BOARDS ot Nd SUBJECTIVE PROBLEMS IN MATHEMATICS PROBABILITY VINEET LOOMBA B.TECH. IIT ROORKEE me) “> J jChapterwise - Typewise PROBLEMS IN MATHEMATICS for Boarps 2023 & A Stronc Founpation 1n JEE By: Vineet Loomsa B.Tecu. IIT Roorkee (Servinc For More Tuan a Decave in IIT-JEE Inpustry) ‘Tus Cuapter 1s A Part or My Compuete Sustective Pros.em BookVineet Loomba Unacademy PLUS CODE: vineetlive SEEN eacranco oy: En. Vineet Loomea For A Strong Conceptual Foundation (B.Tecu. IIT Roorkee) S fran LI J Prebabiitty |S L< [fype-1 | Conditional Probability 10% of the bulbs produced in a factory are of red colour and 2% are red and defective . f one bulb is picked up at random , 1 determine the probability ofits being defective ifitis red 3) B. 12cards numbered 1 to 12 are placed in a box, mixed up thoroughly and then one card is drawn randomly. If itis known 5 that the number on the drawn cardis more than 3, what is the probability that itis an even number ? GQ) Adieis thrown three times . Events A and B are defined as below : A: S on the first and 6 on the second throw . 8:3 or 4 on the third throw . Find the probability of B given that Aas already occurred GQ) Acommittee of 4 students is selected at random from a group consisting & boys and 4 girls. Given that there is at least one gir ‘on the committee, calculate the probability that there are exactly 2 girls on the committee. (269/425) Consider the experiment of tossing a coin . If the coin shows tal ,toss it again but iit shows head, then throw a die. Find the conditional probability of the event that ‘then die showsa number greater than 3’ given that ‘there is at least one head 1 a) ‘Afamily has two children. Find the probability that both are boys, if tis known that 1 (b) the elder childisaboy Q Ina schoo! there are 100 students out of which 430 are girs. itis known that oF 430, 10% of rls study in class, What {a) at least one of children is a boy « the probability thata student chosen randomly studies in classXI,glventhat the chosen student agi? (1 B. Abag contains 5 red marbles and 3 black marbles. Three marbles are drawn one by one without replacement. What is the probability that at least one of the three marbles drawn be black, ifthe first marble is red? (2956) ‘Three dice are thrown at the same time. Find the probability of getting three two's, if itis known that the sum of the numbers on the dice was six (ano) ltype-2 | Independent Events The probabilities of two students A and 8 coming toschool in time are Sand = respectively. Assuming that event “A coming in time ‘are independent . Find the probability of one of them coming to the school in time . Write at least one advantage of school in time P- Aand are twoindependent events such that P(r 8)= 2 and P(4-B (Pa ‘The probability of simultaneous occurrence of at least one of two events Aand B isp. Ifthe probability that exactly one of A| Boccursis g, then prove that P(A’) + P(B’)=2~2p+q.From a set of 100 cards numbered 1 to 100, one card is drawn at random . Find the probability that the number on the card 1 is divisible by 6 or 8, but not by 24. G) 5. Four cards are successively drawn without replacement froma deck of 52 playing cards. What isthe probability that all the four cards are kings? (1/ 270725) 6. The probability of simultaneous occurrence of at least one of two events Aand Bis pI the probability that exactly one of A, B occursis , then provethat (4')+ P(B')=2-2p +4 2. robabitysokng spect problem indepndenyby Sand are Land! respecte. Mey tose the problem independently, find the probability that (a) at least one of them will solve the problem ? @) (b) exactiy one of them solves the problem 8. Foraloaded die, the probabilities of outcomes are given as under: (ay 2, P13) Land P(4) = 0.3. The die is thrown two times. Let A and B be the events, ‘same number each time’, and’a total core is 10 or more’, respectively. Determine whether or not A and B are independent. (independent) 9. Aand Bare two candidates seeking admission in a college . The probability that Ais selected is 0.7 and the probability that exactly one of them is selected is 0.6. Find the probability that Bis selected aw 10. Xis taking up subjects , Mathematics, Physics and Chemistry in the examination . His probabilities of getting grade A in these subjects are 0.2, 0.3 and 0.5 respectively . Find the probability that he gets (2) Grade A inall subjects (0.03) (b) Grade A in no subjects (0.28) (c) Grade Ain two subjects (0.22) 11, Two die are thrown together. Let A be the event ‘getting 6 on the first die’ and B be the event ‘getting 2 on the second die. ‘Are the events A and B independent ? (ver) 12. The probability that at least one of the two events A and occursis 0.6. If and B occur simultaneously with probability 0.3, evaluate P( A’) + P(B"). (1) 13. Asspeaks truth in 75% of the cases, while Bin 90% of the cases. In what percent of cases are they likely to contradict each other in staring the same fact ? Do you think that statement of Bis true ? (30%, ves but Sometimes) 14. Aproblem in mathematics is given to 4 students A,B, C, D.. Their chances of solving the problem , respectively, are What is the probability that (a) at least one of them will solve the problem ? (b) at most one of them solves the problem ? Type-3 | Random Variable, Mean, Variance 11. Find the binomial distribution for which mean is 4and variance 3, For 6 trials of an experiment, let X be a binomial variate which satisfies the relation 9P( P(X =2).Find the probability ofsuccess a 3. Two numbers are selected at random (without replacement } from the first six positive integers . Let X denote the larger of ‘the two numbers obtained . Find the expected value and variance of X. ee) 4. Three cards are drawn successively from a well shuffled pack of 52 cards. Find the probability distribution of number of red cards . Hence, find the mean of the distribution Prepared By: MATHEMATICS Er. Vineet Loomba (IIT Roorkee)ay 4 BB MoM OM 1 4 4. Find the mean of binomial distribution (at) q@ 5. From lot of 10 bulbs, which includes 3 defective 2 sample of 2 bulbsis drawn with replacement at random . Find the xy 0 1 2 probability cistrbution of the number of defective bubs Po 100 100 100 6. Anurn contains 5 red and 2 black balls . Two balls are randomly drawn, without replacement . Let X represent the number of black balls drawn . What are the possible values of X ? Is Xa random variable ? If yes, find the mean and variance of X x6 12 Mean Paance= 5. Hi i roy BO 2 eB 7. Adie is thrown three times. Let X be ‘the number of twos seen’. Find the expectation of X. (0.5) 8, Two biased dice are thrown together. For the first die P(6) =1/2, the other scores being equally likely while for the second die, P(1) = 265 and the other scores are equally likely. Find the probability distribution of ‘the number of ones seen. ix 2 {Ip ex.s [42 | 04 ‘Two cards are drawn simultaneously (or successively without replacement) from a well shuffled pack of 52 cards. Find the 34 6800 20Vi7. 2N"(a21y° 221 ‘mean variance and standard deviation of the number of kings. 10. An unbiased coin is tossed n times. Let the random variable X denote the number of times oftimes the head occurs. If P(X =1) = P(X =2)and P( ) are in AP, find the value of a (n=7) 11. Two cardsare drawn successively with replacement from a well shuffled pack of §2.cards . Find the Find the probability distribution of number of aces and hence find the mean of the distribution KO 12 Mean =2 3 Mao POO 9 19 168 11. Two cards are drawn successively without replacement from a well shuffled deck of cards. Find the mean and standard variation of the random variable X where Xs the number of aces, (Mean 2/13 ,$.0. = 0.377) 12. Two numbersare selected at random ( without replacement ) from positive 2, 3, 4,5, 6,and7 . Let X denote the larger of the ‘two numbers obtained . Find the mean and variance of the probability distribution of X we 39 13. Explain why the experiment of tossing a coin three times is said to have binomial distribution. se 14, IFXis the number of tall in three tosses ofa coin, determine the standard deviation of X. (2 15. Two cards are drawn successively with replacement from a well shuffled pack of 52 cards. Find the Find the mean , variance of the number of red cards (1,049) 16. Adiscrete random variable X has the following probalility distribution Xo 1203 4 S$ 6 7 P(X) C 26 26 36 CC IHC Find the value of C, Also find the mean of the distribution 3.66) Prepared By MATHEMATICS Er, Vineet Loomba (IIT Roorkee)fa dice game, a player pays astake of Re! for each throw of a die. She receives Rs Sif the die shows a3, Rs 2 i the die sFOW3} 2 1 oF 6, and nothing otherwise. What is the player's expected profit per throw over a long series of throws? (0.50) 18. Taree cards are drawn successively with replacement from a well shuffled pack of 52 cards. Find the probability distribution KO 123 Mean= 3 of the number of spades . Hence find the mean ofthe distribution 1 px) 2t zi o a oF 33 19. Determine variance and standard deviation of the number of heads in three tosses of a coin . Gs 20. Inagame, aman wins a rupee for a to throw a die thrice but to quit as and when he gets a six. Find the expected value of the amount he wins/ loses 21. Suppose 10,000 tickets are sold in a lottery each for Re 1. First prize s of Rs 3000 and the second prize is of Rs. 2000. There are three third prizes of Rs. 500 each. If you buy one ticket, what is your expectation. (Rs 0.65) 22, Find the probability distribution of number of doublets in three throws of @ pair of dice and hence find ts mean and variance. X 0 1 2 8 Mean = + Variance 18 15 1s 26 216 216 216 23. Apair dice is thrown 4 times.. If getting a doublet is considered a success, find the probability distribution of number of successes. Also find the mean and variace of this distribution . POX) x 0 1 2 3 4 Mean = ) 2S 500 20 i296 T2968 1296 1296. 1296 24. An unbiased coin is tossed 4 times . Find the mean and variance of the number of heads obtained (QQ) 25. Out ofa group of0 honest, 20 always speak truth. Two persons are selected at random from the group. Find the P(X probability distribution of the number of selected persons who speak the truth. Also find the mean of the distribution . What x 0 1 2 Mean 4 value described inthis question 9 40 38 roxy ) 87 87 87 26. Three numbersare selected at random (without replacement ) from the first six positive integers.. Let X denote the larger of the three numbers obtained .Find the probability distribution of . Also, find the mean and variance of the distribution ¥ 3 4 5 6 Mean 2 variance = 4 8 6 1S 36 60 120 120 120. 120 27. Find the probability distribution of the maximum of the two scores obtained when a dies thrown twice. Determine also the x [i] 2[3 [a[ slo mean of the distribution. POX/36] 36 [36 [36|36 36] ? 28. Anurn contains 4 red and 6 black balls . Four balls are drawn at random without replacement from urn . Find the probability P(X) x 0 1234 distribution of number of white balls max 2S 3a L io 7 38 210 29. Ina group of 50 scouts in a camp , 30 are well trained in frst ald techniques while the remaining are well trained in hospitality but not in first aid . Two scouts are selecred at random from the group . Find the probability distribution of the number of selected scouts who are well trained in first aid . Find the mean of the distribution . Write one more value that is expected Prepared By MATHEMATICS Er. Vineet Loomba (IIT Roorkee)x 0 12 Mean =$ 5 from a welltrained scout. poy 38 08 24S 245 245 30. Abiased die is such that P(4) = 1/10 and other scores being equally likely, The die is tossed twice, IfXis the ‘number of fours seen’, find the variance of the random variable X. (0.18) 31. The random variable X can take only the values O, 1,2. Given that P(X = 0) = P( pand that E(%)= €[X], find the value of p. aay 32. Adie is tossed twice. A ‘success’ is getting an even number on a toss. Find the variance of the number of successes. (1/2) 33. There are 5 cards numbered 1 to 5, one number on one card. Two cards are drawn at random without replacement. Let X denote the sum of the numbers on two cards drawn. Find the mean and variance of X, (Meat Type-4 | Bernoulli Trial 1. Find the probability of throwing at most 2 sixes in 6 throws of a single die Cae 2+, How many times musta man tos a fair coin so thatthe probability of having at least one head is more than 80% ? ("> 3) 3. Ten eggs are drawn successively with replacement from a lot containing 10% defective eggs. Find the probability that there is, atleast one defective egg 0-(3)> 4, Ten coins are tossed. What is the probability of getting at least 8 heads? (71.28) 5. The probability of aman hitting atrgetis 0.25. He shoots 7 times. What isthe probably of hs hitting atleast twice? (4547/8192) 6. Onamultiple choice examination with three possible answers ( out of which one is correct ) for each of the five questions, u what the probability thata candidate would get four or more correct answers just by guessing ? Gh 7. In3 trials of a binomial distribuion , the probability of exactly 2 successes is 9 times the probability of 3 successes . Find the 1 probability of sucess in each ta @ 8. Aman takes step forward with probability 04 and backward with probablty0.6. Find the probability that at he end of 5 2 steps he isone step away frm te starting point (2) 9. Alotof 100 watchesis known to have 10 defective watches. 8 watches areselectd (one by one with replacement at oy random, whatisthe probabilty that there willbe atleast one defective watch? CD 10°*, Adie thrown agaln and again until three shes are obtained Find the probabllty of obtaining the tir sixin the sixth throw of the die & 23328 11. An experiment succeeds twice often asit fails. Find the probability that in the next six rials there will be at least four successes 112. Find the probability that in 10 throws of a fair die a score which isa multiple of 3 will be obtained in at least 8 of the throws a 13. Adie is thrown 5 times. Find the probability that an odd number will come up exactly three times, (a6) 5 14, Ina hurdle race , player has to cross 10 hurdles . The probability that he will clear each hurdle is ~. What is the probability 3 that he will knock down fewer than 2 hurdles ? Ge 5. fa tossed 10 times , find the probability of Prepared By: MATHEMATICS Er. Vineet Loomba (IIT Roorkee)(0) exactly sixheads (b) at least six heads (c)at most six heads, 16. A factory produces bulbs. The probability that any one bulb is defective is 1/50 and they are packed in boxes of 10. From a single box, find the probability that fay" (i) none of the bulbsis detective { (50) 45(49)" (i) exactly two bulbs are defective 6 5949)" (il) more than 8 bulbs work properly aye) 0 17. AandB throw pair of dice alternately. Awins the game if he gets a total of 6 and B wins if she gets a total of 7. It Astarts the game, find the probability of winning the game by A in third throw of the pair of dice, (7797776) Type-S | Bayes Theorem and Total Probability Theorem ‘An insurance company insured 2000 scooter drivers, 4000 car drivers and 6000 tuck rivers. The probabilities oftheir accident are 0.01, 0.03 and 0.15 respectively. One ofthe insured persons meets wth an acldent. What ithe probabilty that he is a car driver ? 2) 2. Acarmanufacturing factory has two plants, Xand V. Plan X manufactures 70% of cars and plant Y manufactures 30%, 80% Of the cars at plant X and 90% af the carsat pant Y are rated of standard quality. Acris chosen at random and isfound to be of standard quality. Whatis the probability that ithas come from plant x? rs 3. Aman isknown to speak the trth 3out of times, He throws adie and reports that itis number greater than 4 Find the probability that itis actually a number greater than 4 @ 4. Ina factory which manufactures bolts, machines A, Band C manufacture respectively 25% , 35% and 40% of the bolts . Of ‘their outputs , 5,4 and 2 percent are respectively bolts . A bolts is drawn at random from the product and is found to be defective. Whats the probability thats manufactured bythe machine 8 ? es A shopkeeper sells three types of flower seeds A1, A2 and A3. They are sold as a mixture where the proportions are 4:4:2 respectively. The germination rates of the three types of seeds are 45%, 60% and 35%, Calculate the probability (i) ofa randomly chosen seed to germinate (0.49) (ii) that it will not germinate given that the seed is of type A3, (0.65) (ii) thatitis of the type A2 given that a randomly chosen seed does not germinate, (0.314) 6. Three machines E1, £2, £3 in acertain factory produce 50%, 25% and 25% , respectively, of the total daily output of electric ‘tubes It isknown that 4% of the tubes produced one each of machine E1 and E2 are defective , and that 5% of those pro duced on £3 are defective . If one tube is picked up at random from a day's production , calculate the probability that itis defecti 17 lefective ¢ 40 7) 7. Inanswering a quation on a MCQtest with 4 choices per question , a Student knows the answers, guesses or copies the 1 1 1 answer . Let 5 be the probability that he knows the answer , be the probability that he guesses and that he copies i 3 ‘Assuming thata student, who copies the answer, will be correct with the probability -, whatis the probability thatthe student knows the answer, given that he answered it correctly ? @) 8. Inaclass, 59 ofthe boys and 10% girls have an .Qof more than 150. In the class 60% ofthe students are boys and girs. tfa saneaane Prepared By Er. Vineet Loomba (IIT Roorkee)10. a 12. 13. 14, 15. 16. "7. 18, 19, 20. Prepared By students is selected at random and found to have an |. of more than 150. Find the probability that student isa boy . 3 >) Aman is known to speak truth 3 out of 4 times . He throwsa die and reports thatit isa six. Find the probability that itis 3 actually a six GQ) Of the students in a college , it is known that 60% reside in hostel and 40% are day scholars . Previous year results report that. 30% of all students who reside in hostel attain A grade and 20% of day scholars attain A grade in their annual examination . At ‘the end of the year , one students is chosen at random from the college and he has an A grade , what is the probability that the student is ahostler? eC B ‘Abog contains 4 white and3redbals, another bog contains 3 white and 7rd balls One balls awn at random from one ofthe bags and it is found to be white. Find the probability that the ballis drawn from the fist bag. @ Ina group of 400 people , 160 are smokers and non - vegetarian , 100 are smokers and vegetarian and remaining are non- smokers and vegetarian . The probabilities of getting a special chest disease are 35% , 20% and 10% respectively . A person is selected from the group at random and is found to be suffring from the disease . What is the probability that the selected person is a smoker and non- vegetarian ? What value is reflected in i 28 question ? (Fe fa machine is correctly set up, it produces 90% acceptable items . fit is incorrectly set up it produces only 40% acceptable items. Past experience shows that 80% of the set ups are correctly done. If after a certain set up , the machine produces 2 acceptable tems, find the probability thatthe machines correcty setup. a Addoctor isto visit @ patient . From the past experience itis known that the probabilities that he will come by train , bus , st ponte The probabilities that he will be late are scooter or by other means of transportare respectively > 1. Y * peavey ig°s"10 ithe comes by train bus and scooter respectively , but if he comes by other means of transport, then he «will be late. When he arrives, he is late . What is the probability that he comes by train ? \skeFmenand0.2si otworan heres. Apreyhsredpauon std random. Watt probs pero eng ale?Asume tat here areal number cfmaesanemaes, & Given three identical boxes I land Ill, each containing two coins. In box!., both coins are gold coins, in box Il, both are silver coins and in the box II, there is one gold and one silver coin . A person chooses a box at random and takes out a coin. Ifthe coin is of gold, what is the probability that the other coin in the b 2 is also of gold? 2 so of gold G) ‘An urn contains 3 red and 5 black balls . A ball is drawn at random, its colour is noted and returned to the urn . Moreover , 2 additional balls ofthe colour noted down, are put in the urn and then two balls are drawn at random (without replacement) from urn. Find the probel ity that both the balls drawn are of red colour ) Bag | contains 4 red and 5 black balls and Bag Il cantains 3 red and 4 black balls . One ball is transferred from Bag | to Bag I and then two balls are drawn at random ( without replacement } from bagi! . The balls so drawn are both found to be black 25 7 Suppose a girl throws a die . If she gets a 5 or 6, she tosses a coin three times and notes the number of heads. If she gets 1, 2, 30r4, she tosses a coin two times and notes whether a head or tail is obtained, If she obtained exactly two head , what is Find the probability that the transferred ball is black r the probability that she threw 1, 2,3, or 4with the die ? a Bag | contains 3 red and 4 black balls and Bag Il contains 4 red and 5 black balls . Two balls is transferred at random from Bag! ‘to Bag Il and then a ball is drawn from Bag Il. The ball so drawn is found to be red in colour . Find the probability that the transferred balls wore both black & Er. Vineet Loomba (IIT Roorkee)10 J21. Ina setof 10 coins, 2 coins are with heads on bath the sides . A coin is selected at random from this set and tossed five times} 8 -Ifallthe five times, the result was heads Find the probability thatthe selected coinhad heads on both the sides. (3) 22. Bag | contains § red and 4 white balls and a Bag Il contains 3 red and 3 white balls . Two balls are transferred from Bag | to the Bag Il and then one ball is drawn from the bag I! f the ball drawn from the bag! isred,, then find the probability that one ree ball and one white ball are transferred from the bag |to the bag I @ 23. Acard from a pack of 52 card is lost . From the remaining cards of the pack , two cards are drawn and are found to be both: spades Find the probability of the lst cad being a Spade ay 24, There are three coins . Ones a two headed coin , another isa biased coin that comes up heads 75% of the time and third is alsoa biased coin that comes up tails 40% of the times . One of the three coins is chosen at random and tossed, it shows heads, what's the probability that it was the two headed coin ? G) 25. Bag | contains 3 red and 4 black balls and Bag I! contains 4 red and 5 black balls . One ball is transferred from Bag | to Bag I and then a ball is drawn from Bag I. The ball so drawn Is found to be red in colour . Find the probability that the transferred ball is red & 26, There are three coins . Oneis a two headed coin , another isa biased coin that comes up heads 75% of the time and third is. ‘an unbiased coin . One of the three coins is chosen at random and tossed it shows heads, what is the probability that it was 20 the two headed coin ? ye two headed coin (F 27. Suppose you have two coins which appear identical in your pocket. You know that one is fair and one is 2-headed. If you take one out, tossiit and get a head, what is the probability that it was a fair coin? 18) 28, Assume that the chances of a patient having a heart attack is 40% . It is also assumed that a meditation and yoge course reduce the risk of heart attack by 30% and prescription of centain drug reduces its chances by 25%. Ata time a patient can choose any one of the two option with equal probabilities. Its given that after going through one of the two option the patient selected at random suffers a heart attack. Find the probability that the patient followed a course of meditation and fi yoga ? State which methods more beneficial forthe patient. & 29. By examining the chest ray, the probability that TB is detected when a person Is actually suffering is 0.99. The probability of an healthy person diagnosed to have TB is 0.001. In a certain city, 1 in 1000 people suffers from TB. A person is selected at random and is diagnosed to have TB. What is the probability that he actually has TB? (110/221) 30. Abag A contains 4 black and 6 red balls and bag B contains 7 black and 3 red balls. A die is thrown. If or 2 appears on it, ‘then bag Ais chosen , otherwise bag B .Iftwo balls are drawn at random the selected bag, find the probability of one of them being red and another back (2 31. Suppose that the reliability ofa HIV testis specified as follows: Of people having HIV, 90% of the test detect the disease but 110% go undetected , Of people free of HIV, 99% of the test are judged HIV-ive but 1% are diagnosed as showing HIVive . From a large population of which only 0.1% have HIV +ive , What is the probability that the person actually has HIV ? 32. Abag X contains 4 white and 2 black balls, while another bag Y contains 3 white and 3 black balls. Two balls are drawn at random from one of the bags and were found to be one white and one black . Find the probability that the balls were drawn from bag Y. Type-6 | Special Type (Very Important) Ina hockey match both teams Aand B scored same number of goals up to the end ofthe game , 0 to decide the winner , the referee asked both the captains to throw a die alternately and decided that the team, whose captain gets a six first , will be declared the winner. if the captain of team A was asked to stat, find their respective probabilities of winning the match and state whether the decision of the referee was fair or not (P(Awin)=©, P(Bwin)=>,No) i I 2. Aand B throw a pair of dice alternately, til one of them gets a total of 10 and wins the game . Find their respective Prepared By Er. Vineet Loomba (IIT Roorkee) MATHEMATICSprobabilities of winning, I'Astarts first. (( amin) (awn) 4 3. Rand 8 throw a pair of de tum by turn. The fst to throw sum 9is awarded a priv. stats he game, show thatthe probability of A getting the prize is 5 ‘and Bthrowa ceaternativey til one of them getsa number greater than four and wins the game. Astarsthe game. what s the probability of 8 winning ? @ Type-7 | Miscellaneous Aletter is known to have come either from TATA NAGAR or from CALCUTTA. On the envelope, just two consecutive letter TA are visible. What is the probability that the letter came from TATA NAGAR. (my 2. Acar manufacturing factory has two plants, X and Y. Plant X manufactures 70% of cars and plant Y manufactures 30%. 80% of the cars at plant X and 90% of the cars at plantY are rated of standard quality. A car is chosen at random and is found tobe of standard quality. What is the probability that it has come fram plant X? (5983) 3. Abag contains 4 white and 5 black balls. Another bag contains 9 white and 7 black balls. Aball is transferred from the first bag to the second and then 2 ball is drawn at random from the second bag, Find the probability that the ball drawn is white, (84153) 4. Ina bulb factory Machine A, B and C manufacture manufacturer 60% , 30% and 10% bulbs respectively . 1%, 2% and 3% of ‘the bulbs produced respectively by A, B and C are found to be defective . A bulbis picked up at random from the total prodicton nd unite dtcive Fh prea s bulbwapadadby maces. 2) 5. Three machines E1, £2, E3 in a certain factory produce 50%, 25% and 25%, respectively, of the total daily output of electric ‘tubes. Its known that 4% of the tubes produced one each of machines E1 and E? are defective, and that 5% of those produced on E3 are defective. f one tube is picked up at random from a day's production, calculate the probability that itis defective. (0.0425) 6. Suppose that 656 of the people with blood group Oare lefthanded and 10% of those with other blood groups are left handed 30% of the people have blood group 0. Ifa left handed person is selected at random, what is the probability that he/she will have blood group 0? (94) 7. Ina factory which manufactures bolts, machines A, Band C manufactures respectively 30% , 50% and 20% of the bolts . Of their outputs 3,4 and 1 percent respectively are defective bolts. A bolts is drawn at random from the product and is found to be defective . Find the probability that this is not manufactured by machine 8 a 8, Anurn contains mwhite and n black balls. Aball is drawn at random andis put back into the urn along with k additional balls of the same colour as that of the ball drawn. ball is again drawn at random. Show that the probability of drawing a white ball now doesnot depend on k 9. There are three urns containing 2 white and 3 black balls, 3 white and 2 black balls, and 4 white and 1 black balls, respectively ‘There is an equal probability of each urn being chosen, Aballis drawn at random from the chosen urn and it is found to be white. Find the probability that the ball drawn was from the second urn. (a) 10. Three bags contain a number of red and white balls as follows: Bag 1: 3 red balls, Bag 2:2 red balls and 1 white ball Bag 3 : 3 white balls. The probability that bag /will be chosen and a balls selected from itis /6, /= 1, 2, 3. What isthe probability that (i) aed ball will be selected? (ii]a white ballis selected? (TAB, (in1fi8) 11, Refer to Question above. Ifa white ball is selected, what is the probability that it came from (i) Bag 2 (i) Bag 3 (2/12, (ip 94) 12. Abag contains (2n +1) coins. Its known that 0 of these coins havea head on both sides where as the rest ofthe coinsare fair ‘Acoinis picked up at random from the bag and is tossed. Ifthe probability that the toss resultsin a head is 31/42, determine the value of n. (29) 13. Bag | contains 3 black and 2 white balls, Bag! contains 2 black and 4 white balls. A bag and a ball is selected at random. Determine the probability of selecting a black ball. (ns) 14. Aboxhas 5 blue and 4 red balls. One ball is drawn at random and not replaced. Its colour is also not noted. Then another ball is drawn at random. What is the probability of second ball being blue? (99) 15. There are two bags, one of which contains 3 black and 4 white balls while the other contains 4 black and 3 white balls. Adie is thrown. Ifit shows up 1 or 3, ballis taken from the Ist bag; but it shows up any other number, a ball ischosen from the second bag. Find the probability of choosing a black ball (2121) Prepared By: MATHEMATICS Er. Vineet Loomba (IIT Roorkee) "