Module 1 - CITIZENSHIP TRAINING

In this lesson you will be able to know the purpose, importance, and the role of
the NSTP it plays in the nation building.

Week 2

Lesson 1 - Historical and Legal Basis of NSTP

                   1.1 The Implementing Rules and Regulations of NSTP (RA 9163)

                   1.2 The Evolution of the NSTP 

Lesson 2 - The Philippine Constitution 

                   2.1 The Preamble

                   2.2 Bill of Rights and duties and Responsibilities of Filipino Citizen

Lesson 3 - United Nations Principles on Human Rights

Week 3

Lesson 4 - Flag Heraldic Code of the Philippines (RA 8491, s. 1998)

Lesson 5 - Good Citizenship Value

                   5.1 The Basic Filipino Values

                   5.2 Nationalism and Patriotism

Lesson 6 - Voter Citizenship Education

Table of contents
 1. Introduction/Overview
 2. Learning Outcomes
 3. Lesson 1 - Historical and Legal Bases of NSTP
o 3.1. The Implementing Rules and Regulations of NSTP (RA 9163)
o 3.2. The Evolution of the NSTP

 4. Lesson 2 - The Philippine Constitution

o 4.1. The Preamble
o 4.2. Bill of Rights and Duties and Responsibilities of Filipino Citizen
  5. Lesson 3 - United Nations Principles on Human Rights
 6. Lesson 4 - Flag Heraldic Code of the Philippines (RA 8491, s. 1998)
 7. Good Citizenship Value
o 7.1. The Basic Filipino Values
o 7.2. Nationalism and Patriotism
o 7.3. Voter Citizenship

 8. QUIZ #1
 9. Reference

1. Introduction/Overview
    As a response to the urgent needs of our developing nation today, it is equally vital to develop and
enhance civic consciousness among the young generation to ensure national security and development.
NSTP, therefore, enables the youth, as the most valuable resource of the Filipino nation, to be motivated,
developed and utilized in regard to their responsibilities as citizens and in fulfillment of their civil
obligations. Thus, this course helps you appreciate the value of NSTP as a citizenship training that
supports civic and military activities and endeavors.

Components:

ROTC

CWTS

LTS

2. Learning Outcomes
At the end of the module, student should be able to: 

1. Upgrade knowledge on the principles underpinning good citizenship, rights &

responsibilities of citizens, service & volunteerism for national development
2.  Analyze issues that relate to the good citizenship values, rights and responsibilities of
student- citizens in the country
3. Make reasonable decisions that will address issues, explain concepts and solve
problems using relevant examples pertaining the exercise of rights, fulfilment of
obligations, & promotion of values towards responsible citizenship
4. Imbibe good citizenship values of being Maka-Diyos, Maka-Kalikasan, Maka-Tao at
Maka-Bansa which facilitates them to   appreciate the significance of good citizenship
towards the attainment of national development goals.
5. Instill the spirit of nationalism and patriotism as a good citizen
6. Appreciate and exercise one’s rights of sovereignty
3. Lesson 1 - Historical and Legal Bases of NSTP
     The Philippine Constitution provides that the defense of the state is a prime duty of the
government and the people. In fulfillment of this duty, all citizens may be required by law to
render personal military or civil service. It further states that it is the duty of the citizen to
contribute to our country's development in the attainment and preservation of a just and
orderly society. The National Service Training Program (NSTP) Act of 2001 mandates all
citizens, both male and female, to fulfill this civic duty. 

      The National Service Training Program (NSTP) Law or RA 9163 also known as “An Act
Establishing the National Service Training Program (NSTP) for tertiary level students,
amending for the purpose Republic Act No. 7077 and Presidential Decree No. 1706, and for
other purposes.” was enacted last January 2002 to amend the Expanded ROTC.

     This program aimed to enhance civic consciousness and defense preparedness in the
youth by developing the ethics of service and patriotism while undergoing training in any of
its three (3) program components, specifically designed to enhance the youth’s active
contribution to the general welfare.

       The NSTP shall have the following components which the students can choose from as
defined in Rule II, Section 3 hereof: The Reserve Officers Training Corps, Literacy Training
Service (LTS) ,and Civic Welfare Training Service (CWTS).

  

  
3.1. The Implementing Rules and Regulations of NSTP (RA 9163)

National Service Training Program?

The RA 9163 also known as the National Service Training Program Act of
2001 has been signed into law by her Excellency, President Gloria Macapagal –Arroyo
last January 23, 2002.  It amended the Republic Act. No.  7077 and presidential Decree
No. 1706 or the compulsory military training to tertiary level students which prepared
male students as Reserved Officers Training Corps.

Regional and Local Orientation Conferences were conducted for the guidelines.

Three leading agencies for the implementation of NSTP Rules and Regulations: 

1. Commission on Higher Education (CHED)

2.  Department of National Defense (DND)
3. Technical Education and Skills Development Authority (TESDA).

The guiding principle of the law was taken from Article 2 Sec. 4 of the Philippine
Constitution which focused on the prime duty of the government, "to serve and protect
its citizens" and the main responsibility of all the citizen is to "defend the security of the
State" including rendering personal military or civil service.  

The implementing instrument for realizing these principles will be the Filipino Youth. 
They will serve as vital component for nation-building and shall be motivated, trained,
organized and voluntarily take part in military, literacy and civic welfare programs.  

What are the three program components of National Service Training Program?
The three programs or service components of NSTP are:

1. Reserve Officers Training Corps (ROTC) was designed to provide military

training to tertiary level students in order to motivate, train, organize and
mobilize them for national defense preparedness.
2. Literacy Training Service (LTS) was designed to train the students to
teach literacy and numeracy skills to school children, out-of-school youths
and other segments of society in need of their services.
3. Civic Welfare Training Service (CWTS) refers to activities contributory to
the general welfare and the betterment of life for the members of the
 community or the enhancement of its facilities, especially devoted to
improving health, education, environment, entrepreneurship, safety,
recreation and moral of the citizenry and other social welfare services.

Who are required to take the National Service Training Program?

All incoming freshmen students, male and female, starting SY 2002-2003, enrolled in any
baccalaureate and in at least two year technical-vocational or associate courses, are
required to complete 1 NSTP component of their choice as a graduation requirement.

What is the duration and equivalent course unit of the aforementioned NSTP
Components?

Each of the aforementioned NSTP Components shall be undertaken for an academic period
of two semesters.  It shall be credited for three (3) units per semester, for fifty four (54) to
ninety (90) training hours per semester.

Is it possible that a Summer Program in lieu of the two semester program may be designed
or formulated?

A One (1) Summer Program in lieu of the two semester program may be designed,
formulated and adopted by the Department of National Defense, Commission on Higher
Education and technical Education & Skills Development Authority, subject to the capability
of the school and the AFP to handle.

Is it possible for a student to cross-enroll if the component s/he has chosen is not
offered in the institution where s/he is currently enrolled?

  Schools that do not meet the required number of the student to maintain the optional
ROTC and any of the NSTP components, or do not offer the component chosen by the
students, shall allow their students to cross-enroll in other schools.

How much shall be collected as fees for NSTP component?

No fees shall be collected for any of the NSTP component basic tuition fees which should
not be more than fifty (50%) percent of  the charges of the school per academic unit.

What incentives shall be provided to NSTP students?

School authorities concerned, CHED and TESDA shall ensure that health and accident
group insurances are provided for students enrolled in any of the NSTP components.

Schools that already provide health and accident group insurance and collect the necessary
fees for the purpose from their students as of the effectivity of these rule, are deemed to
have complied with this requirement.
If a currently enrolled senior male student (sophomore-senior year) has not taken or
completed ROTC training before the effectivity of the NSTP Act of 2001, is he allowed
to take up any of the NSTP program component offered by the institution he is
currently enrolled?

 Male students who are currently enrolled but have not taken or completed ROTC training
shall be covered by the NSTP law.

If a currently enrolled senior male student has taken one semester of Basic ROTC, is he required
to finish the remaining semester in Basic ROTC or he can choose any of the NSTP components to
qualify for graduation?

  Male students who have taken one semester of Basic ROTC shall take one more
semester of any of the NSTP components to qualify for graduation.  If the student wishes to
finish the Basic ROTC component, then he may do so or if he wishes to take another NSTP
component, then it is permissible.

3.2. The Evolution of the NSTP

(1935)

COMMONWEALTH ACT. 1 – NATIONAL DEFENSE ACT 

PRESIDENTIAL DECREE NO. 1706 – NATIONAL SERVICE LAW 

National Defense Act is a legislative act providing basis for the national defense of the country. Punishing
certain violations thereof, appropriating funds, therefore and for other purposes. This law is under the
government of President Manuel L. Quezon.  The same law required college students, particularly males,
to finish two years, equivalent to 4 years, of military training as a modality to institutionalize the reservist
system in the Philippine National Defense.

 (1980)

It mandated the compulsory National Service for Filipino Citizens. National Service Law amended certain
sections of Commonwealth Act No. 1. It was composed of three main program components namely Civic
Welfare Service (CWS), Law Enforcement Service (LES) and Military Service (MS). College students
were given an option to choose one from among these components in compliance with these
requirements for tertiary education.
 (1986)

REPUBLIC ACT NO. 7077– THE CITIZEN ARMED FORCES OF THE PHILIPPINE RESERVIST LAW
(1991)

The implementation of the National Service Law, except the provision of the Military Science was
suspended by Presidential Memorandum Order No. 1 under the incumbency of former President Corazon
Aquino, paving the way for the conceptualization of the basic ROTC, embodied under R.A 7077, effective
school year 1986-1987.

ROTC aimed to mandate a strong civilian base to supplement professional military in the National
Defense System, but, ROTC Crisis of 2001 was arguably the single most significant event in post-Martial
Law ROTC history. Its impact on the nature of the program was dramatically unique. During the school
year 2001-2002, ROTC was only made optional under the National Service Program (NSP) . In view of
the options, it gave the students the choice, among the following components, Military Science (MS),
Civic Welfare Service (CWS) and Law Enforcement Service (LES).  

Many if not all of the Higher Education Institutions, found the enforcement of NSP confusing and
unmanageable. Thus, on December 2001, the NSTP Act, visualized NSTP as a reforms in the ROTC and
NSP, it was signed in law by the President Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo as a new modality toward making
the former national service training that is military in nature, relevant to the changing needs of time.

In NSTP, there were non-military program components, the CWTS and LTS. These components are
committed to strengthening the value and traits of the youth, improving skills and knowledge on various
endeavors, developing interests in community service and making them responsible for peace and
development to ensure harmony and growth of the Filipino communities.

4. Lesson 2 - The Philippine Constitution

 Constitution refers to “that body of rules and maxims in accordance with which the powers of sovereignty
are habitually exercised". Constitution of the Philippines may be defined as that written instrument by
which the fundamental powers of the government are established limited, and defined and by which these
powers are distributed among the several departments or branches for their safe and usefulness exercise
for the benefit of the people. The Constitution of the Philippines or Saligang Batas ng Pilipinas is the
constitution or supreme law of the Republic of the Philippines. Its final draft was completed by the
Constitutional Commission on October 12, 1986 and was ratified by a nationwide plebiscite on February
2, 1987.

    In her tenure as a president installed via the People Power Revolution, President Corazon Aquino was
granted three options: restore the 1935 Constitution, retain and make reforms to the 1973 Constitution, or
pass a new constitution. She decided to draft a new constitution and on March 25, 1986 she issued
Proclamation No. 3  abolishing many of the provisions of the 1973 Constitution during the Marcos regime,
including the unicameral legislature (the Batasang Pambansa), the office of Prime Minister, and
provisions which gave the President legislative powers. This constitution was  often called as "Freedom
Constitution" to ensure democracy and the freedom of the people. The Constitutional Commission was
composed of forty-eight members appointed by Aquino from varied backgrounds, including several former
members of the House of Representatives, former justices of the Supreme Court, a Roman Catholic
bishop, and political activists against the Marcos regime. The Commission finished the final draft on
October 12, 1986 and presented it to Aquino on October 15. The constitution was ratified by a nationwide
plebiscite on February 8, 1987.

     The constitution provided for three governmental powers, namely the executive, legislative,

and judicial branches. The executive branch is headed by the president and his appointed cabinet
members. The executive, same with the other two co-equal branches, has limited power. This is to ensure
that the country will be "safeguarded" if martial law is to be declared. The president can still declare
martial law, but it expires within 60 days and Congress can either reject or extend it. The task of the
Supreme Court is to review whether a declaration of martial law is just. The legislative power consists of
the Senate and the House of Representatives. There are twenty-four senators and the House is
composed of district representatives. It also created opportunities for under-represented sectors of
community to select their representative through party-list system. The judiciary branch comprises the
Supreme Court and the lower courts. The Supreme Court is granted the power to hear any cases that
deals with the constitutionality of law, about a treaty or decree of the government. It is also tasked to
administrate the function of the lower courts.

      Thus, to invoke the constitutional provision regarding the R.A 8044 (The Youth in Nation-Building Act)
Sec. 2 , the State recognizes the vital role of the youth in nation-building. They shall promote and protect
their physical, intellectual, and social well-being. It shall inculcate in the youth patriotism and nationalism,
and encourage their involvement in public and civic affairs.

       The main objective of this course is to stress the significant role played by youth, male and female, in
the task of developing our nation via national service training. As such, it aims to develop the youth to
become civic or military leaders and volunteers through modified, re-structured and reinforced training
package whom could be call upon by the nation in cases their service are needed in the event of
disasters or emergencies.

Play Video
4.1. The Preamble

      The word 'preamble' comes from the Latin word 'praeambulus,' meaning 'walking
before'. This is normally used in formal documents such as a nation's constitution. For
example, the 1987 Constitution of the Republic of the Philippines states. 

      Dean Vicente Sinco says of the Preamble: “The preamble performs a vital function in a
constitution. Its value is not merely formal but real and substantive. It is to the constitution
what the enacting clause is to a statue. The authenticity of the authorship of the constitution
is made patent in the preamble. Without this or something equivalent to it, the source of
authority that gives valid force to the constitutional mandates may lie concealed, perhaps
left to the dangers of uncertain conjectures.”
4.2. Bill of Rights and Duties and Responsibilities of Filipino Citizen

     The Bill of Rights (Article III) is an indispensable part of the Constitution. In fact, it is
one of the most important parts of the fundamental law since it aims at balancing the
power of the government and the various freedoms of the individual. As will be seen
below, the Bill of Rights provide for two things: first, restrictions directed against the
state, and, second, explicit identification and limitation of rights of the individuals. On the
one hand, the government exercises its tremendous powers, but its powers are limited
by the Constitution. On the other hand, the individuals are guaranteed of their rights, but
subject also to limitations in recognition of the powers of the government. What
balances the two (power and freedom) are the limitations provided by the Constitution,
which limitations are by nature compromises or solutions to situations resulting from the
overlapping or conflict of the two realms.

     It is a declaration and enumeration of a person’s rights and privileges which the
Constitution is designed to protect against violation by the government, or by individuals
or groups of individuals. It is a charter of liberties for the individual and a limitation upon
the power of the State. 

CLASSES OF RIGHTS

1. Natural Rights – those possessed by every citizen without being granted by the
State for they are given to man by God as human being created to His image that he
may live a happy life.

2. Constitutional Rights – conferred and protected by the Constitution.

3. Statutory Rights – provided by law, promulgated by the law-making body and

consequently may be abolished by the same body.

 CLASSIFICATION OF CONSTITUTIONAL RIGHTS

1. Political Rights – the power to participate directly or indirectly in the establishment

or administration of the government.

2. Civil Rights – a law which secures private individuals for the purpose of securing
enjoyment of their means of happiness.

3. Social and Economic Rights – intended to insure the well – being and economic
security of an individual.

4. Rights of the Accused – intended for the protection of a person accused of any
crime.
Article III enumerates specific protections against the abuse of state power, most of which
are similar to the provisions of the U.S. Constitution. Some essential provisions are:

 a right to due process and equal protection of law

 a right against searches and seizures without a warrant issued by a judge
 a right to privacy
 The right to freedom of speech and expression, freedom of the press, freedom of
assembly, and the right to petition
 The free exercise of religion
 a right of abode and the right to travel
 a right to information on matters of public concern
 a right to form associations
 a right of free access to courts
 the right to remain silent and to have competent legal counsel
 a right to bail and against excessive bail conditions
 a right to habeas corpus
 the right to a speedy trial
 the right against self-incrimination
 the right to political beliefs and aspirations
 a prohibition against cruel, degrading, or inhuman punishment
 protection providing for no imprisonment for debt
 the right against double jeopardy
 prohibition of ex post facto laws and bills of attainder.

What are the duties and obligations of Citizens? 

We have to realize that for every right we are enjoying as enumerated in the Bill of
Rights of the Philippine Constitution, it is coupled with corresponding obligations. 

Hereunder are the important duties and obligations of every citizen in a democratic
society: 

1. To be loyal to the Republic. This means that we have faith and confidence in

the Republic and love and devotion to the country. We have to be proud being a
Filipino, respect our customs, traditions, language and institutions.   Our country
is considered our home, the home of our forefathers who fought for our country
against the invaders, the home of our children, the seat of our affections, and the
source of our happiness and well-being. 
2. To defend the State. Considering the fact that our country is our home, it is our
prime duty to love and defend the state of all costs regardless of our creed,
religious beliefs, and wisdom.  Loving ones country can be shown not by words
but by deeds. It should be a continuous flame of love considering the fact that we
receive benefits and protection from the State of which we are a part.   In return,
it our primary duty and honor to defend it against any peril whether from within or
from without. (Art. II. Sec. 3). 
3.  To contribute to the development and welfare of the State. We are a part of
the state and we directly receive the benefits from the government in the form of
infrastructure, peace and order, etc. In return, how can we contribute to the
development and welfare of the State? We can do this in the form of paying our
taxes willingly and promptly, by helping maintain peace and order, conversing of
the natural resources and the promotion of social justice b suggesting or
supporting measures beneficial to the people as a whole, by patronizing local
products and trades and by engaging in productive work. 
4. To uphold the Constitution and obey the laws. It is our prime obligation to
uphold the Constitution and obey the laws. If the people would disregard them,
our country would collapse and we will not have peace and order.   
5. To cooperate with duly constituted authorities. In every organization, there is
always a leader to manage the affairs of all the constituents. If the members will
not cooperate, we can never expect to become successful in all the undertakings
that our government would like to do for the good of its citizens.
6. To exercise rights responsibility and with due regard for the rights of
others. No man is an island and we have to live with others. In the exercise of
our rights, we have to see to it that we also respect the rights of other people. If
we do this, we can expect harmonious relationship between members of the
society
7. To engage in gainful work. It is stated in the Bible that if we want to eat, we
have to work. It is our obligation as a citizen of our country to become productive
by engaging in gainful work so that we can provide the basic needs of our family
and ourselves as well. As cite by de Leon (1989), “The essence of a life is work.
Every citizen should bear in mind that only by hard and sustained work can men
and nations live and survive. National greatness never springs from the cult of
ease or self-complacency, but from the crucible of grim struggle and patient
industry.”
8. To register and vote. It is our prime duty as a citizen of the Philippines to
register and vote. Suffrage is both a privilege and a duty, which every qualified
citizen must problem.  It is not sufficient to just register and vote; it must be
coupled with intellectual judgment during election. We have to consider the
different political issues by different candidates, so that at least we can choose
the right person to manage government affairs. 
5. Lesson 3 - United Nations Principles on Human Rights

United Nations Principles on Human Rights

Human rights  refers to norms that aim to protect people from political, legal, and social abuses (Stanford
Encyclopedia of Philosophy). While the United Nations defined human rights as universal and inalienable.

Excerpt from Universal Declaration of Human Rights

 In response to the tragic and horrendous violations of human rights during the World War II,
it was adopted with the Genocide Convention and the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms
of Racial Discrimination.
 Drafted by representatives from all regions of the world with different legal and cultural
backgrounds
 General Assembly Resolution 217 A was proclaimed by the United Nations General Assembly in
Paris on 10 December 1948 as a common standard of achievements for all peoples and all
nations

The United Nations Human Rights Council (UNHRC)

The United Nations Human Rights Council (UNHRC) is a body of the United Nations whose mission is to
promote and protect human rights around the world. The UNHRC has 47 representatives elected on a
regional basis for staggered three-year terms. The UNHRC is based in Geneva , Switzerland. 

The UNHRC examines claims of human rights abuses in United Nations Member States and discusses
significant thematic aspects of human rights such as freedom of association and assembly, freedom of
speech, freedom of belief and faith, women's rights, LGBT rights and the rights of racial and ethnic
minorities in which the Philippines is a member of this council.

In relation to the basic human rights of Filipinos, The Bill of Rights (Article III, 1987 Constitution) should
serve as a daily reminder of our profound skepticism that our Framers of the Constitution had of the
government. They knew that some government was required, but they rightly saw the government as the
enemy of the people, and they tried to restrict the government and provide us with security. Thus, the
purpose is to protect those rights against infringement from public officials and private citizens

Principles of Human Rights

1. Universal and Inalienable

Universality - We are all equally entitled to our human rights. Universality of the human
rights is first emphasized in the UDHR and was repeated in many international human rights
conventions, declarations, and resolutions.

Inalienable - Human rights is inviolable. Human rights should not be taken away, except

in specific situations and according to due process.
2. Indivisible and interdependent
- means that one set of rights cannot be enjoyed fully without the other.

3. Equal and non-discriminatory

Equal - Article 1 of the UDHR states: "All human beings are born free and equal in dignity
and rights." 

Non-discriminatory - Freedom from discrimination, set out in Article 2. It also provides the
central theme of 2 core instruments: the International Convention on the Elimination of All
Forms of Racial Discrimination, and the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of
Discrimination against Women.  

3. Both rights and obligations

 States have obligations and duties under international law to respect, protect and fulfill
human rights.
- The obligation to respect means that States must refrain from interfering with or curtailing
the enjoyment of human rights.
- The obligation to protect requires States to protect individuals and groups against human
rights abuses.
- The obligation to fulfill means that States must take positive action to facilitate the
enjoyment of basic human rights.

As individuals, while we are entitled to our human rights – but, we should also respect and
stand up for the human rights of others.

 All people have the right to participate in and access information relating to the
decision-making processes that affect their lives and well-being. 
 Rights-based approaches require a high degree of participation by
communities, civil society, minorities, women, young people, indigenous peoples
and other identified groups.
 States and other duty-bearers are answerable for the observance of human
rights.
 States have to comply with the legal norms and standards enshrined in
international human rights instruments.
 If the State fail to do so, aggrieved rights-holders are entitled to institute
proceedings for appropriate redress before a competent court or other
adjudicator in accordance with the rules and procedures provided by law.
 Individuals, the media, civil society and the international community play
important roles in holding governments accountable for their obligation to uphold
human rights.

Additional Readings: 
The International Bill of Human Rights
What are human rights?
6. Lesson 4 - Flag Heraldic Code of the Philippines (RA
8491, s. 1998)
 

THE HISTORY OF THE PHILIPPINE FLAG

 Evolution of the Philippine Flag

https://youtu.be/sbyQ3d4_Hu0

The Making of the Philippine Flag

The idea of coming up with a new flag was reached during the preparation of the second
phase of the Philippine Revolution. It was personally conceived by Gen. Emilio Aguinaldo,
President of the evolutionary Government and sewn at 535 Morrison Hill Road, Hongkong
by Mrs. Marcela Marino Agoncillo -wife of the first Filipino diplomat Felipe Agoncillo, with the
help of her daughter Lorenza and Mrs. Delfina Herbosa Natividad, niece of Dr. Jose Rizal
and wife of Gen. Salvador Natividad.

     The flag was made within five days and handed over by Mrs. Agoncillo to Gen.
Aguinaldo before  the latter boarded the American dispatch boat, McCulloch on May 17,
1898 on his way to the Philippines. The revolutionists originally planned the hostility against
the Spanish Forces on May 130, 1898 but a bloody encounter ensued between the Filipino
Forces and Spanish marines on May 28 at Bo. Alapan, Imus, Cavite where the Philippine
Flag received its baptism of fire and blood.Gen. Aguinaldo hoisted the flag as a sign of
victory against Spain.

   On June 12, 1898, the Philippine Flag brought from Hong Kong was unfurled for the first
time at the historic window of the Aguinaldo Mansion in Kawit, Cavite as the country's
Independence  was being proclaimed before the Filipino people. During the American
regime, the display of the Philippine Flag in any places was prohibited and it provided
severe punishment for violators. The prohibition was lifted eleven years later and reverence
to the Philippine flag was allowed by virtue of an Executive Order which declared  October
30, 1919 as "Philippine Flag Day." Though authorized and venerated during this historic
occasion, the flag, however, had minor discrepancies.

  On March 25, 1936, President Manuel L. Quezon. issued E.O. No. 23 prescribing the
technical description and specification of the Filipino Flag. It was followed by other
directives assigning the National Historical Institute as the authority in Philippine Vexillaries
and Heraldry.
 https://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/images/uploads/Infographic_PCDSPO_SymbolsOfNationalFlag_140605_1614-596x578.png   

Structure of the Flag

The National flag of the Philippines is a horizontal bi-color with equal bands of blue and
red , and a with a white equilateral triangle based at the hoist side; in the center of he
triangle is a golden yellow sun with eight primary rays, each containing three individual rays;
and at each corner of the triangle is a five pointed golden yellow star.

The flag's length is twice its width, which translates into an aspect ration of 1:2. the length of
all sides of the white triangle is equal to the width of the flag. Each star is oriented in such
manner that one of its tips points towards the vertex at which it is located.
According to Sec 6. the flag shall be permanently hoisted, day and night throughout the year,
and the flag shall be properly illuminated at night in front of the following places

1.  at Malacanang Palace; 

2. the Congress of the Philippines building; 

 Senate of the Philippine Building 

 House of Representatives of the Philippines building (Batasang Pambansa Complex)

3. Supreme Court building

4.  the Rizal Monument in Luneta, Manila

5. Aguinaldo Shrine in Kawit, Cavite

6. Barasoain Shrine in Malolos, Bulacan

7. the Tomb of the Unknown Soldier, Libingan ng mga Bayani

8.  Mausuleo de los Beteranos dela Revolucion

9. all International Ports of Entry 

10. all other places as may be designated by the Institute.
The Flag Protocol

The flag should be displayed in all government buildings, official residences, public plazas
and schools every day throughout the year. The days of the 28th  of May (National Flag
Day) and the 12th of June (Independence Day) are designed as flag days. during which all
offices, agencies and instrumentalities of government, business establishments, institutions
of learning and private homes are enjoined to display the flag. But in years, the flag days
are now from May 28 to June 30 yearly.

When to raise and lower the flag in government offices, schools, and private institutions

Displaying the flag on buildings

Displaying the flag in times of peace and war

Half-Must

The flag shall be flown at half-mast as a sign of mourning. On the official

announcement of the death of the President or Former President, that flag
shall be flown at half-mast for 10 days. Flag shall also be flown half-mast
for the death of the Vice President, the Chief Justice, the President of the
Senate or the Speaker of the House of Representatives.

It also may be required to fly at half-mast upon the death of other persons
to be determined by the National Historical Institute, for a period of  less
than seven days. The flag shall be flown at half-mast on all buildings and
places where the decedent was holding office, on the day of the death until
the day of the interment. of an incumbent member of the the Supreme
Court, the Cabinet, the Senate or the House of Representatives, and such
persons as may be determined by the National Historical Institute.

When flown at half-mast, the flag should be first hoisted to the peak for a
moment then lowered to the half-mast position. It should be raised to the
peak again before it is lowered for the day.
Folding of the Flag
Prohibited Acts

According to Republic Act 8491, the flag cannot be used in the following rationales

1. Defacing or ridiculing the flag by dipping the flag as a salute, or adding additional
marks on the flag;
2. As a drapery, festoon, tablecloth, a covering, or as a part of a costumes or a uniform;
3. As a trademark or for commercial or agricultural labels or designs;
4. As part of merchandise or in any advertisement or infomercial; and 
5. As a pennant in the hood, side, back and top of motor vehicles.

The flag should not be displayed "horizontally face-up, or under any painting, picture or
platform". It may also not be displayed in "discotheques, cockpits, night and day clubs
casinos, gambling joints and places of vice or where frivolity prevails"

Pledge 

Pledge of Alliance of the Philippine Flag, "Panunumpa sa Watawat" (distinct from the
Patriotic Oath of Allegiance, "Panatang Makabayan" should be recited while standing with
right hand with palm open raised shoulder high. 
 The law makes no statement regarding the language in which the pledge must be recited,
but the pledge is written (and therefore recited) in the FIlipino language.

The National Anthem 

Our National Anthem is entitled Lupang Hinirang.

The National Anthem shall always be sung in the national language within or without the
country. The following shall be the lyrics of the National Anthem.

Our National Anthem was composed by Julian Felipe (January 28, 1861 - October 2, 1941),
a pianist and composer from Cavite. It was first played publicly on June 12, 1898, during the
Declaration of Independence in Kawit, Cavite. It's words were originally adopted from the
poem "Filipinas," written in Spanish by a  Jose Palma, a 23 years old soldier from
Bayambang, Pangasinan, It was publish in La Independencia on September 3, 1899 as its
lyrics.

Flag ceremony is conducted when we sing National Anthem and the Philippine Flag is
raised. When the National Anthem is played at a public gathering, whether by a band or by
singing or both,  the attendees shall sing the anthem with fervor. As a sign of respect, all
persons shall stand at attention and face the Philippine Flag, if there is no display of flag, all
persons shall face the band or conductor. All persons shall execute a salute by placing the
right palm over their left chest. Those in military, scouting, citizens military training and
security guard uniforms shall salute prescribed by their regulations. The salute shall be
completed upon the last note of the anthem.

The anthem shall not be played and sung for mere recreation, amusement or entertainment
purposes except on the following occasions:

1.     International competitions where the Philippines is the host or has a representative;

2.     Local competitions;

3.     During the signing off and “signing on” of radio broadcasting and television stations;

4.     Before the initial and last screening of films and before the opening of theater
performances; and

5.     Other occasions as may be allowed by the Institute

All officials and employees of the national and local government, and any agency or
instrumentality thereof, including government-owned or controlled corporations, privately-
owned entities or offices displaying the national flag and government institutions of learning
are hereby directed to comply strictly with the rules prescribed for the rendition of the
anthem. Failure to observe the rules shall be a ground for administrative discipline.
The National Motto

The National Motto shall be “Maka-Diyos, Maka-Tao, Makakalikasan at Makabansa"

The National Coat-of-Arms

As mandated by Manuel L. Quezon, the proper use of the Coat-of-Arms of the Philippines
for official purposes, as authorized in Commonwealth Act No. 602, and to make uniform the
various seals of the different government entities. 

The national Coat-of-Arms is as follows:

(a) Arms: Paleways of two pieces, dexter (right), azure (blue), and sinister (left), gules (red);
a chief white, bearing three mullets (five-pointed stars), (gold), dexter (right), center and
sinister (left); an oval field, white, emblazoning at the honor point the symbolic eight-rayed
sun in rayonnant, or (gold), each ray-flanked on both sides by lesser and minor rays, or
(gold). This is the Coat-of-Arms proper of the Philippine.

(b) Crest: The American eagle proper. The right talon grasping an olive branch with eight
leaves, vert (green), and eight fruits, gules (red), and the left talon grasping three spears, or
(gold). This is the symbol of American sovereignty.

(c) Scroll: Beneath, a scroll, argent (silver), with the word “Philippines,” or (gold), inscribed
thereon. The scroll shall be placed just below but without touching the seal proper. (See
accompanying illustrations.)

Only the personal flag of the President of the Philippines can use the national Coat-of-Arms
in full colors. If for personal flags, it is only when authorized for other officials of the
Government, shall display in the center the seal device of the corresponding
Department. The Coat-of-Arms shall not be used as a background for police
badges. Government vessels—except tugboats, cascos, dredges or any watercraft for
marine labor—and government planes may use the Coat-of-Arms in full colors, gold or
silver as required by regulations of the different departments. The Coat-of-Arms of the
Philippines shall not be painted on government cars or railway coaches, except on those
personally or officially used by the President of the Philippines, which shall be in full colors,
and on those officially used by the Vice President, the President of the Senate, the Speaker
of the House of Representatives and the Chief Justice of the Supreme Court, which shall be
in silver.The use of the Coat-of-Arms in letterheads and envelopes shall be for official
purposes only. It cannot be used in personal stationary.

As provided in section 2 of Commonwealth Act No. 602, it is prohibited for anyone to display
or use of the national Coat-of-Arms or the Great Seal in cockpits, clubhouses or buildings
dedicated to gambling of any kind, public dance halls, dancing schools and show-houses
and can be deal with violation.

The Great Seal

The Great Seal of the Government shall be circular in form, with the arms as described in
paragraph 1 of Executive Order No. 313. Without the scroll and the inscription thereon, and
surrounding the whole a double margin, circle within which shall appear in the upper portion
the words “Government of the Philippines.” and in the lower portion, “United States of
America,” the two phrases being divided by two small five-pointed stars. For the purpose of
placing the Great Seal, the colors of the arms shall not be deemed.essential. It shall be and
remain in the custody of the President of the Philippines, and shall be affixed to or placed
upon all commissions signed by him, and upon such other official documents and papers of
the Commonwealth of the Philippines as may by law be provided, or as may be required by
custom and usage in the discretion of the President of the Philippines.

The Great Seal shall bear the National Motto. The use and display of the Great Seal of the
Government is the same for Coat-Of-Arms.
7. Good Citizenship Value
 Good citizenship values are the reflected in the Preamble 1987 Philippine Constitution. The citizenship
education topic of the NSTP affords the implementing institutions for opportunity to
develop consciousness not only in national  terms, but also in terms of global civic rights and
responsibilities.

 The program components of NSTP are structured in a way that the student-trainee's notion of the
relationship between the state and the people has changed and the service opportunities have been a
core means for learning how citizenship is applied.

 The NSTP Law is a legislation that sees the youth as partners of the state in promoting civic
consciousness, and aims to develop their physical, moral, spiritual and social well-being through civic
service. It inculcates patriotism and nationalism in the youth, and advance their involvement in civic and
public affairs.

This lessons focuses on the rights and responsibilities of citizens. More specifically, it offers the following
themes:

1. Basic Filipino Values

2. Nationalism and Patriotism

7.1. The Basic Filipino Values

In this lesson, it focuses on translating the good citizenship values as reflected in the
Preamble of the Constitution  into emphasizing 16 basic Filipino values based on the 1987
Constitution. 

Core Values of the Filipinos are the values we hold which form the foundation on which we
perform work and conduct ourselves.As we have the the Preamble from the first part of this
module, below are the good citizenship values that are reflected in the Preamble of the
1987 Constitution that has been grouped in four (4) different clusters that gives meaning to
our national motto.
The Good Citizenship Core Values
Understanding the Filipino Value System

Values are the bases of judging what attitudes and behavior are correct and desirable and
what are not. It is therefore of crucial importance that there will be an appropriate framework
as well as system as well as system among Filipino values. Values have a social function:
commonly held values unite families, tribes, societies and nations. They are essential to
democratic way of life, which puts a high premium on freedom and rule of law. 

Value Philosophy

Values to the Filipinos are still inculcate in  most of the families like closeness and solidarity
(pagpapahalaga sa pamilya), politeness (use of po or ho), hospitality (tuloy po kayo),
gratitude (utang na loob) from within. Filipino values as social acceptance (pakikisama,
amor proprio, economic security, pagmamay-ari) and trust in God (paniniwala sa DIyos) find
their philosophical basis in man's dynamic openness toward nature and the world (like the
value of hanap-buhay ng magsasaka), one's fellowmen (the values of paggalang, hiya,
katarungan, pag-ibig), and God (the values of pananampalataya, panalangin, kabanalan)

This dynamic openness of man is an openness to the possibilities of the future. That is why
values are something to be realized. Take the value of peace. Human values are not all
private because all of values have social aspect. We are all responsible for one another
(tayong lahat ay may pananagutan sa isa't isa). Values are both subjective and objective.
They involve a subject or person who values and an object or a value to be realized. Justice
is objective because its a value that should be realized by all. 

Using the criteria of permanence, ability to be shared, and depth of satisfaction, Max
Scheler ranked human values from the lowest to the highest as follows: sense values like
sensual pleasure are exemplified by the lakwatsero or pabling; utilitarian values like profit
and efficiency  by the businessman and technocrat; life values by the doctor and the hero.

Values in the Philippines: Strengths to Filipino Characters

 Close Family Ties - To Filipino, family comes first & family is everything. He lives
with it and depends on it. Usually, children's dreams, aspirations and life are always
centered on his family. This family solidarity keeps a Filipino to be positive amidst
everything. He works hard to ensure a better life for the family. Family is evidently
highly valued in the Philippines, thus, the government also strengthens Filipino family
and in great support to ensure work-family balance.
 "Utang Na Loob" or "Debt of Gratitude" - Filipinos always recognize one's
indebtedness. This means that he owned to a person who has helped him through
the trials he had undergone. He repays that person in whatever kind, whatever time
and situation. It is one way of showing deep appreciation for lending out a hand.
 Hiya - It is a Filipino value that is difficult to translate. Literally it has several
meanings such as shy, timid, sensitive rather than ashamed. Filipinos believe they
must live up to the accepted standards of behavior and make it a point not to cause
another person's embarrassment. Each is anticipated to have hiya in the way they
behave to win respect from the community. This is value that gives a Filipino a sense
of social decency and politeness.
  Pakikisama - There is no exact English translation for this word. It means getting
along with others to preserve a harmonious relationship. It invites the Filipinos to do
well and to be a nice companion. The value of pakikisama result to one another
 Respect to Others - Filipinos regard others with dignity and respect. This is being
observed in a basic sense of justice, fairness and concern for others fellowmen,
nature or animals.

7.2. Nationalism and Patriotism

This lesson focuses on the difference between the nationalism and patriotism. The history
of nationalism and patriotism in our country is as old as the history of humankind. 

The term “nationalism” is generally used to describes two things, first is the attitude that the
members of a nation which includes the concept of national identity such as common origin,
ethnicity and cultural ties. The other one is the actions that the members of the nation take when
seeking to achieve (or sustain) self-determination these involves having full statehood with
complete authority over domestic and international affairs. It is characterized by an attachment
of superiority to one's country, an aspiration for its continuity, prosperity, and maintaining a high
regard and respect for the laws, principles and policies of that country.
  “Patriotism” is love of and/or devotion to one's country. The word comes from the
Greek patris, meaning fatherland. However, patriotism has had different meanings over
time, and its meaning is highly dependent upon context, geography and philosophy.
Although patriotism is used in certain vernaculars as a synonym for nationalism, nationalism
is not necessarily considered an inherent part of patriotism. Likewise, patriotism is
strengthened by adherence to a native religion, particularly because such a community
usually has its holy places insides its motherland. This also implies a value preference for a
specific civic or political community

Patriotism and nationalism are often marred by lack of clarity due to the failure to distinguish
the two. Many authors use the two terms interchangeably. Among those who do not, quite a
few have made the distinction in ways that are very helpful.

According to Lord Acton, "nationality is our connection with the race" that is "merely natural
or physical" while patriotism is the awareness of our moral duties to the political community. 
For Ellie Kedourie (1985),  is a full pledged philosophical and political doctrine about nations
as basic units of humanity within which the individual  can find freedom and fulfillment while
patriotism is a mere sentiment of affection for one's country. 

Ways to Express Filipino Nationalism

Nationalism is a devotion of love for one's country. A country identity is seen through its
culture, traditions, religion, beliefs, and even the unity or togetherness of the people in it.
The history of the Philippines reflects the kind of nationalism we as a Filipinos have. Our
heroes who fought to preserve the Filipino identity and attain freedom and independence.

Luz Leanie M. Reyes listed 10 ways to express nationalism in an online article from "Our
Happy School" :
1. Respect the Philippine flag and value the Filipino identity
Being Filipinos, we should respect our Philippine flag and its purpose. The history and value
of this flag are connected to the freedom we have today. Encourage our fellowmen to
participate and respect our flag and its anthem and even our different symbols. They
provide us our identity as Flipinos or citizens of the beautiful Republic of the Philippines.
(Wikipedia.com)
 
2. Be a productive citizen
Be industrious and make ourselves productive, not only for ourselves but for our country as
well. Serve the people, serve our nation. (google.com)
 
3. Be aware of the issues in our country
We must be aware and updated on the significant issues happening in the country. Extend
help to the needy fellowmen, especially the victims of disasters like typhoons, flooding, and
the like.
 
4. Stand proud for every Filipinos achievement
Filipinos is globally competitive in many aspects. They are proud to be a Filipino and for the
honors they bring to our country. They unite every Filipino for their achievements. 
 
5. Patronize and support our own products
The Philippines has rich resources to create quality goods and products. The manpower
services we provide are also globally competitive. Our economy will improve more if we
ourselves patronize our own products which characterize our creativity, resourcefulness,
and industry.
 
6. Preserve the Filipino culture
Philippines is rich in various colorful cultural elements. They are our identity. Be proud and
preserve the culture we have for they are our treasure. We have to keep them for the future
generation.
 
7. Respect everyone and value our traditions
Filipinos are very courteous and respectful. Even in modern times, many Filipinos show and
value their noble norms and traditions. So we Filipinos must continue to exercise these
good traditions like respecting our elders and others, by using “po at opo”, being hospitable,
and being religious.                                                                 
 
8. Speak out our own language
Using our own language is manifesting and preserving our national identity. It is our unique
means of communicating and interacting with our fellowmen. Our language is an important
tool to achieve further unity and national development.
 
9. Remember and commemorate our heroes’ sacrifices for our country
There were many Filipinos who died for our democracy, freedom, and independence. Some
fought using their pens and tongues, while some used the power of their arms and
weapons. Each had their own way of showing their love and respect to our country. In
today’s generation, let us value and treasured our heroes sacrifices and devotion for our
country. (google.com)
                                                                                        
10. Love our family, our neighbors, and our compatriots
Love and help one another. That way, we are showing the world that we are proud to be
Filipinos. Stand united! Do something to help each other and for the greater good for
mother country. Love everyone and love our country as we love ourselves. (google.com)
Reference: 
https://www.slideshare.net/100000861051472/patriotism-and-nationalism

7.3. Voter Citizenship

Second Draft of Revised Citizen-Voters’ Education Module (November 2009)

The Right of Suffrage

 Suffrage is the human right to vote, it embodied in three instruments: Universal Declaration of
Human Rights (UDHR); the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights; and in the 1987
Philippine Constitution. They are all mandate for  universality of the right; equality in access
to public service; and  secrecy of votes.
The people’s right to suffrage is the foundation of the electoral process. It is exercised during
the elections and as a citizen-voter. If people are not allowed to vote freely, then the whole
process of elections becomes absurd and superfluous.  It related to the concept of democracy
and people’s sovereignty. 
  

History of the Election

https://youtu.be/NMzrrx-BYMc

Features of the Automated Voting System

The Election Automation Law provides for the following features of the automated system:
a) use of appropriate ballots; b) stand-alone machine which will count and
 consolidate elections results; c) provision for audit trails; d) minimum human
intervention; and e) adequate safeguard and security measures.

 a.) Official Ballot  - The official ballot consis ts of an oval shaped paper ballot
corresponding to the pre-printed names of candidates. The ballot accommodates 300
names of candidates, with 150 names per side of ballot. To prevent tampering and use of
fake ballots, the ballot has a watermark and ultraviolet (UV) features, and one barcode
which corresponds to each ballot. A designated color will correspond to the different elective
positions. A marking pen will be provided by the BEI during Election Day.  The voter
personally feeds the ballot into the machine at any orientation. The machine scans both
sides of the ballot simultaneously and generates and stores a digital image.

b.) Stand-Alone Machine - Throughout the voting process until the printing of the initial 8
copies of election returns, the PCOS machine is not connected to any transmission cable or
modem. Only after the printing of initial ERs will the BEI connect the links for transmission to
eliminate doubts that the PCOS can be manipulated remotely.

 c.) Audit Trail -    The machine generates an audit log which documents and reports the
activities processed by the machine at a particular date and time. A random manual audit
will be conducted in randomly-selected precincts chosen by the Commission thru a
composite committee with representation from  a citizen’s arm.

 d.) Minimum human intervention -  The voter personally feeds the ballot into the
machine, while only the BEI members operate the PCOS. Transmission is done
electronically, with sufficient system back-up.

e.) Security Measures - Aside from the previously mentioned safeguards, the automated
election system has the following security measures: 

 Use of password and personal identification

number (PIN)
 Digital signatures of BEI Members
 Encryption, the same security system used by
banks (i.e., 128-bit encryption, random
encryption, no single/master decryption code)
 Less-than-2-minute transmission speed
 Multiple data source (i.e., paper ballot, digital
ballot image, scanned data)
 Hard copies for distribution o 30 copies of
election returns at the precinct level o 30 copies
of certificate of canvass at municipal level o 14
copies of certificate of canvass at provincial level
 Audit Log
 Data storage device
 Transmitted data (i.e., results, reports)
 Activity reports (i.e., Initialization/Zero Report,
Transmission Reports, Audit Log)
  Series of systems tests (i.e., mock election,
testing and sealing, 2 areas etc.) 
 Back up batteries (16 hours capacity)
 Back up PCOS units

Pre-Election Phase

 Registration

 Preliminary to the voting exercise is the registration of voters. The registration process is
guided by RA 8189 or the Continuing Voters’ Registration Act of 1996 and by COMELEC
Resolution No. 8514 rules and regulations on the Continuing Registration of Voters.

1.  Qualified applicant will have to appear personally at the local COMELEC

office. 
2. The applicant's identity and residence will be verified thru presentation of a
valid ID with photograph and signature. The applicant's status of registration
will also be verified. After a successful verification, the applicant shall receive
and fill out an application form in 3 copies.
3. The applicant's biometrics will be digitally captured, i.e., digital images of a
voter’s photograph, fingerprints, and signature will be taken using
COMELEC's Data Capture Machine (DCM). An Acknowledgment Receipt
will be given to the applicant afterwards. 

 The Overseas Absentee Voting (OAV) Law applies the mechanics in RA 8189 of

personal registration either with the Election Board of Inspectors in their place of residence
before their departure or with the representative of the Commission in the Philippine
embassies, consulates and other foreign service establishment in their temporary residence
overseas. 

Testing and Sealing of Machine 

At least three (3) days before Election Day, the public shall accomplish test ballots, which
in turn will be manually counted. Election returns from the manual count shall be
accomplished. After the manual counting, the same sets of ballots shall be fed into the
counting machine. Results generated from the manual count shall be compared with the
results indicated in the automated count/print-out of the election returns. After the public is
satisfied that the manual count is the same as the automated count, the printout and
manually prepared election returns shall be signed-off by the witnesses. The PCOS
Machines shall be sealed without any connection to transmission links. The public shall be
allowed to secure the polling places where the PCOS machines are installed and shall be
opened only on Election Day in the presence of watchers

 Election Day

1. On Election Day, the voter proceeds to the polling place to cast his/her vote. 
2. The Board of Election Inspectors (BEI) will administer the conduct of elections. The
BEI will now include, as member, an information technology-capable person, who is
trained or certified by the Department of Science and Technology (DOST) to use the
AES. 
3. All voters – as many as 10 voters at a time – whose name appear on the list of
voters, will be allowed to vote. Official candidates, registered political parties and
party-list groups, and accredited election observers and monitors are represented in
the precincts by watchers. 

The voting period is from 7:00 am until 6:00 pm. Before voting starts, BEI shows the empty
ballot box, turns on/ initializes PCOS machine, and prints Initialization Report or “Zero
Report” to show that there is no entry/vote in the machine’s memory.

Casting of Votes 

 Play video 

Counting, Canvassing, and Transmittal of Votes