of the time, and a portion of the other
extraordinary grapplers included Jarasandha, Keechaka and Balrama. In the other Indian epic,
Ramayana likewise specifies wrestling in India and Hanuman is portrayed as probably the best
grappler of his time.During the Mughal rule who were of Turko-Mongol plummet, the impact of
Iranian and Mongolian wrestling were fused to the nearby Malla-yuddha to shape the cutting
edge Pehlwani.Wrestling in India is otherwise called Dangal, and it is the fundamental type of a
wrestling competition. It is likewise called kushti in Punjab and Haryana. The wrestling in
Punjab and Haryana will happen in a round court with delicate ground which in Punjabi is called
an "akharha". Two grapplers will keep on wrestling until the rear of one contacts the ground. The
victor will march the court with the failure following him.The grapplers are called Pehlwans who
train with current loads and conventional loads like a Gada (mace). The point of kushti is to
wrestle the adversary and to impede the other player.
Occupation:
Jatavs: The Jatays are an endogamous scheduled caste in India belonging to the Chamar
(leather worker) category. Because of their occupation this community is supposed to fall under
the "untouchable" category. Some of them believe that the name jatav comes from the word
'JAT, which means 'camel driver. Others claim the word comes from "Jat," which is the name of
a non-Untouchable agricultural caste. Many Jatavs claim that the term comes from the word
"Yadav," which refers to Lord Krishna's genealogy. The Scheduled caste was given the name
"Harijans" or "children of God" by Mahatma Gandhi, but Jatavs despise the title and its
overtones of untouchability and upper-caste paternalism. The states of Uttar Pradesh, Rajasthan,
Haryana, and Punjab, as well as the Union Territory of Delhi in Northwest India, are home to the
Jatavs. In India's census. Jatavs are included among other Chamars rather than individually.
Chamars accounted for 27,868.146 people in the four states indicated above, or 9.9% of the total
population (1981). Jatavs speak Indo-Aryan languages such as Hindi, Rajasthani, and Braj
Bhasha, which all use the Devanagari alphabet, as well as Punjabi, which uses the Gurmukhi
script. Various Indo-Aryan languages and unrelated Dravidian languages, such as Tamil and
Telugu, are spoken by Chamars other areas of India.
Population: Of the thirty-six (36) SCs, Chamar is the most populous caste having a number of
893,384 constituting 38.1 per cent of the total SC population.
Sex Ratio: The overall sex ratio of the Jatavs population in Delhi is 821 females per 1000 males
which is lower than the national average of 936 for all SCs.
History: In the early piece of the twentieth century, the Jatavs endeavored the course of
Sanskritization, guaranteeing themselves to be recorded of the Kshatriya varna. They acquired
political ability by framing affiliations and by fostering an educated unit of pioneers, and they
attempted to change their situation in the position framework through the imitating of upper-
standing conduct. As a piece of this cycle, they additionally asserted not to be Chamars and
appealed to the public authority of the British Raj to be authoritatively ordered in an unexpected
way: disassociating themselves from the Chamar people group would they felt, upgrade their
acknowledgment as Kshatriya. These cases were not acknowledged by different standings and,
albeit the public authority was amiable, no authority renaming as a different local area happened
because of the beginning of World War II. An association of youthful Jatavs, called the Jatav
Vir, was shaped in Agra in 1917, and a Jatav Pracharak Sangh was coordinated in 1924. They
got together with neighborhood Banias to build up a front and along these lines one of them won
the seat of the city chairman in Agra, and one more turned into an individual from the Legislative
Council.
Prior squeezing for the Kshatriya status, the new issues arose among Jatavs in 1944-45. The
Jatavs framed the Scheduled Caste Federation of Agra having attaches with the Ambedkar-drove
All India Scheduled Caste Federation. They began perceiving themselves as Scheduled Caste
and henceforth "Dalit". This acknowledgment is ascribed to the insurances accessible to the
booked ranks.
Occupation: The caste system is an organic division of labour in India's communities, with each
caste having its own historically allocated and separate employment and obligation. Because
Jatavs, as Chamars, do the dirty and contaminated jobs of removing dead cattle from villages and
dealing with leather, they were relegated to the bottom of the system as Untouchables.
Agricultural and other menial work for landowners was traditionally their main source of income
in the community. Jatavs are more like an unique and hated ethnic group in cities, where
traditional caste interdependencies are essentially non-existent. Jatavs, and all other Chamars in
India, are traditionally leather workers, tanners, and shoemakers.
2) Aligarh :
Brahmins : In Hinduism, a Brahmin is a gathering (class) of clerics (purohit, pandit, or pujari),
lecturers (acharya). and guardians of holy learning spanning generations. Brahmins' traditional
work was that of priests in Hindu temples or during religious ceremonies and passage rites such
as solemnising marriages with songs and prayers. The Brahmins had the highest theoretical
rating of the four social groups. In practise, Indian literature claim that Brahmins were
agriculturalists, soldiers, traders, and masters of a variety of vocations across the Indian
continent.
Population: In the Aligarh district the total population of Hindu was 55.36% and in which
Brahmins are 2.3 lakh are Brahmins.
Sex ratio: Sex ratio of Brahmins in Aligarh was 866 females for every 1000 males.
History: "Brahmin as a group scarcely had any appearance in historical documents until the
Guptal Empire era," says Ibrahim Eraly (3rd century to sixth century CE). "The lack of literary
and material documentation, however, does not indicate that Brahmanical culture did not exist at
that time, but rather that it had no elite patronage and was mostly restricted to rural people, and
therefore remained unrecorded in history," he adds. Their relevance inside the practise of
religious writing Shrauta rites, as well as their duty as clerics and store of sacred information,
expanded throughout the Gupta Empire era and beyond. However, knowledge on the real history
of Brahmins or other varmas of Hinduism in the first century is few and tentative, with little
coming from verified sources or archaeologic evidence. The majority of Indo-Aryan texts are
ahistoric or, at the very least, uninterested in offering a written record of India's past.. When we
come face to face with history, such as in Rajatarangini or the Kingdom of Nepal's
Gopalavamsavali, the writings don't go into great depth on brahmins.
Occupation: In the Aligarh district traditional occupation of Brahmins was that of priesthood at
the Hindu temples. But many bramhins are government employees like teacher and doctors and
some have their own businesses.

Muslim’s: In 2015, Islam was India's second-largest religion, with 149 percent of the country's
population (about 195 million people) identifying as Muslims. India is home to the world's
second- or third-largest Muslim population. The Sunni branch of Islam is followed by the
majority of Indian Muslims, although the Shia make up a significant minority.
Population: In aligarh district (42.64%) population was Muslims.
Sex ratio.: Aligarh has a sex ratio of 876 females for every 1000 males
History: Along with Hinduism. Judaism, Buddhism, and Christianity. Islam is one of the world's
main faiths. It has had a significant effect on philosophy, literature, the arts, science, and
medicine throughout history since its inception in Arabia more than 1.400 years ago. Islam is
practiced by an estimated 1.1 billion people worldwide, and the Islamic traditions they follow are
as diverse as the countries in which they reside. The core belief of Islam is that there is only one
all-powerful, all-knowing God, known in Arabic as Allah. Islam implies "surrender" or
"submission to God's will in Arabic. The prophet Mohammed. who was born in Mecca about 570
A.D. and resided in Medina around 622 A.D., created Islam Muslims consider Mohammed to be
the most significant and final in a line of prophets that includes Abraham. Moses, and Jesus. The
Koran, which literally means "God's eternal words," is Islam's sa Five Pillars are a set of basic
activities that include daily prayer, faith, fasting, pilgr giving. The Hajj is the fifth and final pillar
of Islam. Hajj is to depart for a destination. that destination is Mecca. Every Muslim is required
to make the trek at least once in their almost 2 million Muslims participated in the pilgrimage.
Annise and Shi'ism are the two main sects of Islam.
Occupation: Aligarh is famous world over for Muslim University and lock industry. Aligarh’s
locks have provided security to the doors of million houses and innumerable vehicles. The name
of lock has become synonymous with Aligarh in such a way that if the name of Aligarh is not
mentioned with the locks, customer does not feel secure. The total population of Aligarh district
According to the 2001 Census is 6, 58, 165. Near about 2 lakh people are associated, directly or
indirectly, with at least 5,000 lock manufacturing units. Majority of artisans in this industry is of
Muslims whereas ownership of big manufacturing units and units and business houses are both
of Hindus and Muslims. Muslim’s artisans manufacture about 80% lock of Aligarh. They are
labourer and produce goods for big players. And many of the people are having own shops of
clothes and iron works.
Sample size:
The sample for the present study comprises of 500 subject’s sample. All the study
participants were from Delhi NCR and Aligarh India. The study was conducted in the
selected areas of Delhi and Aligarh district of Uttar Pradesh India. The data were
collected on a sample of 150 Jatav and 50 Wrestlers from Delhi NCR and 150 Brahmins
and 150 Muslims from Aligarh. The consent of the subjects was taken before initiating
the data collection. The purpose and the meaning of the research were explained to each
subject.
 Description of parameters: Various human ear traits were considered and examined for
the study, which results in ordinary alterations and dissimilarities in human ear. Selected
parameters for ear are:

Shape of ear: External ear or pinna’s shape is considered as an important feature used in
biometrics and personal identification, which helps to differentiate a particular individual
from a population. Ear appears in different shapes and sizes, their shapes can be oblique,
rectangular, round, and triangular and oval shaped ear. Ear shapes are different in males
and in females. The shape and measurements. of the ear are different in each individual
Lobe: It is an inferior part of the ear. Generally made-up connective tissues. Shape of the
earlobe entirely depends on the genetics; they can be attached or free.
Lobe shape: Earlobe is present in various shapes like arched, tongue shaped, square and
triangular shape. Shape of earlobe helps in gender determination and family-based studies. It acts
as class characteristic for identification.
Helix: It is a cannel shaped structure, usually it is used to by sound waves to penetrate
into the ear. It is a morphological trait, which helps in personal identification.
Tragus: An outer structure present outside the auditory canal. Helps in individual
identification.
Anti- tragus: A cart ridged shaped in conical outer growth, located just above the
earlobe. It avoids the entry of unwanted and foreign particles into the ear canal. It acts a
morphological feature for personalisation.
Thickness of ear: The measurement of pinna width, using different types of instruments
like vernier callipers etc. thickness of ear is different to every individual. Ear thickness usually
depends on age, sex, gender and other physical variations.
Injury: Injury can be termed as breaching or damaging of the ear tissues, this damage
produces a scar, these scars are permanent thus acts as individual characteristic for individual.
Piercing: Wearing an ornament or jewellery in the ear lobe helps to individualise the
person. A person can be identified by the location of piercing and also by the type of earing
he/she is wearing.
Moles: They are dark coloured spots present on the skin at different locations on the
body. Usually, they do not cause any problem or irritation to the person. There can be found in
numbers. An individual can be identified on the basis of location of moles.
Darwin’s tubercle or auricular tubercle: It is present just above the posterior helix.
Act as morphological characteristics, can be used for morphological identification. It is
congenital. Its unique behaviour helps in personal identification.
 Instrumentation: It is an instrument used to measure precise measurements, specially
lined measurements. This instrument was invented by Pierre Vernier in the year 1631. It is a
combination of two measuring scales, one is auxiliary scale that slides to be siding scales to
record measurements and with the help of other gauge, readings can be easily converted into
fractions with reference to the core scale. There are three types of callipers i.e., Vernier calliper,
dial callipers and digital callipers. We can also measure inner measurements using Vernier
calliper on the upper part and outer measurements using lower part of the calliper. These Parts
can slide easily to record measurements with precision.
Ear measurements in the given study were recorded with the help of vernier callipers.
Steps to record their measurements using Vernier callipers
1. First step is to determine the least count of main scale and least count of Vernier scale
respectively.
2. Now record or check the zero error by placing the moving Jaw adjacent to the fixed jaw.
Repeat the step two to three times to record the zero error of the instrument.
3. Separate the two jaws and keep the object to be measured between the jaws, tighten the
grip with the help of screws and groups present in the callipers.
4. Record the main scale reading by noting down the positions of zero in the Vernier scale.
5. Record all the numbers of division considering the divisions of Vernier scale and main
scale, coinciding with each other.
6. This step 6 to 7 times and after the repeated observation rotate the object and
perpendicular direction which will help to measure the measurements at 90 degrees.
7. Apply all the readings in the given equation to evaluate final measurement:
TR=MSR +VSR = N (n × LC)
8. Add the zero error in the final measurement.
9. The individuals considered for sample collection were present in standing position while
recording the ear measurements.

Observations about other ear characteristics

Specific details regarding ear were recorded as follows:
Shape of ear: it in in triangular, round, crescent, diamond, rectangular, square and
reverse triangular etc. which side of ear has what type of shape. Both ears can be different
in shapes.
Lobe: attached or detached, if any specifications observed it was recorded.
Lobe shape: arched, tongue, square and triangular
Anti-tragus: present or absent.
Thickness of ear: whether ear is thin, medium or thick.
Injury: any type of injury present on the ear surface is recorded in detailed, as it acts as
individual characteristic in identification.
Piercing: this characteristic is also being recorded in detail, the individual was wearing
what type of earing, no. of earrings worn by the individual and the rough description of
the design of earing.
Moles: moles details are also being recorded with precision including their numbers.
Darwin’s tubercle: it is absent, enlarged, nodosity and projected.
Measurements of total ear height, ear height above tragus, ear height below tragus, tragus
span, width of ear, concha length, lobule width, ear index and lobular index of both the
ears were measured and recorded to conduct the given study.
SAMPLE ANALYSIS
Excel have been used for data entry and relevant filters were used to filter collected data.
Statistical analysis method
Description statistical analysis: In this type of analysis, class, features and illustrations
written in the form of numbers. Larger size details can be converted into smaller forms,
so that it can be studied easily. The collected data can be used to study the whole given
population, as it represent the whole population. Various tools can be used to represent
the data or samples like graphs, tables etc. As we can result as it is present only in the
form of data and information. Mean median and mode can be used to find the central
value. Thee single value i.e. central value can represent the whole sample or group of
data.
Inferential statistical analysis: Used to conclude and large group of population
depending on the findings from the sample. Friendship ate between two populations or
group in the given data. This technique can produce results and conclusion with least
errors.
Associational statistical analysis: It type of technique which is used to study the cause
and future effects of the things happening in present. It can also help to study the
association and relationships between the multiple variables and help to find out how
they are connected. To conclude the relationships advanced calculations and software
tools are used to study the coefficients and variables.
Predictive analysis: Effective machines an other calculating tools and related
equipment’s are used in this type of analysis, so that further events and programs can be
productive. Take me Widely depends on the probability to expect the further events starts
can be used and applied in the probabilistic algorithms to get the result with the
associated relationships with fabricated intelligence and newly developed technologies.
Perspective analysis: This analysis is majorly used in the discussion by using the given
data as reference. Various tools like graph representation and machine learning to draw
the results so that they can be studied effectively. They help the companies and parties to
choose the best option from the given group of data or any kind of record and research by
considering a discussion in the perspective analysis.
Exploratory data analysis: Pattern and manner of occurrence of all the given data from
the given sample are explored by the researchers and analysists. Helps to identify the
association and relationship among the variable and given data, if any point or data
information is missing, we can also retrieve that particular information from the data
present in the samples for further studies. Information about the sample or data can also
be identified including the errors in the sample.
Casual analysis: In this analysis given data is used to identify and evaluate the cause of
any event. Also find out the sequence of steps that happens, the reason behind the event
and the origin to guide the researchers for further events.
Mean: In a particular distribution of indefinite binary value, the central binary value is
defined as the mean of that particular binary representation.
Chi Square: Chi Square is a very important test. Developed by statisticians can be
denoted as X², When used in statistical calculations.It is mostly used to identify the
significance of population variants. It can be used to analyse large number of problems
and can also be pronounced as ki square. This can be used to analyse large no.
ANOVA:
Stata version 13: