12

Republic of the Philippines

Department of Education
NATIONAL CAPITAL REGION
Misamis Street, Bago-Bantay, Quezon City

UNIFIED SUPPLEMENTARY LEARNING MATERIALS

(USLeM)

GENERAL PHYSICS 2
Week 3
Writer / Illustrator Language Editor
Mr. Jayar E. Longasa Ms. Joyce V. Cueva
Content Editors Layout Artist
Ms. Roxane S. Villanueva Mr. Marc Christian T. Perez
Ms. Abigael Manzano
Mr. Paul Allen M. Gonzales

MANAGEMENT TEAM
Dr. Malcolm S. Garma
Regional Director
Dr. Genia V. Santos Ms. Micah G. Pacheco
Chief, CLMD EPS, CLMD - Science
Mr. Dennis M. Mendoza Ms. Nancy C. Mabunga
EPS, CLMD - LRMS Librarian II, CLMD-LRMS

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UNIFIED SUPPLEMENTARY LEARNING MATERIALS
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EXPECTATIONS
This Unified Supplementary Learning Material will help you to:
• relate the properties of mirrors and lenses (radii of curvature, focal length, index of
refraction (for lenses) to image and object distances and sizes;
• determine graphically and mathematically the type (virtual/real), magnification,
location, and orientation of the image of a point and extended object produced by a
plane and spherical mirrors;
• determine graphically and mathematically the type (virtual/real), magnification,
location, and orientation of the image of a point and extended object produced by a
lens or series of lenses; and
• apply principles of geometric optics to discuss image formation by the eye and
correction of common vision defects.

PRE-TEST
Directions: Read each question carefully, then write the letter that best answers the question.
1. Which is the distance from the lens to its focal point when the light is bent toward the
axis of both surfaces of the lens due to its shape?
A. Focal point B. Focal length C. Vertex D. Radii of curvature
2. Where should the object be placed in front of a concave mirror so that it would produce
images that have the same size, inverted, and real?
A. At focus
B. At exactly center of curvature
C. Farther than the center of curvature
D. Between the focus and center of curvature
3. What is the size of the image of a 1.30 m tall man who stands 5.20 m from a concave
mirror if the image is formed on a screen 150 cm from the mirror?
A. -0.53 m B. -0.63 m C. -0.73 m D. -0.83 m
4. Which is TRUE about the location, orientation, size, and the type of the image formed
in a concave lens?
A. Image is formed behind the object, erect, reduced, and real image.
B. Image is formed behind the object, erect, reduced, and virtual image.
C. Image is formed behind the object, erect, enlarged, and virtual image.
D. Image is formed behind the object, inverted, enlarged, and virtual image.
5. Which is commonly used to correct farsightedness (hyperopia)?
a. Concave Mirror B. Convex Mirror C. Concave Lens D. Convex Lens

LOOKING BACK
PICTURE ANALYSIS. Analyze the given picture and
answer the following questions.
1. What happens to the pen as it is partially
submerged on a beaker half-filled with water?
____________________________________
____________________________________
2. What is the natural phenomenon behind this?
____________________________________

Photo credit: J.E. Longasa (2-20-2021)

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BRIEF INTRODUCTION
When you switch on the flashlight and directly hit the surface of a plane mirror, the light
does not travel through the mirror, but the reflected ray is returned by the mirror’s surface back
to the air. When light passes through the air into the water, light waves travel from one medium
to another. When the light waves strike the surface of the medium at an angle, their direction
changes as they enter the second medium. This is evident when a pen on a glass of water
appears to be bent.
What happens to these light waves? What phenomena explain this idea? To
understand this, let’s see how refraction and reflection occur.

ACTIVITIES
Laws of Reflection

Light travels in a straight line until it reaches an object. If the surface is clear or smooth
like a glass or a calm body of water, light passes through it directly. But if the surface is opaque
like a block of wood or wavy water, light is interrupted.
Normal Line

In the law of reflection, the

Angle of Angle of incident ray, the reflected ray, and the
incidence Reflection
normal line all lie in the same plane. The
angle of incidence is equal to the angle of
reflection as illustrated in Figure 1. This is
Incident ray i r true when the incident ray strikes the
Reflected ray

plane mirror directly (flat surface).

Mirror 𝜽𝒊 = 𝜽 𝒓
Figure 1: Law of Reflection Note: 𝜽 is the angle between the
By J.E. Longasa incident ray/reflected ray and the
Activity 1: Draw Me! normal line.
Directions: Draw the missing incident and/or reflected rays at the middle, top, and bottom of
the given object and image. Answer the questions that follow.
Mirror
Object Image

Processing Questions:
1. What can you say about the distance of the object as compared to the distance of the
image from the mirror?
2. Compare the height and size of the object to the height and size image from the mirror?

CONCAVE AND CONVEX MIRROR

Let us consider the focal length of a concave and convex mirror in the next figures.
The incident rays of light that strike the surface follow the laws of reflection. A spherical mirror
is a reflecting surface in which the reflective surface is a section of a sphere. The two kinds of
Tableand
curved mirrors are the concave 1. Concave
the convexand Convex
mirrors. Mirror
Table 1 shows the difference between
the concave and convex mirror.

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Concave Mirror (Converging Mirror) Convex Mirror (Diverging Mirror)

It is a curved mirror where the reflective
It is a curved mirror where the reflective
surface bulges away from the source of light.
surface bulges towards the source of light.
The parallel incident rays converge at a focal
The parallel incident rays diverge after
point after reflection. reflection. The rays converge at the focus
behind the mirror when the reflected ray is
extended
The following are the terms used in spherical or curved mirrors:

• The radii or center of curvature (C) is the center of the sphere of which the mirror is
a part.
• The vertex (V) is the center of the mirror.
• The principal axis is the line that passes through the radii or center of curvature (C)
and the vertex (V).
• Point F is the principal focus. The distance from the focus (F) to the vertex (V) is
called the focal length.
Focal Length Focal Length

Reflecting surface Reflecting surface

Principal axis
C F V C F V F C

Figure 2-Concave Mirror

Figure 3-Convex Mirror
Image by: J.E. Longasa
Image by: J.E. Longasa

Parallel incident rays of light strike the surface of a concave mirror and the reflected
ray pass through the focus in the real side of the mirror (Figure 2). The focal length is positive
(+). Parallel incident rays of light strike the surface of a convex mirror and the reflected rays
diverge at the virtual side focus of the mirror (Figure 3). The focal length is negative (-).

RAY TRACING (MIRRORS)

To illustrate how the images are formed, we will use ray tracing in mirrors following the
given steps in Figures 4 and 5 given below.

Activity 2-Ray Tracing in Concave and Convex Mirror

Fig. 4: Ray 1 (P-F) and 2 (F-P) for Concave and Convex Mirror. Fig. 5: Ray 3 (C-C) and 4 (V-ray) for Concave and Convex Mirror.

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Directions. Identify the principal rays as indicated by colors used in ray tracing. Determine the
type (virtual/real), magnification (reduced, same size, magnified), location, and orientation
(erect/inverted) of an image produced by a concave and convex mirror.

1. Concave Mirror-Object is placed at the center of curvature.

TYPE:
Object
MAGNIFICATION:

LOCATION:

ORIENTATION:
C F V
RED:

BLUE:
Image
VIOLET:

2. Convex Mirror-Object is placed at the center of curvature.

TYPE:
Object
Image MAGNIFICATION:

LOCATION:

ORIENTATION:
C F V F C
RED:

BLUE:

GREEN:

Mirror Equation VIOLET:

Ray tracing will help you determine the location and size of the image, but it will not
provide you with numerical information about image distance and image size. To determine
the exact location and size of the image formed in a curved mirror, an equation is needed.
𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝒉𝒊 −𝒒
= + =
𝒇 𝒑 𝒒 𝒉𝒐 𝒑
Eq. 1 Eq. 2
Where: Where:
f = focal length 𝒉𝒊 =height of the image
p= distance of the object to the mirror 𝒉𝒐 =height of the object
q= distance of the image from the mirror Note: The negative sign (-) in the equation (-q) is
already given.
Sample Problem:
Suppose a man is 1.3 m in front of a concave mirror. What is the image height of the
man and the image distance if it is 2.0 m from the mirror having a focal length of 1.0 m?
GIVEN: Sign Conventions for Mirror:
ℎ𝑜 = 1.3 cm f = 1.0 m f is + if the mirror is concave (converging lens).
ℎ𝑖 =? p = 2.0 m f is - if the mirror is convex (diverging lens).
REQUIRED: q is + if the image is a real image and located on the
object’s side.
q=? q is - if the image is a virtual image and located behind the
mirror.
𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 hi is + if the image is an upright image.
EQUATION: = + For the height of the image:
𝒇 𝒑 𝒒 hi is - if the image an inverted image.

𝒉𝒊 −𝒒
= 4
𝒉𝒐 𝒑
𝒉𝒊
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=
𝟏. 𝟑𝒎 𝟏. 𝟎𝒎
UNIFIED SUPPLEMENTARY LEARNING MATERIALS
GRADE 12 – GENERAL PHYSICS 2

SOLUTION:
𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
= +
𝟏. 𝟎𝒎 𝟐. 𝟎𝒎 𝒒
𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
− =
𝟏. 𝟎𝒎 𝟐. 𝟎𝒎 𝒒
𝟐. 𝟎 𝒎 − 𝟏. 𝟎𝒎 𝟏
=
(𝟏. 𝟎𝒎)(𝟐. 𝟎𝒎) 𝒒
𝟏. 𝟎𝒎 𝟏
=
𝟐. 𝟎𝒎 𝒒
𝟐. 𝟎𝒎
𝒒=
𝟏. 𝟎𝒎
Answer: 𝒒 = 𝟏. 𝟎 𝒎

Note: The same equation will be used as well in a convex mirror, however, the focal length
is negative (-).
Activity 3: Mirror Equation
Directions. Solve the following mirror problems. Show your solution in GRESA format (Given,
Required, Equation, Solution, Answer).
1. The object’s height is 5.00 cm at 40.0 cm from the concave mirror. What are the
height and the distance of the image from the mirror if the focal length is 20.0 cm?
2. Determine the focal length of a convex mirror when the object is 27.5 cm from the
mirror and produces an image that appears 15.0 cm behind the mirror.

CONVEX AND CONCAVE LENSES

A lens is a material that works through refraction. The light rays bend as they pass
through a medium and they change direction. It means that the rays seem to come from a
point that is closer or farther away from where they originate. It makes objects seen through a
lens bigger or smaller than they really are.
Lenses are of two types: converging and diverging. Converging lenses bring out light
rays together. Diverging lenses spread light the rays apart. These two are easily
distinguished by their shape. Converging lenses are thickest at the center, while diverging
lenses are thinnest at the center.

F' F F' F

Figure 7: Concave Lens

Figure 6: Convex Lens Image by: J.E. Longasa
The incident rays of light entering a converging lens parallel to the principal axis
Image by: J.E. Longasa

converge at its focal point F. To determine the front and backside of the lens, the reference

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point is the object. The front side of the image is formed in front of the lens where the object
is located.

RAY TRACING (LENSES)

To illustrate how the images are formed, we will also use ray tracing in lenses following
the rules in Figure 8 given below.

Figure 8: Ray 1 (P-F), Ray 2 (F-P), and Ray 3 (V Ray) in Convex and Concave Lens

Activity 4-Ray Tracing in Convex and Concave Lenses

Directions. Identify the principal rays as indicated by colors used in ray tracing. Determine the
type (virtual/real), magnification (reduced, the same size, magnified), location, and orientation
(erect/inverted) of an image produced by a convex and concave lens.

1. Convex lens – the object is located between 2F’ and F’.

TYPE:
Object
MAGNIFICATION:

LOCATION:
Image
ORIENTATION:
2F’ F’ V F 2F
RED:

BLUE:

VIOLET:

2. Concave lens - the object is located at exactly 2F’.

TYPE:
Object
MAGNIFICATION:

LOCATION:
Image
ORIENTATION:

2F’ F’ V F 2F RED:

BLUE:

VIOLET:

Lens Equation

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UNIFIED SUPPLEMENTARY LEARNING MATERIALS
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A lens equation is needed to describe the exact location and size of the image formed
in lenses. Figure 9 shows the important parts and principal rays used in ray tracing in the lens.

p (distance of the object) q (distance of the image)

Object

Image
ho

F-P ray
Figure 9. Parts of a Ray Diagram
Image by: J.E. Longasa hi V ray
Focal length (-) Focal length (+)
P-F ray
For the focal length of the distance of the image and distance of the object, we will be
using the same equation with Equation 1 (Mirror Equation):
𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
= +
𝒇 𝒑 𝒒
For the magnification, the same equation will also be used (Equation 2) in finding the
image height.
𝒉𝒊 −𝒒
=
𝒉𝒐 𝒑
Sample Problem: What is the image size and distance if a 5.00 cm key is placed 45.5 cm
from a convex lens having a focal length of 15.4 cm?

GIVEN: ho=5.00 cm f = 15.4 cm p = 45.5 cm

REQUIRED: q = ? hi = ?
𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
EQUATION: = + For the height of the image:
𝒇 𝒑 𝒒
𝒉𝒊 −𝒒
SOLUTION: =
𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝒉𝒐 𝒑
= +
𝟏𝟓. 𝟒𝒄𝒎 𝟒𝟓. 𝟓𝒄𝒎 𝒒 𝒉𝒊 𝟐𝟑. 𝟑𝒄𝒎
=
𝟓. 𝟎𝟎𝒄𝒎 𝟒𝟓. 𝟓𝒄𝒎
(𝟒𝟓. 𝟓𝒄𝒎 − 𝟏𝟓. 𝟒𝒄𝒎) 𝟏
= (𝟐𝟑. 𝟑𝒄𝒎)(𝟓. 𝟎𝟎𝒄𝒎)
(𝟏𝟓. 𝟒𝒄𝒎)(𝟒𝟓. 𝟓𝒄𝒎) 𝒒 𝒉𝒊 =
𝟒𝟓. 𝟓𝒄𝒎
𝟑𝟎. 𝟏𝒄𝒎 𝟏 𝟏𝟏𝟕𝒄𝒎
= 𝒉𝒊 =
𝟕𝟎1𝒄𝒎 𝒒 𝟒𝟓. 𝟓𝒄𝒎
𝟕𝟎𝟏𝒄𝒎 𝒉𝒊 = 𝟐. 𝟓𝟕 𝒄𝒎
𝒒 =
𝟑𝟎. 𝟏𝒄𝒎 The positive value for image height (hi) indicates that
the image is an upright image. The positive value for the
𝑨𝒏𝒔𝒘𝒆𝒓: 𝒒 = 𝟐𝟑. 𝟑 𝒄𝒎 distance of the image from the convex lens indicate that it is
a real image.

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Note: The same equation with convex lens will be used in concave lens, however, the focal
length is negative.
Sign Conventions for Lenses:
• If the lens is a double convex lens (converging lens), f is positive (+).
• If the lens is a double concave lens (diverging lens), f is negative (-).
• If the image is a real image and located behind the lens, q is positive (+).
• If the image is virtual and located on the object's side of the lens, q is negative (-).
• If the image is an upright image and virtual, hi is positive (+).
• If the image is an inverted image and real, hi is negative (-).
Activity 5: Lens Equation
Directions. Solve the following lens problems. Show your solution.
1. A coin with a diameter of 3.10 cm is placed 25.0 cm from a concave lens with a focal
length of -11.0 cm. What are the distance and the size of the image?
2. An object is placed at 80.0 cm from a convex lens of focal length 25.0 cm. Find the
distance between its image and lens.
3. Determine the image distance and image height for a 6.00 cm tall object placed 48.0
cm from a convex lens having a focal length of 15.0 cm.

Index of Refraction

The ratio n of the speed of light in a vacuum to the speed in a given material is called
the index of refraction of that material (Equation 3). This is the reason why a pond or a
swimming pool both appear shallower than the actual. A pen in a glass of water appears bent.
It happens due to the changes in the speed of light as it passes from one medium to another
and varying temperatures and densities of the same medium in which change the direction of
light rays. Table 2 shows some of the common materials with their indexes of refraction:
Material Index of refraction 𝒔𝒑𝒆𝒆𝒅 𝒐𝒇 𝒍𝒊𝒈𝒉𝒕 𝒊𝒏 𝒗𝒂𝒄𝒖𝒖𝒎
Water 1.33 𝒊𝒏𝒅𝒆𝒙 𝒐𝒇 𝒓𝒆𝒇𝒓𝒂𝒄𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏 (𝒏) = Eq. 3
𝒔𝒑𝒆𝒆𝒅 𝒐𝒇 𝒍𝒊𝒈𝒉𝒕 𝒊𝒏 𝒂 𝒎𝒂𝒕𝒆𝒓𝒊𝒂𝒍
Air 1.0
Cornea 1.38 𝐧 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝜽 = 𝒏′ 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝜽′ Eq. 4
Aqueous humor 1.34
Lens 1.41 where n and n' are the indices of refraction of the
Vitreous humor 1.34
media on either side of the boundary, and 𝜃 and 𝜃′ are
Table 2: Index of Refraction of Some Common Materials
the respective angles of indices of refraction.
The above equation (Equation 4) is called Snell’s Law, which was first worked out in
1621 by a Dutch astronomer and mathematician, Willebrod Snell.
Common Vision Defects
The inability to see distant objects clearly while close objects are clear is called
nearsightedness or myopia. In Figure 10 (left), the eye over converges the nearly parallel
rays from a distant object and the retina. It can be corrected by a concave lens. The inability
to see close objects clearly while distant objects are clear is called farsightedness or
hyperopia. In this condition, to make the rays meet on the retina Figure 10 (right), a farsighted
eye does not converge enough rays. It can be corrected by a convex lens.

Figure 10: Nearsightedness (Left) and Farsightedness (Right)

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Astigmatism is a defect in the eye which happens when the cornea is more curved in
one direction than the other. The eye does not form sharp images because of this eye defect.
It can be corrected by a cylindrical lens that has more curvature in one direction than the other.

REMEMBER
• In the laws of reflection, (1) the angle of incidence is equal to the angle of reflection; (2) the
incident ray, reflected ray, and the normal line all lie on the same plane.
• Refraction is caused by a difference in the speed of the wave in the two media.
• Ray tracing provides the graphical characteristics of an image formed both in mirrors and
lenses.
• The mirror and lens equation provides the quantitative characteristics of an image formed by
mirrors and lenses.
CHECKING YOUR UNDERSTANDING
Directions: Answer the following questions.
1. Some vehicles like trucks have signs on their back that say, “If you can’t see my mirrors, I can’t
see you.” Explain the physics concept behind this quotation.
2. What is the reason why the lettering of the word “AMBULANCE” in an ambulance car is flipped?
3. To produce a virtual image in a converging lens and a real image in the diverging lens, what
conditions must exist?
POST-TEST
Directions: Read each question carefully, then write the letter that best answers each
question before the number.
1. In some department stores, what kind of mirror is used to give a wider area and smaller
images of the shoppers or buyers?
A. Concave Mirror B. Convex Mirror C. Concave Lens D. Convex Lens
2. Which of the following eye defects is the inability to see distant objects clearly while
close objects are clear?
A. Myopia B. Hyperopia C. Astigmatism D. All of these
3. What is the actual time if the image formed by the hands of the clock shows 8:30 as
reflected the clock without numbers in your plane mirror?
A. 3:30 B. 6:30 C. 8:30 D. 9:30
4. What is the image distance of a 3.00 cm tall light bulb is placed 30.5 cm from a diverging
lens having a focal length of -10.2 cm?
A. q=-7.64 cm B. q=-9.24 cm C. q=-8.24 cm D. q=-10.2 cm
5. Find the image height using question in item no. 4?
A. 0.75 cm B. 0.85 cm C. 0.95 cm D. 1.00 cm
REFERENCES
• Hewitt, Paul G. (2002) Conceptual Physics. Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd, Jurong, Singapore.
• (eBook) Original textbook College Physics by OpenStax College, (2020) General Physics 2. Self-Learning
Module (SLM). Philippine Adaptation by Vibal Group, Inc., under Creative Commons Attribution License
4.0, Quezon City.
ANSWER KEY
2.The image height and size of the object and image are the same.
1.The distance of the image and the object are the same.
ACTIVITY 1
2. Virtual, Reduced, Between V and F, Erect (P-F, F-P, C-C, and V ray)
1.Real, Same size, At C, Inverted (P-F, F-P and V ray)
ACTIVITY 2
5. C 5. B 2. Virtual, Reduced, Bet. F’ & V, Erect (P-F, F-P and V ray)
4. A 4. C 1. Real, Magnified, Farther than 2F, Inverted (P-F, F-P and V ray)
3. C 3. A ACTIVITY 4 3. q = 21.8 cm; hi = -2.73 cm
2. A 2. B 2. f = 9.71 cm 2. q = 36.4 cm
1. B 1. B 1. q = 40 cm; hi = -5.00 cm 1. q = 7.64 cm; hi = 0.95 cm
POST-TEST PRETEST ACTIVITY 3 ACTIVITY 5

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