PowerPoint Presentation

EASA 66: B2

Module 11 – Aircraft Systems

Chapter 5: Global Positioning system

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 EASA PART 66 MODULE 11: AIRCRAFT SYSTEMS

CHAPTER 5: GLOBAL POSITIONING SYSTEM

Aims & Objectives

 Aims:

 To explain the layout and operation of the Global Positioning System (GPS)

 Objectives:

 Describe the purpose of the Global Positioning System

 By the end of the presentation you will be able to explain the 3 parts of GPS
 Space
 Satellite description & GPS transmission
 Command
 General description of operation
 User
 General description of operation
 Sources of error
 Types of GPS used on aircraft
 GPS Receivers & processing
 User example: Boeing 777-200 GPS

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 PURPOSE OF GLOBAL POSITIONING SYSTEM
INTRODUCTION
USES

 Assist aircraft T/O, landing & taxiing

 Motor vehicle, ship and aircraft journey navigation

 Recreational sporting use – hiking

 Gives 3 dimensional positioning

 Allows calculation of
 Acceleration
 Velocity
 Distance travelled
 Current Position

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 PARTS OF THE GLOBAL POSITIONING SYSTEM

3 SEGMENTS TO GPS
 Space segment
 Satellites
 Broadcast signals to user segment
 Command segment
 Control stations
 Maintains correct operation of space
segment
User Segment
 GPS receivers
 Military
o Precision Positioning Service (PPS)
o <18 meters
o Highly accurate
 Non – Military
oStandard Positioning Service (SPS)
o15 – 25 meters
oDegraded to 100 meters
oLess Accurate than military
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 GPS – SPACE SEGMENT

SPACE SEGMENT 1 – GENERAL DESCRIPTION

 24 Satellites
 21 in use
 3 active spares

 6 Different orbital paths

 4 satellites in each

 1 Complete orbit in 12hrs

 Orbit altitude 10 900 Nm

 Each satellite has a 28º view of the

earth

 6  10 Satellites in view at any one

time

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 GPS – SPACE SEGMENT CONT....

SPACE SEGMENT 2 – SATELLITE DESCRIPTION

 7.5 Years life span
 Mass = 815 Kg
 Operating clocks:
 x2 caesium
 x2 rubidium
 Satellite frequencies
 L1 - 1575.42 MHz: Nav Msg, (C/A) code, P(Y) code
 L2 - 1227.60 MHz: P(Y) code
 L3 - 1381.05 MHz: Used by the Nuclear Detonation
(NUDET) Detection System Payload (NDS) to signal
detection of nuclear detonations and other high-
energy infrared events. Used to enforce nuclear test
ban treaties.
 L4 - 1379.913 MHz: Being studied for additional
ionospheric correction.
 Transmission is passive
 Unlike DME

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 GPS – SPACE SEGMENT CONT....

SPACE SEGMENT 3 – GPS TRANSMISSION

 GPS Data comprises of:

 Universal Time – Co-ordinated UTC
 Clock Corrections
 Ephemeris Parameters
 Orbital data giving satellite positions
 Almanac data
 Satellite housekeeping data

 Transmitted on L band frequencies

 L1 – 1.57542 GHz
 L2 – 1.227 GHz

 Transmissions are spectrum spread

 All satellites use the same frequencies

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 GPS – SPACE SEGMENT CONT....

SPACE SEGMENT 4 – NAVIGATION DATA FRAME

 1 Super frame
 Comprises of all data
 12½ Minutes to download
 37 500 bits long
 Consists of 25 frames

 1 Frame
 1/25 of data
 Modulated at 50Hz
 1500 bits long
 30 Seconds to download
 Consists of 5 sub-frames
 1 Sub-frame
 300 bits long
 6 Seconds to download
 Consists of
 Preamble for sync.
 Satellite telemetry
 HOW – Hand over word
 Main data
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 GPS – CONTROL SEGMENT

CONTROL SEGMENT 1 – GENERAL DESCRIPTION

 Controls satellites
 1 Master station
 5 Monitoring station
 Allow all satellites to be seen at any one time

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 GPS – CONTROL SEGMENT CONT....

CONTROL SEGMENT 2 – MASTER CONTROL STATION

 Located at Colorado Springs, USA
 Controls all the control segment
 Equipped with atomic clock
 Reference for GPS satellites
 Uses upload monitoring stations to send:
 Orbit correction commands
 Navigation messages
GPS SATELLITES

MASTER CONTROL STATION

MONITORING/UPLOAD
STATIONS 10
 GPS – CONTROL SEGMENT CONT....

CONTROL SEGMENT 3 – MONITORING STATIONS

 5 Monitoring Stations
 Hawaii
 Cape Canaveral
 Ascension Island
 Diego Garcia Island
 Kawajalein Island GPS SATELLITES

 3 Uploading Station
 Receive information from satellites
 Accuracy of satellite clocks
 Meteorological data
 To calculate tropospheric signal delay
 Measure ranges of all visible satellites
 To calculate and predict orbits

MASTER
CONTROL
STATION MONITORING
MONITORING/UPLOADING STATION
STATION 11
 GPS – USER SEGMENT

USER SEGMENT 1 - INTRODUCTION

 GPS Receiver
 Receives GPS Data
 Data derived by receiver
 Longitude, latitude and height
 Calculated by GPS receiver
 Ground speed
 Actual track
 Position error

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 GPS – USER SEGMENT

USER SEGMENT 2 – TRIANGULATION THEORY

 Knowing starting position of all transmitters
 Work out how long the signal takes to reach you
 2 dimensional reference
 2 satellites + 1 satellite for timing error
 3 dimensional reference
 3 satellites + 1 satellite for timing error

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 GPS – USER SEGMENT

USER SEGMENT 3 – TRIANGULATION THEORY CONT....

TIMING ERRORS
REMOVED BY
USE OF 4TH
SATELLITE

TIMING ERROR

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 GPS – USER SEGMENT

USER SEGMENT 4 – TRIANGULATION SATELLITE GEOMETRY

 Further apart the satellites the better the geometry
 Calculated position more accurate

BAD
SATELLITE
GEOMETRY

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 GPS – USER SEGMENT

USER SEGMENT 5 – TRIANGULATION RANGE MEASUREMENT

 Puesdo ranging code unique to each satellite
 GPS receiver has all psuedo ranging codes for all satellites
 Cross Correlation
 Find the time difference between the received signal and stored signal
 Time taken to bring received signal IN PHASE with stored signal
 Multiply by speed of light gives distance from satellite

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 GPS – USER SEGMENT

USER SEGMENT 6 – TRIANGULATION USER BIAS TIMING

ERROR
 Use of extra satellite
 Used to calculate the error in timing between the transmitter and
receiver
 Error ΔT
 Same for all satellites

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 GPS – USER SEGMENT

USER SEGMENT 7 – OTHER SOURCES OF ERROR SIGNAL PATH

DISTORTED
 Ionosphere & Atmospheric Effects
 Passing through atmosphere slows down
signal
 Military users can compare the difference
between L1 And L2 signals
 Gives good indication of error

SIGNAL
REFLECTIONS
 Multipath Effects BOUNCED OFF
 Signal is reflected by ground TERRAIN

 Reduced by good antenna/receiver design

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 GPS – USER SEGMENT

USER SEGMENT 8 – GPS ON AIRCRAFT

 Navigation aid
 Assists CAT III landings with DGPS
 Air traffic control
 Receiver Autonomous Integrity Monitor (RAIM)
 Receiver checks accuracy of GPS
 Requires 5 satellites
 Can detect in/op satellites
 Comparing Altimeter readings to GPS
 Clock Coasting
 Using clock error calculated in a period of good
satellite coverage
 When number of satellites drops below 4

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 GPS – USER SEGMENT

USER SEGMENT 9 – DIFFERENTIAL GPS (DGPS)

 Ground station works out error timing
error
Knows its own position
Compares with GPS position
Calculates errors
 Broadcasts errors to other GPS receivers
in local area
 Reduce errors to +/- 10m
Used with CAT III landing
 Main error GPS INTEGRITY
difference in atmosphere BEACONS

AIRPORT
TOWER
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 GPS – USER SEGMENT

USER SEGMENT 10 – WIDE AREA AUGMENTATION SYSTEM GPS (WAAS GPS)

 Variant of DGPS
 Error data is transmitted by COMM Satellites instead of ground station

GPS SATELLITES GEOSTATIONARY

COMMS
SATELLITE

WAAS GPS
GROUND
STATION

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 GPS – USER SEGMENT

USER SEGMENT 11 – AUTOMATIC DEPENDENT SURVEILLANCE

 Used to assist Air Traffic Control (ATC)
Aircraft Position is relayed to ATC via satellite link

GPS SATELLITES

 Aircraft can be:

Flown closer together
Tracked ANYWHERE in the world
NOT have to manually report there position
INMARSAT

ATC
CONTROLLER
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 GPS – USER SEGMENT

USER SEGMENT 12 – GPS RECEIVER

 Decodes GPS Signal
 3 Types used on aircraft
Multi Mode Receiver (MMR)
oLocated in MEC
GPS Signal Unit (GPSSU)
oStand alone
oLocated near GPS antenna
GPS Sensor Module
oOn circuit board inside LRU

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 GPS – USER SEGMENT

USER SEGMENT 13 – SERIAL/PARALLEL PROCESSING

 Serial Processing
 One hardware channel decodes all satellite signals
 Uses time division sharing
 Used on smaller decoders
ANTENNA DECODER
UNIT CPU

GPS
PRE-AMP
AMPLIFIER INFORMATION

SAT 1 SAT 2 SAT 3 SAT 4

 Parallel Processing TIME
 Multiple hardware channels
 Each channel decodes signal from individual satellite
 More reliable
 Faster response time

GPS
INFORMATION

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 GPS – USER SEGMENT
PPL FILTER
PRODUCES COPY
USER SEGMENT 14 – BASIC GPS RECEIVER OF FC

 1 Hardware channel REMOVES FC

FROM SIGNAL

ANTENNA
DIGITISES FM
PLL AMPLIFIES
PRE-AMP FILTER MULTIPLIER AMPLIFIER FM FOR
PROCESSING

GPS SIGNAL
FC + F M
DIGITISING
FILTER

DATA PARITY
GPS SIGNAL SATELLITE POSITIONS
AMPLIFIED CPU
PSUEDO – RANGE CORRECTIONS
PSUEDO - RANGE
RECEIVER POSITION, VELOCITY AND TIME COMPUTATIONS

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 GPS – USER SEGMENT

USER SEGMENT 15 – USER EXAMPLE: BOEING 777-200

 System Overview

2 Antennae
o L/H and R/H sub-systems
o Located on top of fuselage

Antennae send signals to MMR’s

o Calculate a/c position and accurate time
o Located in MEC

MMR’s send data to

o AIMS cabinets
o GPW Computer
o Located in MEC

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 GPS – USER SEGMENT

USER SEGMENT 16 - BOEING 777-200 MULTI MODE RECEIVERS

 Power
 115 V ac
o Standby and transfer buses

 Powers antennae
o 12V dc to antennae amps

 RF signal from antenna

 IR information from AIMS

 Flt Mngt Comp Fnct
 Used for
o Initialisation
o Periods of low coverage

 Data from CMCS

o Airplane ID
o Flight leg info

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 GPS – USER SEGMENT

USER SEGMENT 17 - BOEING 777-200 MULTI MODE RECEIVERS CONT....

 Sends GPS data to AIMS

o GPS Position
o GPS Data reports
o Fault information reports
o Time pulses

 Sends GPS data to GPWC

 Used in
o Terrain awareness/clearance floor

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 GPS – USER SEGMENT

USER SEGMENT 18 - BOEING 777-200 MULTI MODE RECEIVERS CONT....

 Complete System Schematic

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 GPS – USER SEGMENT

USER SEGMENT 19 – GPS MODES OF OPERATION

 4 Modes
 Acquisition
 Navigation
 Altitude Aided
 Aided

Acquisition Mode
 MMR looks for/lock onto at least 4 satellite signal
 Uses following FMCF data to work out which satellites to get data from
o Position, velocity, time, date
o Takes 75 seconds
 If FMCF data not available, acquisition takes longer
o Takes max 10 minutes

Navigation Mode
 MMR has locked onto and acquired AT LEAST 4 different satellite signals
 Computes GPS data
 GPS position not with 16 Nm of actual position
o MMR output goes NCD (no computed data)

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 GPS – USER SEGMENT

USER SEGMENT 20 – GPS MODES OF OPERATION CONT ...

Altitude Aided Mode

 4 Satellites avaliable
o MMR calculates diffenence between GPS alt and ADIRU alt
o MMR stores difference
 4 Satellites  3 Satellites
o MMR uses difference to estimate GPS altitude

Aided Mode
 Only used in short periods
o <30seconds
 Used in periods of poor satellite geometry
 MMR uses FMCF data
 MMR can revert to Nav mode faster when good coverage appears
o MMR output is NCD in this mode

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 GPS – USER SEGMENT

USER SEGMENT 21 – GPS MODES OF OPERATION CONT ...

 GPS Mode Flow Diagram

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