End Sse Buddhist sand mandalas are made of coloured sand, often taking months to Produce by skilled monks. A mandala symbolises the universe and Is typically destroyed ritually after it is finished, as a symbol of impermanence. There are many other examples of complex geometric patterns in art, from designs in Islamic architecture, to Hindu Rangoli designs, Pty and the work of more contemporary a, such as M C Escher, iy symmetry Is a key feature of the natury world, often associated with beauty an, simplicity. Understanding different type, of symmetry allows you to create beauty, artistic compositions. 7 By the end of the chapter, you will have learned to .. © Find reflections in mirror lines, © Recognise reflection and rotational symmetry, © Fotate shapes on a square grid through different angles. © Translate shapes. © Make tessellating patterns,Copy these shapes and draw [ in all the lines of symmetry, Let | | I } T CLI State the direction in which the dial Is turned, and estimate f the angle of turn in degrees. a ~ M.C Escher used rotations and translations to create complex shapes which could be tessellated. Create your own tile and use it to make a tessellation,9a Reflection You can reflect shapes in a mirror. Mirror Object The mirror line reverses an object to create an If you draw a straight line betwe image, you can see two interesting things. ian - 1 Object} Image Mirror line image. fen any point on the object and Its The line joining the two points is perpendicular to the mirror line. | I The two points H T are the same r T distance from the t “4 | : SS ss mirror line. x , 4 LI smi iw : Te | Three points are labelled A, B, C. Give coordinates for their reflections W, B! and C’ in the mirror line shown. B is (U, 4) B is 6,2) ABC is a triangle drawn on a grid as shown. A’BIC’ is its reflection in a mirror line. 012345678 Draw in the mirror line: @ Geometry and measures Transformations and symmetry cig, )Exercise 9a 1 Draw these shapes on square grid paper. Draw the reflected image of each, Label the object and the image. The world’s largest 2 mirror ball Is located in Blackpool. It is made y up of 46,500 mirror st. tiles and has a diameter 7 eel eI] of 6.1 metres. of { an sp it t i: 3s Toor R. 2 + + Te 0 Jif x 2 o 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 5 4 3 a Copy this grid and draw and label the trapezium. 3 b Draw the reflected image. : © Label the image A’, B’, C’ and D’ 0 x d_ Give the coordinates of A’, B’, C’ and D’. 0123456789101 Problem solving , 4 Draw the reflection of this shape using a the y-axis as the mirror line b the x-axis as the mirror line. — x 5 The mirror line is at an angle to the axes. ‘The reflected points are to be labelled Ri, S’, T’ and U’. What are the coordinates of: aR bs’ eT du? oHNesaares 012345678910 @ MyMaths cos rs ® a,9b Reflection symme Lots of things in the natural world are symmetrical. For example: snowflakes leaves butterflies 4 © A shape has reflection symmetry if you can fold it so that one half fits — > exactly on top of the other. symmetry A regular polygon has equal sides and equal angles. ‘A. The fold line is the line of Different shapes have different symmetry. wv? No lines of symmetry One line of Two lines of (asymmetrical) symmetry symmetry Three lines of symmetry All regular polygons are symmetrical. They have lines of symmetry. Here are two regular polygons: A square has four lines An equilateral triangle has three lines of symmetry. of symmetry. JP many i of symmetry will a regular pentagon have? Ricco draws four lines of symmetry on this A rectangle has o iy two lines of symmetry rectangle. What is his mistake? When folded along the diagonal one half does not fit exactly on top of the other. eet @ Geometry and measures Transformations and symmet ryExercise 9b 1 Copy these shapes onto square grid 2 These shapes have more than one line of paper. symmetry. Copy the shapes on square grid paper and draw all the lines of symmetry. Draw one line of symmetry on each shape. Problem solving 3 Without drawing, write what links the number of sides to the number of lines of symmetry in these regular polygons. eee 4 Octagon ‘A Pentagon A Square 4 Hexagon 4 Ricco thinks that a parallelogram has two lines of symmetry. a_ Is he correct? b How many lines of symmetry does a parallelogram have? 5 Ricco Is folding card and cutting out symmetrical letters of the alphabet. When he unfolds each card what letter will he see? You can baud 6 Here is a shape made from five squares. @ Add one square to make a shape with 1 line of symmetry. b Add two squares to make a shape with 2 lines of symmetry. @MyMathscou aCe @You see lots of things turn every d8Y: You can say that they rotate. A point on a bicycle wheel rotates aS the bicycle moves: ( w three things: © ‘A. This bee Is rotating anticlockwis When you rotate a shape you need to kno > The direction of rotation Gg A. This bee is rotating clockwise: > The angle of turn in degrees ‘A. This bee has tumed through A This bee 90° clockwise. > The centre of rotation has turned through 270° clockwise. ‘4. This bee is rotating around a blob of raspberry jam! The centre of rotation can be: You can use tracing paper to help you rotate a shape. lnside the shape 4... onthe edge of the shape a. or Outside th z re a Describe the rotation from the blue shape to the red shape. . © Geometry and measures Transformations and ym, metry The shape has 180° clockwise, The centre of rotati with a red cross, been rotated by ion is marked You could also 43) it's rotated 180° anticlockwise Depends on which way you look at it shapeExercise 9¢ 4. In each diagram, the black line is rotated to make the blue line. Describe the way in which these lines have been rotated - give both direction and angle. fH | LH Deena a T +S. } ee fl it a te rere 4 EON | tetrrt y) | The Moon rotates ary reer about its own axis in {yt } {| t f the same length of {itt tt a | time it takes to orbit COCCrt the Earth. That's why we only ever 2 Copy each shape on square grid paper. | see the same side of Follow the instructions to rotate the shape about the centre the Moon! of rotation. C 7 mt aa Draw shape A. Draw shape B. Draw shape C. Rotate 90° clockwise. Rotate 180° anticlockwise, _ Rotate 270° clockwise. Draw the image and label it A’, Draw the image and label it B. Draw the image and label it C’ coo J Cot Draw shape D. Draw shape E. Draw shape F. Rotate 90° anticlockwise. Rotate 270° anticlockwise. Rotate 180° clockwise. Draw the image and label it Draw the image and label it E’. Draw the image and label it F’. Problem solving 3 Draw this shape. { Rotate it through 270°, in a clockwise direction. | Draw the rotated shape. Notice the centre of rotation is outside the shape. ® MyMaths.co.ux cA fol @ml oll Pea {'m not sure if this, bit is the right way up or upside: down! ame when you rotate them Sometimes shapes look the Si You can describe them by their rotational symmetry: > Here is a shape. > Stick a pin in its centre. > Rotate it through 180°. It looks the same! urn where the shape looks ‘There are two positions in one full t the same. The shape has rotational symmetry of order 2. © ‘he order of rotational symmetry Is the number of times @ shape looks exactly like itself in one complete turn. ‘Turn it round ‘Turn it round ‘Turn itround clockwise. again. again. This shape repeats itself \ three times in one full \ ca A An JN (~ ls symmetry of order 3. It looks the Iestill looks Now you're same. thesame! _back to the start, -_—» You can use tracing paper to - help find the order of rotational » symmetry for shapes. rotate the tracing until the shape fits back onto itself. Trace the shape. What is the order of rotational symmetry for this shape? As the shape is rotated through one turn, it ‘repeats’ itself four times. This shape hae rotational symmetry of order 4.

«> Seay © Geometry and measures Transformations and symmetryExercise 9d 4. Copy each shape and state the order of rotational symmetry. a b | c ; a > You can 2 Here are road signs you might see when you are travelling. find out What is the order of rotational symmetry for each sign? what these a b c d signs mean ~ in the rw Highway a Code. Problem solving 3 Here are some regular polygons. What Is the link between the number of sides of each shape, and its order of rotational symmetry? ’ fequilatera) Eanes hexagon ae triangle 4 Make your own design with rotational symmetry: © Draw and cut out a right- @ Draw around the shape with a © Do this again, and angled triangle 6cm by pencil, then rotate the triangle keep on repeating 6cm from a piece of card. by 45° about the bottom corner. the pattern. 6am © Colour it in! @ Your shape might now @ Now add simple look something lke this. lines - do exactly the same to each ne ES triangle. What is the order of rotational symmetry of your shape? @ MyMaths.cox ©1 ‘anslatio can Priv other Ways are there of transforming a shape? A shape can be transformed in a number of ways: Yot ... or slide it (translation) so flip it (reflection) .» turn it (rotation) @ Ina translation: > The first move Is always left or right (horizontal). > The second move is always up or down (vertical). The translation of this shape is: y 5 squares to the left and 3 squares up. ( cy This can be written: 3 up ° The coordinates of the vertices of triangle CDE are (1,9), (4,4), (1,3). [7 right | The triangle is translated 7 squares to the right and 2 squares down \2 down) What are the coordinates of the image? Draw triangle CDE on a coordinate grid. y Slide the triangle 7 squares right, and then 2 squares down. 1047 rai Draw the translation and read off the coordinates. 94 The new coordinates are: P c@1 64 > (2) 7 Dt € @,)) STE 2 1 7 0 — > 012345678 910n0Exercise 9e + Describe these three translations by copying and completing the statements below. 2 > ) oe | tH | | Loe \ 5 units to the i units to the | units to the ‘ and __units up. and units and ___ units up or down 2 Copy these shapes on square grid paper. Transform each shape to Its new position. 7 } | Asn co coo COEELre Transformation: Transformation: Transformation: (4 left| 2 right é left 3up 4 down, 2 down 3 a Copy the grid below on square grid paper. b Number the x-axis from 0 to 14, and the y-axis from 0 to 16. © Use the coordinates below to construct three shapes. d Translate each shape as instructed. e Give the coordinates of each translated shape. ‘Shape A 0.9 4H OO) ce ) Label it A 6% e (u.12) (4,12) (2.9) (00.4) ce Label it 8 down| c 2.19) 2.) G1) 1) rig) Label c = @ MyMaths cou aw Ex© A tessellation is a pattern made up of a single shape which is repeated. The important thing is that there must be no gaps! Some congruent shapes tessellate very well. VEEN 2A) 7) This shape repeats itself in this pattern. Notice there are no gaps or overlaps. This is a tessellation. Pattern based on a 13th century Arabic tessellation. ‘Shapes can be tessellated using transformations. - - Mirror line Mirror line This tessellation is made by This tessellation is made by _This tessellation is made by reflecting a rectangle in the rotating an equilateral triangle translating irregular hexagons mirror lines. about points marked x Not all shapes will tessellate. f] Can this regular pentagon tesselate? No, a regular pentagon wil not tessellate © Geometry and measures Transformations and symmetryExercise Of 1 copy each shape on square grid pa T I per and tessellate it ten times. adie | Tessellations can also be made with | curved lines, as well | as straight ones. Problem solving 3 Draw a shape of your own on square grid paper and see if it will tessellate. 4. Decide if each shape will tessellate. Use tracing paper to help you. an 5 (Ob ) ¢ : d ; om + { { 5 Describe three situations where you might see tessellations in the real world. 6 Look back at the example on the previous page. Describe in your own words why a regular pentagon will not tessellate @ MuMathe..u4. Copy the shapes on squared paper and ae late the fea the shapes nthe manor tne woe (2) ree a { b triangle 4 down, we y { wf 9 2 descrbe : ‘athe reflection symmetry 6 a b the rotational symmetry of this shape. 5] Soe i a potted 3 | 2 3 Describe >x a the reflection symmetry 012345678910 b_ the rotational symmetry of this shape. Copy the shape on square grid paper and tessellate it six times. ro 4 4 Copy the triangle on squared paper and rotate the triangle 90° anticlockwise about the point. What next? Your knowledge of this topic is still developing. To improve look at t: 2A-9; MyMaths: 1113, 1114, 1115, 1116, 1127, and 1230 4,5 You are gaining a secure knowledge of this topic. To improve look at InvisiPen: 361, 362, 363, 364 and 365 ave mastered this topic. Well done, you are ready to progress! Formative tes! 6 You hi @ MyMaths.oun ©9 MyPractice ject? : n of the OD} : D E G 1 Which is the true reflectio" B 4 Object have reflective symmetry: ARE The letters in these two words When reflected, what words will LLL. | you see? es? G 3 How many lines of symmetry has each of these shap d | ¢ | | » i € 4 Describe these rotations by stating the direction of turn (clockwise or anticlockwise), and the angle of turn. The centre of rotation is marked x. a b <<, _ 3 guia tS 5 Copy the triangle on the grid. a Rotate it 90’, anticlockwise about the centre of rotation, marked x. Label it A. b Next, rotate it 90° clockwise about the centre of rotation. Label it B. > Geometry and measures Transformations and sym, metry6 6 Give the order of rotational symmetry for each shape. a a b c > M786W 6G 7 Copy each shape and translate it. a b | | Coon | oO San HEE, EEE ECE LEE ti Translation: Translation: Translation: ( left ) 6 right| 3 ten) 3 down, ¢ up ) \4 up 8 Describe each of these translations. a ae b — Copy each shape and... a reflect shape A in the mirror line. b rotate shape B 90° clockwise. ¢ translate shape C ¢ nist) 5 down, | Hi Leet HK Lt ‘Mirror line LI rid paper so that your pattern g 10 Tessellate this shape on square 9 contains six shapes: @ MyMaths.com