• Parietal pericardium: membrane around

heart’s cavity
• Visceral pericardium: membrane covers
heart’s surface
• Pericardial cavity: space around heart

COMPONENTS

• Heart HEART LAYERS

• Blood Vessels • Epicardium: surface of heart (outside)
• Blood • Myocardium: thick, middle layer composed
of cardiac muscle
• Endocardium: smooth, inner surface

CARDIAC MUSCLE

• 1 centrally located nucleus

• Branching cells
• Rich in mitochondria
• Striated (actin and myosin)
• Ca2+ and adenosine triphosphate (ATP)
used for contractions
• Intercalated disks connect cells
FUNCTIONS

• Regulates blood supply

CHAMBERS AND BLOOD VESSELS (repeat)
• Generates blood pressure
• Routes blood • Right Atrium (RA)
• Ensures 1 way blood flow - Thin wall
- Receives low oxygenated blood (carries
in veins) lead to heart returning from
HEART CHARACTERISTICS body tissues
• Right Ventricle
• Size: size of a fist and weighs about 300 gm
- Pumps venous blood to pulmonary
(adult)
artery received from RA into lungs
• Location: between lungs in thoracic cavity,
• Left Atrium
a bit left of the midline of the body
- Receives high content of oxygenated
• Orientation: apex (bottom) towards left blood as it returns from lungs
side
• Left Ventricle
• Shape: inverted cone, apex pointes - Thickest walls- need to have high
downward pressure
- Pumps oxygenated blood to all parts of
body
HEART COVERINGS

• Pericardium: double-layered sac that

anchors and protects heart
CORONARY SULCUS: BICUSPID VALVE IS OPEN
Separates atria from ventricles • Blood flows from LA and LV
• Aortic semilunar valve is closed
• Tension on chordae tendineae is low
ATRIA
BICUSPID VALVE IS CLOSE
• Upper portion
• Blood flows from LV into aorta
• Holding chambers
• Aortic semilunar valve is open
• Small, thin walled
• Tension on chordae tendineae is high
• Contract minimally to push blood into
ventricles
• Interatrial septum: separates right and left
RIGHT SIDE OF HEAR
atria (if not close, there will be a mixture of
blood) • Pulmonary Circuit:
- carries blood from heart to lungs
- blood is O2 poor, CO2 rich
VENTRICLES
• Right Atrium: receives blood from 3 places:
• Lower portion superior, inferior, and coronary sinus
• Pumping chambers - Superior Vena Cava: drains blood above
• Thick, strong walled diaphragm (head, neck, thorax, upper
• Contract forcefully to propel blood out of limbs)
heart - Inferior Vena Cava: Drains blood below
• Interventricular septum: separates right diaphragm (abdominopelvic cavity and
and left ventricles lower limbs)
- Coronary Sinus: Drains blood from
myocardium
HEART VALVES • Right Ventricle:
- Opens into pulmonary trunk
• Structures that ensure 1 way of blood flow
- Pulmonary Trunk: splits into right and
• Atrioventricular valves (AV): between atria left pulmonary arteries
and ventricles - Pulmonary Arteries: carry oxygenated
- Tricuspid valve: AV between RA and RV blood away from heart to lungs
o 3 cusps
- Bicuspid valve (mitral):
o AV valve between LA and LV LEFT SIDE OF THE HEART
o 2 cusps
• Chordae tendineae: • Systemic Circuit:
- Attached to AV valve flaps - Carries blood from heart to body
- Support valves - Blood is O2 rich, C02 poor
- Connected to papillary muscles • Left Atrium: 4 openings (pulmonary veins)
• Semilunar valves (exit valves) that receives blood from the lungs
- Pulmonary Valve: between RV • Left Ventricle:
pulmonary artery that leads to the lungs - Opens into aorta
- Aortic valve: Base of aorta between LV - Thicker, contacts more forcefully
and aorta because it has higher blood pressure
 than right ventricle has to pump outside • Right Coronary Artery:
of the body - Originates on right side of aorta
• Aorta: carries blood from LV to body - Supply blood to right ventricle

BLOOD FLOW THROUGH HEART

ACTION POTENTIALS IN CARDIAC MUSCLE

• Changes in membrane channels’

permeability are responsible for producing
action potentials (contraction) called
pacemaker potential
• Depolarization phase:
- Na+ channels open
- Ca2+ channels open
Coronary Artery: supply blood to heart muscle • Plateau phase:
- Na+ channels close
- Some K+ channels open
BLOOD SUPPLY TO HEART - Ca2+ channels remain open
• Repolarization phase:
• Coronary Arteries:
- K+ channels are open
- supply blood to heart wall
- Ca2+ channels close
- Originate from base of aorta (above
• Plateau phase prolongs action potential by
aortic semilunar valve)
keeping Ca2+ channels open
• Coronary Veins (blue) take poor oxygen
• In skeletal muscle action potentials take 2
(deoxygenated) blood that has already been
msec, in cardiac muscle they take 200-500
“used by muscles of the heart and return it
msec.
to the right atrium
• Left Coronary Artery
- Supply blood to anterior heart wall and CONDUCTION SYSTEM OF HEART
left ventricle
• Contraction of atria and ventricles by
- Has 3 branches:
cardiac muscle cells
o Left Coronary Artery: divides
• Sinoatrial node:
into two branches: the
- Generates electric impulse that begins
circumflex artery and the left
the Heart Beat
Anterior Descending Artery
- In RA
(LAD)
- Where action potential originates
o Circumflex Artery: supplies
- Functions as pacemaker
blood to the left atrium and the
- Large number of Ca2+ channels
side and back of the left
ventricle • Atrioventricular node
o Left Anterior Descending Artery • Atrioventricular bundle
(LAD): supplies blood to the • Right and Left Bundle branches
front and bottom of the left • Purkinje fibers (superficial muscle of heart)
ventricle and the front of the
septum
ELECTROCARDIOGRAM

• Record of electrical events in heart

• Diagnoses cardiac abnormalities
• Uses electrodes
• Contains P wave (electrical impulses came
from SA node or atrial part of heart), QRS
complex (depolarization of ventricles-
ventricular contractions), T wave
(repolarization of ventricles where
potassium exits)

CARDIAC CYCLE (explanation)

• Heart is 2 side pumps: right and left

• Atria: primer for pumps
• Ventricles: power pumps
• Cardiac Cycle: repetitive pumping action
which includes contraction and relaxation HEART SOUNDS
• Cardiac muscles contractions produce
pressure changes within heart chambers • Stethoscope is used to hear lung and heart
• Pressure changes are responsible for blood sounds
movement • S1: “lubb” Mitral and Tricuspid valve closing
• Blood moves from area of high to low simultaneously. Start of Systole. Heard
pressure loudest at the apex
• Atrial Systole: contraction of atria • S2: “Dubb” Closing of Pulmonic and Aortic
• Ventricular Systole: contraction of valves. End of Systole. Heard loudest at the
ventricles base
• Atrial Diastole: relaxation of atria • Murmurs are due to faulty valves
• Ventricular Diastole: relaxation of
ventricles
REGULATION OF HEART FUNCTION

• Stroke Volume:
- Volume of blood pumped per ventricle
for contraction
- 70 ml/beat
• Heart Rate:
- Number of heart beats in 1 min.
- 72 beats/min
• Cardiac Output:
- Volume of blood pumped by a ventricle
in 1 min.
- 5 L/min
- CO = SV x HR
 • Baroreceptors monitor blood pressure in
aorta and carotid arteries (carry blood to
HEART RATES (HR)
brain)
• Bradycardia= lower normal heart rate • Changes in blood pressure cause changes in
• Tachycardia= greater than normal heart frequency of action potentials
rate • Involves medulla oblongata
• Sinus Arrhythmia: regular variation in HR
due to changes in rate and depth of
breathing CHEMICAL REGULATION: CHEMORECEPTOR REFLEX
• Premature beat (extrasystole): beat that
• Chemicals can affect heart rate and stroke
comes before the expected normal beat
volume
Causes: nicotine, physiologic stresses, heart
• Epinephrine and norepinephrine from
diseases
adrenal medulla can increase heart rate and
stroke volume
• Excitement, anxiety, anger an increase
INTRINSIC REGULATION OF HEART
cardiac output
• Mechanism contained within heart • Depression can decrease cardiac output
• Venous Return: amount of blood that • Medulla oblongata has chemoreceptors for
returns to heart changes in pH and CO2
• Preload: volume of blood received by the • K+, Ca+ and Na+ affect cardiac function
heart at the end of diastole
• Afterload: pressure the heart has to
CHEMICAL REGULATION: CHEMORECEPTOR REFLEX
overcome to eject blood
• Venous return, preload, stroke volume is • Chemicals can affect heart rate and stroke
related to each other volume
• Starlings law of Heart: The energy of • Epinephrine and norepinephrine from
contraction is proportional to the initial adrenal medulla can increase heart rate and
length of cardiac muscle fiber, i.e., the stroke volume
greater the initial length of the cardiac • Excitement, anxiety, anger in increase
muscle fibers in the heart, the more forceful cardiac output
the contraction. • Depression can decrease cardiac output
• More stretched muscle fibers more forceful • Medulla oblongata has chemoreceptors for
contraction. changes in pH and CO2
• Relationship between preload and stroke • K+, Ca+ and Na+ affect cardiac function
volume: Influences cardiac output

BLOOD PRESSURE
NERVOUS REGULATION: BARORECEPTOR REFLEX
• Blood pressure is the force exerted against
• Mechanism of nervous system which the walls of arteries by the blood as it is
regulates heart function pumped from the heart
• Keeps heart rate and stroke volume in • Systolic BP: highest pressure exerted
normal range against the arterial walls at the peak of
ventricular contraction (systole)
 • Diastolic BP: lowest pressure exerted during HEART PROCEDURES
ventricular relaxation
• Angioplasty: procedure opens blocked
blood vessels
FACTORS AFFECTING ARTERIAL BLOOD PRESSURE • Stent: structures inserted to keep vessels
open
• Bypass: procedure reroutes blood away
from blocked arteries

BLOOD VESSELS

• Veins:
- carry deoxygenated blood away from
heart and thick and lot of elastic
- biggest vein is superior and inferior vena
cava

• Artery:
- has no blood and higher pressure
- carry blood toward heart and thin and
less elastic
- biggest artery is in aorta
• Capillary: exchange occurs between blood
and tissue fluids
Systemic circuit: supplies blood from the tissue
Pulmonic circuit: exchange of gas between
pulmonary capillaries and alveoli
PULSE RATE

• Measurement of the heart rate or the

number of times the heart beats per minute
• Arteries expand and contract with the flow
of the blood

HEART ATTACK

• Thrombus:
- Blood clot blocks coronary blood vessel
causes heart attack
- Daily aspirin can prevent by thinning
blood
• Infarct: area that dies from lack of O2
ARTERIES LAYERS OF TUNICS OF BV

• Series of afferent vessels • Tunica intima- 1st layer

• Becomes smaller as they branch • Tunica media
• Function: carry blood with nutrients & - 2nd and thickest layer
oxygen to tissues - Internal elastic lamina- composed of
• Classification: (size) elastin, has gaps, allow substance to
- arterioles = narrow lumen; <0.5 mm. in diffuse to and nourish cells deep in the
diameter vessel wall collagen type III
- Muscular Arteries = medium or large • Tunica externa- outer layer
diameter • Tunica adventitia- consists of collagen (type
- Large elastic arteries = include aorta & I)
its large branches
CAPILLARIES SYSTEMIC ARTERIES

• Diffuse network of thin tubules that • Aorta and its part

connect profusely between veins and artery • DIVISIONS:
• Exchange vessels - Ascending aorta- near the heart
- Interchange between blood and tissue branches: L & R coronary arteries
takes place (supply heart muscles)
• Connect arteries and venules - Aortic arch- supplies oxygenated blood
• Total: 90,000 km (60,000 miles) to the upper part of the body (head,
neck, shoulders)
o Aortic Arch Branches:
1. Brachiocephalic trunk
(innominate)
- supplies head and arm
- Right subclavian artery
(Right Upper extremity)
Right common carotid
artery (Right side head
and neck)
2. Left common carotid
artery
- Left side of head & neck
VEINS 3. Left subclavian artery
- Lower Upper extremity
• Drains capillaries in tissues
- Last branch of aortic
• Return the deoxygenated blood that convey arch
products of metabolism - Thoracic aorta (descending)- in front of
• Contains valve to ensure that blood flows the vertebral column that gives highly
toward the heart rich oxygen to lungs
• Venules- small veins o Thoracic aorta branches (T4-
• Thin walls and large veins T12):
1. Bronchial arteries
 - bronchial tree • ATHEROSCLEROSIS
- lungs - Thickening of intima, proliferation of
2. Mediastinal arteries smooth muscle cells & extracellular
- lymph glands connective tissue
- loose areolar tissue - Coronary artery = most prone to
3. Esophageal arteries atherosclerosis or reduced blood flow
- esophagus
4. Pericardial arteries
SYSTEMIC VEINS
- pericardium
5. Superior phrenic arteries • Jugular vein: drain the areas supplied by
- diaphragm the carotid arteries (2 brachiocephalic
6. Intercostal and veins)
subcoastal arteries • Upper extremity
- abdominal wall muscles - Back of the hand; front of elbow
- Abdominal aorta- longest section of o Cephalic vein- largest
aorta that supplies oxygenated blood to o Basilic vein
abdomen, kidney, etc o Median cubital vein
o Continuation of thoracic • Lower extremity
beginning at T12 vertebra - Saphenous vein
o Approximately 13 cm long and - Longest vein of the body that begins in
ends at L4 vertebra the foot, medial side of leg, knees, thigh
o Bifurcates into the right and left - Empties into femoral vein near groin
common lilac arteries that
supply the lower body SUPERIOR VENA CAVA

VASODILATION & VASOCONSTRICTION • Biggest vein

• Supplies blood to the head, neck, upper
• Vasodilation extremity, chest
- increase in the diameter of a BV • Formed by the union of R & L
- allows delivery of more blood to an area brachiocephalic veins
• Vasoconstriction • Azygous veins- drains the veins of chest
- Decrease in diameters of BV wall so it will be empty to SVC
- Decrease in blood flow
• Vasomotor center (in medulla) INFERIOR VENA CAVA
- Controls contraction & relaxation of • Supplies blood to inferior phoenix, liver,
smooth muscle in vessel wall kidney, lower limb
• Pulse • longer than SVC since it returns blood from
- wave of pressure that travels along the parts of the body below the diaphragm
arteries as ventricles contract • 2 groups:
- BP = CO x vascular resistance - R & L veins drains paired parts and
• ANEURYSM organs (Iliac v lumbar v testicular v
- Media of an artery becomes weak ovarian v hepatic v renal v and
- Wall of artery gives away suprarenal
- Dilate extensively - Unpaired: come from spleen & parts of
- Rupture of the wall leads to massive digestive tract (hepatic portal vein)
internal bleeding