Formula Sheet
Raoults Law
Pi = Pi* xi
• Pi is the partial pressure of component i in the vapour mixture above the liquid
mixture
• Pi* is the equilibrium vapour pressure of pure component i
• xi is the liquid mole fraction of component i in the liquid mixture
Dalton’s Law
𝑃𝑃𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡 = ∑𝑛𝑛𝑖𝑖=1 𝑃𝑃𝑖𝑖
• Pi is the partial pressure of component i in the vapour mixture above the liquid
mixture
LFL and UFL of gas/vapour mixture:
1
𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 = 𝑦𝑦𝑖𝑖
∑𝑛𝑛
𝑖𝑖=1 𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝑖𝑖
1
𝑈𝑈𝑈𝑈𝑈𝑈𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 = 𝑦𝑦𝑖𝑖
∑𝑛𝑛
𝑖𝑖=1𝑈𝑈𝑈𝑈𝑈𝑈
𝑖𝑖
Temperature correction for LFL & UFL of gas/vapour mixture:
𝑇𝑇 − 25
𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿 𝑇𝑇 = 𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿25 �1 − 0.75( )�
∆𝐻𝐻𝑐𝑐
𝑇𝑇 − 25
𝑈𝑈𝑈𝑈𝑈𝑈 𝑇𝑇 = 𝑈𝑈𝑈𝑈𝑈𝑈25 �1 + 0.75( )�
∆𝐻𝐻𝑐𝑐
ΔHc is heat of combustion for component in kcal/mol
T is in °C
Pressure correction for UFL of gas/vapour mixture:
𝑈𝑈𝑈𝑈𝑈𝑈𝑝𝑝 = 𝑈𝑈𝑈𝑈𝑈𝑈 + 20.6(𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿10 𝑃𝑃 + 1)
P is in MPa absolute
1 atm = 0.101 MPa
Minimum Oxygen Content (MOC)
Mole O
MOC = LFL % 2
Mole Fuel
Evaporation rate of a liquid:
𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑃𝑃 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠
Qm =
R𝑇𝑇𝐿𝐿
1
18 3 𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓
where K= 1.634 � �
𝑀𝑀 min
• Qm is the evaporation rate, lb/min
• M is the molecular weight of the volatile substance, lb/lbmol
• Psat is the saturation vapour pressure of the pure liquid volatile at temperature
of the liquid, atm
• K is mass transfer coefficient (length/time) for an area A, ft/min
• A is the evaporating area of the volatile substance, ft2
𝑓𝑓𝑡𝑡 3 ∙atm
• R is the universal gas constant,
lbmole∙°R
• TL is the absolute temperature of the liquid, oR
Concentration of volatile vapour in enclosures with ventilation:
× 106
Qm RT
𝐶𝐶𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝 =
kQv PM
or
KAP sat
𝐶𝐶𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝 = × 106
kQ v P
or
P sat
𝐶𝐶𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝 = (∅𝐹𝐹 + 𝐾𝐾𝐾𝐾) × 106
kQvP
• Cppm is the vapour concentration of the volatile substance in the enclosure, ppm
• Qm is the evaporation rate, lb/min
𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓 3 ∙atm
• R is the universal gas constant,
lbmole∙°R
• T is the absolute ambient temperature, oR
• P is the absolute pressure, atm
• M is the molecular weight of the volatile substance
• k is the non-ideal mixing factor varies from 0.1 to 0.5
• Qv is the ventilation rate of the enclosure (ft3/min)
• Psat is the saturation vapour pressure of the pure liquid volatile at temperature of
the liquid, atm
• K is mass transfer coefficient for an area A, ft/min
• F is the filling rate, ft3/min
• A is the evaporating area of the volatile substance, ft2
• For splash filling; ∅ = 1.0
• For subsurface filling; ∅ = 0.5
Hood Calculations
Qv = LWū
• Qv is the volumetric flowrate of the fumehood, ft3/min
• L is the length of the fumehood, ft
• W is the width of the fumehood, ft
• Ū is the required control velocity (face velocity) of the fumehood, ft/min
Non-ideal mixing factor k for various dilution ventilation condition:
Vapour Mixing Factor (k) for mixing condtion
Concentration Poor Average Good Excellent
(ppm)
Over 500 1/7 1/4 1/3 1/2
101 to 500 1/8 1/5 1/4 1/3
0 to 100 1/11 1/8 1/7 1/6
5 x 5 Risk Matrix
Likelihood Rare Remote Occasional Frequent Almost
Severity (1) (2) (3) (4) Certain (5)
Catastrophic (5) 5 10 15 20 25
Major (4) 4 8 12 16 20
Moderate (3) 3 6 9 12 15
Minor (2) 2 4 6 8 10
Negligible (1) 1 2 3 4 5
RPN: 1 to 3 (Low Risk)
RPN: 4 to 12 (Medium Risk)
RPN: 15 to 25 (High Risk)
Likelihood Rating
Level Likelihood Description
1 Rare Not expected to occur but still possible.
2 Remote Not likely to occur under normal circumstances.
3 Occasional Possible or known to occur.
4 Frequent Common occurrence.
5 Almost Certain Continual or repeating experience.
Severity Rating
Level Severity Description
5 Catastrophic Death, fatal diseases, multiple major injuries.
4 Major Serious injuries or life-threatening occupational diseases
(includes amputations, major fractures, multiple injuries,
occupational cancers, acute poisoning, disabilities & deafness).
3 Moderate Injury or ill-health requiring medical treatment (includes
lacerations, burns, sprains, minor fractures, dermatitis, and work-
related upper limbs disorder).
2 Minor Injury or ill-health requiring first aid only (includes minor cuts and
bruises, irritation, ill-health with temporary discomfort).
1 Negligible Negligible injury.
