Acknowledgements

(1st of all I thanks God (ALLAH) who is the most merciful and almighty who make me healthy
during my CEP and unable me to perform CEP. 2ndly I thanks to our best teacher DR.ATIQ RAUF
sahib which guide us about CEP and with his full efforts we learned something about practical life.
As this CEP is meanly related with field knowledge so once again thanks to DR.ATIQ sahib that told
us about everything of CEP and discussed all the parts of CEP with us.)
Abstract

As water is the basic need of all the lives e.g. humans, animal’s etc. Without the water the life of
live things is impossible on the earth surface. In daily life the water requires for different needs
like washing, bathing, drinking, cooking and other such purposes. As the water needs for a homes,
industries, commercial areas and other such places. As where the people live there should be
always a system of providing water inadequate way. The water may be far away, unsafe, not
reachable etc. in some areas. This is the main problem mainly in rural area also. For this water the
pump system is not a complete solution for the providing of safe inadequate water. Because the
pumps provide the water for present use but the water should be store for the future use. In the
hilly area pounds of water are used to store the water for future but mainly in industries, cities
water tanks are used to store the water. There is a major advantage of water because in
treatment of water we use a tank to store water for some time for the purpose of settlement of
sediments. Another advantage is that as the Pathogenic bacteria increase his growth between
37degree up to 44 degree and this growth effects when water stored in tank at less than 37degree
or more than 44 degree and the Pathogenic bacteria dies which cause diarrhea. For this tank there
should be a proper pipe line system and specific pump for pumping water to a height.

In this CEP we will design a water tank for two story building having 12 members, 5 bedrooms,1
kitchen, 1 washing area.
 1

Chapter No. 1 Introduction

1.1-Water Distribution System
A water distribution system is a part of water supply network with components that carry potable
water from a centralized treatment plant or wells to consumers to satisfy residential, commercial,
industrial and firefighting requirements.

The basic function of a water distribution system is to transport the water from the treatment
facility to the customer. In addition, distribution systems may also provide storage, as well as
provide flow and pressure adequate for fire protection.

A water-distribution pipe is located inside a building and delivers potable water to the fixtures.
The supply system delivering water from the potable source to the building is the "water service"
pipe. The water distribution system includes normally both hot and cold water.

A water distribution systems is one in which the drinking water is transported from the centralized
treatment plant or well supplies to the service connection or consumers´ taps. These systems aim
to preserve the quality and quantity of water, as well as maintain sufficient pressures in the
distribution of water.

1.2-Objective of Water Distribution System

 To understand the size of the global water supply shortage
 To identify specific reason that technology must be dramatically enhanced to meet the
global water need.
 To develop a plan for increasing the safe water supplies/sanitation/hygiene to developing
countries.

While the objective of this CEP is to plan and construct an aristocratic double storied Faculty
Hostel for 30 faculty members having all necessary living, recreation and security facilities. We
have to analyze the daily water demand and design the water distribution system for the said
building considering two different scenarios.

1. Water supply from a main overhead tank. (a pipeline system that carries out water flow
and distributes it to different locations without a pump)
2. Water supply from underground water.( a pipeline system that carries out water flow and
distributes it to different locations with a pump)
 2

1.3-Types of Water Distribution system

The four major water supply distribution systems are-

1. Dead end, tree, grid iron and reticulation

2. Dead end, tree, grid iron and circular
3. Tree, grid iron, ring and radial
4. Tree, reticulation, circular and ring

1.3.1-Dead end system or tree system

 In the dead end system there is one main pipe which divides into various sub-mains pipes
and further divides into lateral pipes.
 Dead end systems are easy to design 
 Dead end system is a cheap and simple method of design of water distribution system
 In the dead end system, a lot of wastage of water occurs due to dead end of pipes
 In the dead end system water can reach any location from one way only.

1.3.2-Grid iron system

 In a grid iron system mains, sub-mains and laterals are interconnected through each other.
This ensures the smooth flow of water.
 In a grid iron system water can reach any location through many possible ways so, in case
of maintenance of any pipe, water supply does not get disturb in the region.
 In the grid iron system pressure at every point is equal.

1.3.3-Ring system
 In the ring system Mains pipes are laid over the entire area hence it requires a lesser
number of sub-mains and laterals.
 In the ring system there is less number of valves required.
 Design of the ring system is cheaper than Grid iron system.

1.3.4-Radial system
 In the radial system, area is divided into several parts and a reservoir is located at the
Centre of each part.
 Radial system of water distribution is used for highly classified cities.
 3

1.4-Need of water supply

Having a reliable supply of drinking water benefits both individuals and communities as well as
having wider economic and social benefits. Here is an overview of the key advantages.

A safe and steady drinking water supply is something many of us take for granted. However,
around 2.2 billion people worldwide – nearly one-third of the global population – don’t have
access to safe drinking water. Astonishingly, this figure has doubled since the start of the 21st
century.

Water is at the center of economic and social development; it is vital to maintain health, grow
food, manage the environment, and create jobs. Despite water's importance, globally, 2 billion
people lack access to safely managed drinking water and 3.6 billion people lack access to safely
managed sanitation.

Water is the basic need of human and in each day we use water for different purposes. In the
domestic use we use water for many purposes like Drinking, Cooking, Personal washing, Cleaning
home, Gardening, Water disposal etc.

1.4.1- Drinking: A human cannot live without water. A person can lives for two months
without food according to experts but cannot live more than 3 days without water. So for drinking
humans use a lot of water a day. Per capita per day water demand for drinking is 10L. A healthy
use average 5L water in a day.

1.4.2-Cooking: As cooking is a need of home. For daily life in Pakistan mostly peoples use to
cook something two times. For cooking the water demand is more as compare to drinking. Per
capita demand of cooking per day is 5L according to experts.

1.4.3-Personal Washing: The personal washing includes the water use for bathing and other
such use. As we are Muslims and we use water five times for allegation before prayers. It also
includes the mouth washing, teeth washing, car washing etc. The per capita water required for
personal washing in a day is 45L.

1.4.4-Clothes Washing: Dirty clothes do not likes anyone. We are Muslims and we need clean
and holy (Pak) clothes. So the water demand for the washing of clothes is depends on the
properties of water also, like hard water are use more for washing as compere to normal water.
The average daily demand of water per capita for the washing clothes is 20L.
 4

1.4.5-Cleaning Home: Health is wealth. If we kept our house neat and clean we will be
healthy. For cleaning the house we have required water per person per day is 10L.

1.4.6-Utensils Cleaning: As the peoples eat and do cooking in the utensils. So the dirt utensils
can cause different diseases, to avoid these diseases we cleans these utensils. Water demand for
the utensils cleaning per capita in a day is 10L.

1.4.7-Flushing: About 25 L water used in domestic water for flushing.

1.5-Fixtures of Water Supply System

1.5.1- Pipes: For supply of water from the source to water tank we needs a pipe system. The
pipe system are of different types. The pipes can cause the losses of pressure and head of water
but the efficient pipe system can cause very negligible amount of losses. We will chose the
efficient pipes for our system that do not cause the maximum losses.

1.5.2- Pipe fittings: As the water supply system do not straight. For different turning,
connection etc. we use elbows, tees etc. We will select the best fitting as they cause the minor
losses of the pipe.

1.5.3-Water tank: For water distribution the overhead tank is also important because without
water tank we can use water only presently but cannot store for future. The overhead tanks have
different capacity and of different types. For capacity of water tank the demand of water of a
home is necessary. The mainly use now a days are plastic tanks because the plastic tanks have low
cost. We will provide the efficient water tank that kept the water safe.

1.5.4-Source of water (Pump): For water distribution system we need a source of water.
Source of water may be pump. The pump are of different types and we choses the pumps
according to required design.
 5

Chapter No. 2 Literature Review

The practice of transporting water for human consumption has been around for several millennia.
From the first pipes in Crete some 3,500 years ago, to today’s complex hydraulic models, the
history of water distribution technology is quite a story. The following highlights some of the key
historical events that have shaped the field since its beginnings.

1500 B.C. — First water distribution pipes used in Crete. The Minoan civilization flourishes on the
island of Crete. The City of Knossos develops an aqueduct system that uses tubular conduits to
convey water. Other ancient civilizations have had surface water canals, but these are probably
the first pipes.

250 B.C. — Archimedes principle developed. Archimedes, best known for his discovery of π and
for devising exponents, develops one of the earliest laws of fluids when he notices that any object
in water displaces its own volume. Using this principle, he proves that a crown belonging to King
Hiero of Syracuse is not made of gold. A legend will develop that he discovered this principle while
bathing and became so excited that he ran naked through the streets shouting “Eureka” (I’ve
found it).

100 A.D. — Roman aqueducts. The Romans bring water from great distances to their cities
through aqueducts (Figure 1.6). While many of the aqueducts are above- Section 1.5 A Brief
History of Water Distribution Technology 11 ground, there are also enclosed conduits to supply
public fountains and baths. Sextus Julius Frontinus, water commissioner of Rome, writes two
books on the Roman water supply. Figure 1.6 Roman aqueduct

1455 — first cast iron pipe. Casting of iron for pipe becomes practical, and the first installation of
cast iron pipe, manufactured in Siegerland, Germany, occurs at Dillenburg Castle.

1652 — Piped water in Boston. The first water pipes in the U.S. are laid in Boston to bring water
from springs to what is now the Quincy Market area.

1664 — Palace of Versailles. King Louis XIV of France orders the construction of a 15-mile cast iron
water main from Marly-on-Seine to the Palace of Versailles. This is the longest pipeline of its kind
at this time, and portions of it remain in service into the 21st century. A section of the line, after
being taken out of service, was shipped in the 1960s from France to the United States.
 6

1732 — Pitot invents a velocity-measuring device. Henri Pitot is tasked with measuring the
velocity of water in the Seine River. He finds that by placing an L-shaped tube into the flow, water
rises in the tube proportionally to the velocity squared, and the Pitot tube is born.

1738 — Bernoulli publishes Hydrodynamica. The Swiss Bernoulli family extends the early
mathematics and physics discoveries of Newton and Leibniz to fluid systems. Daniel Bernoulli
publishes Hydrodynamica while in St. Petersburg and Strasbourg, but there is a rivalry with his
father Johann regarding who actually developed some of the principles presented in the book.
These principles will become the key to energy principles used in hydraulic models and the basis
for numerous devices such as the Venturi meter and, most notably, the airplane wing. In

1752, however, it will actually be their colleague, Leonard Euler, who develops the forms of the
energy equations that will live on in years to come.

1754 — First U.S. water systems built. The earliest water distribution systems in the United States
are constructed in Pennsylvania. The Moravian community in Bethlehem, Pennsylvania claims to
have the first water system, and it is followed quickly by systems in Schaefferstown and
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Horses drive the pumps in the Philadelphia system, and the pipes are
made of bored logs. They will later be replaced with wood stave pipes made with iron hoops to
withstand higher pressures. The first steam driven pumps will be used in Bethlehem ten years
later.

1770 — Chezy develops head loss relationship. While previous investigators realized that energy
was lost in moving water, it is Antoine Chezy who realizes that V2 / RS is reasonably constant for
certain situations. This relationship will serve as the basis for head loss equations to be used for
centuries. 1785 — Bell and spigot joint developed. The Chelsea Water Company in London begins
using the first bell and spigot joints. The joint is first packed with yarn or hemp and is then sealed
with lead. Sir Thomas Simpson is credited with inventing this joint, which replaced the crude
flanged joints used previously.

1839 — Hagen-Poiseuille equation developed. Gotthilf Hagen and Jean Louis Poiseuille
independently develop the head loss equations for laminar flow in small tubes. Their work is
experimental, and it is not until 1856 that Franz Neuman and Eduard Hagenbach will theoretically
derive the Hagen-Poiseuille equation.
 7

1845 — Darcy-Weisbach head loss equation developed. Julius Weisbach publishes a three-volume
set on engineering mechanics that includes the results of his experiments. The Darcy-Weisbach
equation comes from this work, which is essentially an extension of Chezy’s work, as Chezy’s C is
related to Darcy-Weisbach’s f by C2 =8g/f. Section 1.5 A Brief History of Water Distribution
Technology 13 Darcy’s name is also associated with Darcy’s law for flow through porous media,
widely used in groundwater analysis.

1878 — First automatic sprinklers used. The first Parmelee sprinklers are installed. These are the
first automatic sprinklers for fire protection. 1879 — Lamb’s Hydrodynamics published. Sir Horace
Lamb publishes his Treatise on the Mathematical Theory of the Motion of Fluids. Subsequent
editions will be published under the title Hydrodynamics, with the last edition published in 1932.

1881 — AWWA formed. The 22 original members create the American Water Works Association.
The first president is Jacob Foster from Illinois.

1883 — Laminar/turbulent flow distinction explained. While earlier engineers such as Hagen
observed the differences between laminar and turbulent flow, Osborne Reynolds is the first to
conduct the experiments that clearly define the two flow regimes. He identifies the dimensionless
number, later referred to as the Reynolds number, for quantifying the conditions under which
each type of flow exists. He publishes “An Experimental Investigation of the Circumstances which
determine whether the Motion of Water shall be Direct or Sinuous and the Law of Resistance in
Parallel Channels.” 1896 — Cole invents Pitot tube for pressure pipe. Although numerous
attempts were made to extend Henri Pitot’s velocity measuring device to pressure pipes, Edward
Cole develops the first practical apparatus using a Pitot tube with two tips connected to a
manometer. The Cole Pitometer will be widely used for years to come, and Cole’s company,
Pitometer Associates, will perform flow measurement studies (among many other services) into
the 21st century.

1906 — Hazen-Williams equation developed. A. Hazen and G.S. Williams develop an empirical
formula for head loss in water pipes. Although not as general or precise in rough, turbulent flow
as the Darcy-Weisbach equation, the Hazen-Williams equation proves easy to use and will be
widely applied in North America. 1900 – 1930 — Boundary Layer Theory developed. The
interactions between fluids and solids are studied extensively by a series of German scientists lead
by Ludwig Prandtl and his students Theodor von Karman, Johan Nikuradse, Heinrich Blasius, and
Thomas Stanton. As a result of their research, they are able to theoretically explain and
 8

experimentally verify the nature of drag between pipe walls and a fluid. In particular, the
experiments of Nikuradse, who glues uniform sand grains inside pipes and measures head loss,
lead to a better understanding of the calculation of the f coefficient in the Darcy-Weisbach
equation. Stanton develops the first graphical representation of the relationship between f, pipe
roughness, and the Reynolds number, which later leads to the Moody diagram. This work is
summarized in H. Schichting’s book, Boundary Layer Theory.

1914 — First U.S. drinking water standards established. The U.S. Public Health Service publishes
the first drinking water standards, which will continually evolve. The U.S. Environmental
Protection Agency (U.S. EPA) will eventually assume the role of setting the water quality standards
in the United States.

1936 — Hardy Cross method developed. Hardy Cross, a structural engineering professor at the
University of Illinois, publishes the Hardy Cross method for solving head loss equations in complex
networks. This method is widely used for manual calculations and will serve as the basis for early
digital computer programs for pipe network analysis.

1938 — Colebrook-White equation developed. Cyril Colebrook and Cedric White of Imperial
College in London build upon the work of Prandtl and his students to develop the Colebrook-
White equation for determining the Darcy-Weisbach f in commercial pipes.

1940 — Hunter curves published. During the 1920s and ’30s, Roy Hunter of the National Bureau of
Standards conducts research on water use in a variety of buildings. His “fixture unit method” will
become the basis for estimating building water use, even though plumbing fixtures will change
over the years. His probabilistic analysis captured the mathematics of the concept that the more
fixtures in a building, the less likely they are to be used simultaneously.

1944 — Moody diagram published. Lewis Moody of Princeton University publishes the Moody
diagram, which is essentially a graphical representation of the ColebrookWhite equation in the
turbulent flow range and the Hagen-Poisseuille equation in the laminar range. This diagram is
especially useful because, at the time, no explicit solution exists for the Colebrook-White
equation. Stanton had developed a similar chart 30 years earlier.

1950s — Earliest digital computers developed. The Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer
(ENIAC) is assembled at the University of Pennsylvania. It contains approximately 18,000 vacuum
tubes and fills a 30 x 50 ft. (9 x 15 m) room. Digital computers such as the ENIAC and Univac show
 9

that computers can carry out numerical calculations quickly, opening the door for programs to
solve complex hydraulic problems.

1960s and ’70s — Water system contamination. Chemicals that can result in health problems
when ingested or inhaled are dumped on the ground or stored in leaky ponds because of lack of
awareness of their environmental impacts. Over the years, these chemicals will make their way
into water distribution systems and lead to alleged contamination of water systems in places like
Woburn, Massachusetts; Phoenix/Scottsdale, Arizona; and Dover Township, New Jersey. Water
quality models of distribution systems will be used to attempt to recreate the dosages of
chemicals received by customers. These situations lead to popular movies like A Civil Action and
Erin Brockovich.

1975 — Data files replace input cards. Modelers are able to remotely create data files on time-
share terminals instead of using punched cards. 1975 — AWWA C-900 approved. The AWWA
approves its first standard for PVC water distribution piping. C900 pipe is made to match old cast
iron pipe outer diameters.

1980 — Personal computers introduced. Early personal computers make it possible to move
hydraulic analysis to desktop systems. Initially, these desktop models are slow, but their power
will grow exponentially over the next two decades. Figure 1.9 Time-share terminal Early 1980s —
Water Quality Modeling First Developed. The concept of modeling water quality in distribution
systems is first developed, and steady state formulations are proposed by Don Wood at the
University of Kentucky and USEPA researchers in Cincinnati, Ohio. Section 1.5 A Brief History of
Water Distribution Technology 17 1985 — “Battle of the Network Models.” A series of sessions is
held at the ASCE Water Resources Planning and Management Division Conference in Buffalo, New
York, where researchers are given a realistic system called “Anytown” and are asked to optimize
the design of that network. Comparison of results shows the strengths and weaknesses of the
various models.

1991 — Water Quality Modeling in Distribution Systems Conference. The USEPA and the AWWA
Research Foundation bring together researchers from around 18 Introduction to Water
Distribution Modeling Chapter 1 the world for a two-day meeting in Cincinnati. This meeting is a
milestone in the establishment of water quality modeling as a recognized tool for investigators.

1991 — GPS technology becomes affordable. The cost of global positioning systems (GPS) drops to
the point where a GPS can be an economical tool for determining coordinates of points in
 10

hydraulic models. 1993 — Introduction of water quality modeling tool. Water quality modeling
comes of age with the development of EPANET by Lewis Rossman of the USEPA. Intended as a
research tool, EPANET provides the basis for several commercial-grade models. 1990 through
present. Several commercial software developers release water distribution modeling packages.
Each release brings new enhancements for data management and new abilities to interoperate
with other existing computer systems.

2001 — Automated calibration. Automated calibration of distribution models moves from being a
research tool to a standard modeling feature with the use of Genetic Algorithms.

2001 — Security awareness. Water system security increases in importance and utilities realize
the value of water quality modeling as a tool for protecting a water system. 2002 — Integration
with GIS. Water modeling and GIS software become highly integrated with the release of Water
GEMS, software that combines the functionality of both tools.
 11

Chapter No. 3 Methodology

The design of water distribution system consist of the following steps-

1. Demand of water supply

2. Volume of reservoir
3. Pumping Machinery
4. Rising main
5. Distribution network

3.1-Demand of Water Supply

The demand of water supply can be find by finding the population of an area.

So we have following members.

 Faculty members =30

 Chacha = 11
 Gardener = 2
 Cook = 2
 Dobi = 1
 Security = 2
 Sweaper = 2

Total population = 50 people

The capacity of water tank have been find by finding the daily demand per capita. According to
WHO the per capita daily demand of water is 120lpcd. We have 50 adults’ members in Hostel. As
the requirements of adults, we have taken average 120liters per capita per day according to
WHO.

As water demand = Population * liters per capita per day

Water demand = 50 * 120

Water demand = 6000 liters per capita per day

 12

3.2-Volume of Reservoir
The volume of the tank have been found from the demand of water. We have designed the tank
for the given demand. So for that we have multiplied the demand with numbers of person to get
the volume of tank for a day.

Volume of Tank = 50 * 120

Volume of Tank = 6000 liters

We know that 1 cubic meter = 1000 liters

Volume of Tank = 6 cubic meters

For this purpose we have selected a concrete tank of 10 feet in diameter and having 10 feet water
head. Which can store water about 22240 liters while we need 6000 liters per day which is
sufficient for 3 day for such Hostel.

3.3-Pumping Machinery
Pumps lift water from underground or from a reservoir direct and discharge it directly into a
distribution system. Most water distribution pumps are of the centrifugal type, in which a rapidly
rotating impeller adds energy to the water and raises the pressure inside the pump casing.

The main Function of the pump is to raise pressure of fluid and impart desirable
velocity. So that fluid may be transported from one place to another.

Pumping stations in a water distribution system are necessary where water is pumped
directly into the system (e.g. from a lake) or where pressure has to be increased because
there is an insufficient difference in water levels in gravity flow distribution systems.

3.4-Rising Main
The diameter of pipes have been selected on the basis of pressure required on each junction. So
according to WHO at least 15 psi pressure required at each junction. Therefor different diameters
of pipes have been selected to meet the required pressure condition.

By using water Gems it can be easily understand that which diameter of pipe to be used.

We have used about 44 pipes with different diameter in order to reach water to each junction
with a perfect pressure.
 13

3.5-Distribution Network
A water distribution network is an interconnected collection of sources, pipes and hydraulic
control elements (e.g., pumps, valves, regulators, tanks) delivering to consumers prescribed water
quantities at desired pressures and water qualities.

In order to achieve this, four main water distribution system types are used:

1. Gridiron systems. In gridiron systems, the main water supply line goes through the central
part of the area, while sub mains branch out perpendicular to the main line. ...
2. Ring systems. ...
3. Radial systems. ...
4. Dead-end systems.

The distribution network which is used in this project is on the basis of Ring System.

 In the ring system Mains pipes are laid over the entire area hence it requires a lesser
number of sub-mains and laterals.
 In the ring system there is less number of valves required.
 Design of the ring system is cheaper than Grid iron system.
 Minimum head loss due to less number of interconnections.
 High discharge.
 Very few consumers are affected during repair and maintenance work.

There are basically three basic ways for distribution of water supply.

1. Gravity flow system

2. Pumping system
3. Combined gravity and pumping system

3.5.1-Gravity Flow System

When the distribution reservoir is located at a higher elevation than the target community, water
is supplied with the gravity flow. Such a system is called Gravity Flow Water Distribution System.

This method is much more suitable when the source is the river or impounded reservoir at
sufficient height than the target community.

Usually, pumping water is not required at any stage of this distribution.

 14

In hilly or high altitude regions, water supply is generally done by the gravity method. There is no
control of water pressure in pipelines.

Due to the high gradient, the water velocity is also very high. So, Break Pressure Tanks are built at
suitable distances to reduce the hydrostatic pressure in the pipe.

3.5.2-Pumping System
In the pumping water distribution system, water is supplied to the consumers with the help of
pumps.

Some extra pumps are also installed for emergency causes like fire hazards, peak water demand,
etc.

This method is suitable if the source is at a lower elevation than the target community.

However, this system of distribution becomes very expensive for long-term use.

In this system, the water may be insufficient when the power fails. So diesel pumps are also
managed as an alternative.

This method has no problem with the pressure and maintaining the head at the consumer’s tap.

3.5.3-Combined Gravity and Pumping System

It is a combination of a gravity system and a pumping system. So it is called the Dual System.

In this system, the treated water is pumped and stored in an elevated reservoir, from where it is
supplied to the consumer by gravity.

1. One Way System

In this system, water is pumped to the elevated reservoir and then supplied to the consumers by
gravity.

The distribution network is connected with an elevated reservoir but not with direct distribution
pumps, as shown in the figure above.

2. Two Way System

In this system, separate pumps are provided for direct distribution and elevated reservoirs where
an elevated reservoir is used for backup in an emergency, power failure, etc.
 15

Ground Floor water Distribution Layouting

 16

1st Floor Water Distribution Layouting

 17

Chapter No: 04 Calculation

4.1-Tank Calculation
Water tanks are used to provide storage of water for use in many applications, drinking water,
irrigation agriculture, fire suppression, agricultural farming, both for plants and livestock, chemical
manufacturing, food preparation as well as many other uses.

4.1.1-Dimensions of water tank

The volume of the tank have been found from the demand of water. We have designed the tank
for the given demand. So for that we have multiplied the demand with numbers of person to get
the volume of tank for a day.

Volume of Tank = 50 * 120

Volume of Tank = 6000 liters

We know that 1 cubic meter = 1000 liters

Volume of Tank = 6 cubic meters

For this purpose we have selected a concrete tank of 10 feet in diameter and having 10 feet water
head. Which can store water about 22240 liters while we need 6000 liters per day, which is
sufficient for 3 day for such Hostel. 10 ft

10 ft
 18

4.1.2-Operating Range Of Water Tank

Operating Range Type Elevation
Elevation (Base) (ft) 100 (Datum)
Elevation (Minimum) (ft) 155
Elevation (Initial) (ft) 160
Elevation (maximum) (ft) 170

A screen shot taken from the calculation of WaterGem Software.

4.1.3-Results of Water Tank

A detail result of Hydraulic Grade, Flow (outlet), Flow (inlet), Demand, Level and etc has been
attached which is generated by WaterGem Software after a complete calculation process.

(See next page for a complete report of tank result)

 19

4.2-Pipe Calculation
a hollow cylinder of metal, wood, or other material, used for the conveyance of water, gas, steam,
petroleum, etc

4.2.1-Length of Pipe
The length of pipe has been selected from drawing as shown in given figure.

4.2.2-Diameter of Pipe
The diameter of pipes have been selected on the basis of pressure required on each junction. So
according to WHO at least 15 psi pressure required at each junction. Therefor different diameters
of pipes have been selected to meet the required pressure condition.

By using water Gems it can be easily understand that which diameter of pipe to be used.

We have used about 44 pipes with different diameter in order to reach water to each junction
with a perfect pressure.
The diameter of pipe which has been used to get the required water pressure are 1 inch, 2 inch, 4
inch, 6 inch and 8 inch.
The length of pipe used with a proper diameter which is calculated by WaterGem Software are
given below.
 20

The number of pipe with different diameter are given below.

4.2.3-Result of Pipe
Flow, Velocity, Pressure, Area, Head loss, Pressure loss and Stresses of Pipe
A detail report of first 10 pipe with Flow, Velocity, Pressure, Area and Stresses of Pipe has been
attached which is generated by WaterGem Software after a complete process.

(See next page for a complete report of first 10 pipe calculation)

 21

4.3-Junction Calculation
Junction is a small, but very important part of the pipe-line system. It can vary in shape and it is
primarily used for dividing or combining of flow in pipeline. However the junction can be also used
for mixing of two different liquids, liquid and gas or two different gasses.

Junction system in piping is used to separate the flow of fluids. The fluids may be of different
types or the same. At the junction, the pressure drop develops according to Bernoulli's principle.

4.3.1-Ground Floor Junction Elevation

The reference level (Datum) has been assumed as 100 feet for calculation. On the basis of this
reference level (Datum) tank elevation and junction elevation has been selected. As elevation of
Ground is assumed as 100 feet, so the elevation of Ground Floor junction will be 110 feet because
3 feet is plinth level and 7 feet is the height of shower.

Ground Floor Junction Elevation = 110 feet

4.3.2-First Floor Junction Elevation

As we have two storey building having Ground elevation assumed as 100 feet. The height of plinth
level is 3 feet, height of storey is 12 feet and the height of shower is taken as 7 feet, so the total
elevation equal to 122 feet.

First Floor Junction Height = 122 feet

4.3.3-Water Demand of Junction

The demand has been given to each junction on the basis of fixtures unit. So in each washroom
we have one shower, one water closet and one sink. The water demand values for these fixtures
are taken from table which is given below.

As from table we have, (1 wsfu = 3.785 liters)

Water Closet = 5 wsfu * 3.785 = 18.925 liters/min

Shower = 1.4 wsfu * 3.785 = 5.299 liters/min

Sink = 1.4 wsfu * 3.785 = 5.299 liters/min Kitchen Sink = 4 wsfu *3.785 =15.14 liter/min

Total = 29.523 liters/minute OR Total = 0.49205 liter/second

Total Demand on Junction of each Washroom = 0.49205 liter/second

 22

The Demand is then cumulatively added on each Junction from end to start of water distribution
system. The demand on each junction is given in the below table.
 23

4.3.4-Result of Junction
Pressure, Pressure Head, Hydraulic Grade, Demand etc.
A detail report of first 10 Junction with Pressure, Pressure Head, Hydraulic Grade, Demand etc.
has been attached which is generated by WaterGem Software after a complete process.

(See next page for a complete report of first 10 Junction calculation)

 24

4.4-Pump Calculation
What capacity of pump will be needed can be found in term of horse power (HP).

HP=density of fluid∗accelerationdue ¿ gravity∗flow of fluid∗total head ¿

efficiency of pump

ρgQ H
HP=
դ

Where,

Density of water = ρ = 1000 kg/m3

Acceleration due to gravity = g = 9.81 m/s2

Volume
Flow rate = Q =
Time

6000liters
Flow rate = Q = 8 hours

6000liters
Flow rater = Q =
28800 sec

Flow rate = Q = 0.2083 liter/second

Total head = H = Static head + velocity head + Friction head

Static head = hs = elevation between suction entry to delivery entry = 70 feet

v2
Velocity head = hv =
2g
= 2 meter or 6.56 feet

10.67 Q 1.852
Friction head = hf =
C 1.852 d 4.8704
∗l = 14 feet

Total head = 70 + 6.56 + 14

Total head = 90.56 feet

Efficiency of pump = 70%

HP = 00000000
 25

Chapter No. 5
5.1-Complete Architecture and Plumbing Drawing
5.1.1-Architecture Drawing
The architecture Drawing has been prepared with the help of AutoCAD.

5.1.2-Plumbing Drawing
The Plumbing Drawing has been prepared with the help of WaterGem Software.

(See Drawing on next page)

5.2- Reference
