Davao Medical School Foundation, Inc.

College of Nursing
Medical School Drive, Bajada, Davao City

BREASTSTROKE

In Partial Fulfillment
Of the Course Requirements for the Subject
P.E. 3 – Swimming

Presented to:

HARVEY JASON P. JALANDONI, LPT

Instructor

Presented by:

APOSTOL, Sharmaine Mae

JIMENO, Froilan III
LAGANSON, Jan Marie
LAYAOEN, Decem
MATABALO, Aleah
REBLANDO, Trisha Lynn
SANGO, Gracell
UBAS, Ashley Ruth Ann

2nd Year Nursing - Section B

 October 2022

I. What is Breaststroke?
Breaststroke is a swimming style in which the swimmer is on their chest and the torso
does not rotate. It is the most popular recreational style due to the swimmer's head being out of
the water a large portion of the time, and that it can be swum comfortably at slow speeds.

II. The History of Breaststroke

The history of breaststroke goes back to the Stone Age, as for example pictures in the
Cave of Swimmers near Wadi Sora in the southwestern part of Egypt near Libya. The leg action
of the breaststroke may have originated by imitating the swimming action of frogs. Depictions of
a variant of breaststroke are found in Babylonian bas-relief and Assyrian wall drawings.

In 1538, Nicolas Wynman, a German professor of languages and poetry, wrote the first
swimming book, Colymbetes. His goal was not to promote exercise, but rather to reduce the
dangers of drowning. Nevertheless, the book contained a good, methodical approach to learning
breaststroke.

In 1696, the French author and poet Melchisédech Thévenot wrote The Art of
Swimming, describing a breaststroke very similar to the modern breaststroke. The book
(Benjamin Franklin became one of its readers) popularized this technique.

In 1774, following a series of drownings, English physician John Zehr of the Society for
the Recovery of Persons Apparently Drowned began giving public speeches and demonstrations
to teach proper swimming technique. He is said to have helped to popularize breaststroke, noting
the ease with which it could be learned and swum.[1]
 In the pre-Olympic era, competitive swimming in Europe started around 1800, mostly
using breaststroke. A watershed event was a swimming competition in 1844 in London, notable
for the participation of some Native Americans. While the British raced using breaststroke, the
Native Americans swam a variant of the front crawl. The British continued to swim only
breaststroke until 1873.

Captain Matthew Webb was the first man to swim the English channel (between England
and France), in 1875. He used breaststroke, swimming 21.26 miles (34.21 km) in 21 hours and
45 minutes.

The 1904 Summer Olympics in St. Louis, Missouri, were the first Olympics to feature a
separate breaststroke competition, over a distance of 440 yards (402 m). These games
differentiated breaststroke, backstroke, and freestyle.

1928 was the start of the scientific study of swimming by David Armbruster, coach at the
University of Iowa, who filmed swimmers from underwater. One breaststroke problem
Armbruster researched was that the swimmer was slowed down significantly while bringing the
arms forward underwater. In 1934 Armbruster refined a method to bring the arms forward over
water in breaststroke. While this "butterfly" technique was difficult, it brought a great
improvement in speed. A year later, in 1935, Jack Sieg, a swimmer also from the University of
Iowa, developed a technique involving swimming on his side and beating his legs in unison
similar to a fish tail, and modified the technique afterward to swim it face down. Armbruster and
Sieg combined these techniques into a variant of the breaststroke called butterfly, with the two
kicks per cycle being called dolphin fishtail kick. Using this technique, Sieg swam 100 yards (91
m) in 1:00.2. However, even though this technique was much faster than regular breaststroke, the
dolphin fishtail kick violated the rules. Butterfly arms with a breaststroke kick were used by a
few swimmers in the 1936 Summer Olympics in Berlin for the breaststroke competitions. In
1938, almost every breaststroke swimmer was using this butterfly style, yet this stroke was
considered a variant of the breaststroke until 1952, when it was accepted as a separate style with
its own set of rules.
 In the early 1950s, another modification was developed for breaststroke. Breaking the
water surface increases drag, reducing speed; swimming underwater increases speed. This led to
a controversy at the 1956 Summer Olympics in Melbourne, when six swimmers were
disqualified, as they repeatedly swam long distances underwater. However, a Japanese swimmer,
Masaru Furukawa, circumvented the rule by not surfacing at all after the start, but swimming as
much of the length underwater as possible before breaking the surface. He swam all but 5 m
underwater for the first three 50 m lengths, and also swam half underwater for the last length,
winning the gold medal. The adoption of this technique led to many swimmers suffering from
oxygen starvation and even to some swimmers passing out during the race, so a new rule was
introduced by the FINA, limiting the distance that can be swum underwater after the start and
after every turn, and requiring the head to break the surface every cycle.[1]

Since then, the development of breaststroke has gone hand-in-hand with the FINA rules.
In about the mid-1960s, the rules changed to prevent the arm stroke from going beyond the hip
line, except during the first stroke after the start and after each turn. Before 1987, the head had to
be kept above the water surface during the entire stroke. Later on, swimmers were also allowed
to break the water with parts of the body other than the head. This led to a variant of the stroke in
which the arms are brought together as usual under the body after the pull but then are thrown
forward over the water from under the chin until the arms are completely extended. There was a
controversy at the 2004 Summer Olympics at Athens after Japan's Kosuke Kitajima won the gold
medal in the 100 m breaststroke race over American Brendan Hansen, the world-record-holder.
Video from underwater cameras showed Kitajima using a dolphin kick at the start and at some of
the turns. Officials claimed that these kicks were not visible from above the surface of the water,
so the result stood. In July 2005, FINA announced a change of rules to allow one dolphin kick at
the start and at each turn, the new rule took effect on 21 September 2005.

III. Equipments Used for Training and Competitions

In breastroke swimming, swimwear, swimming cap, and swimming goggles are used for
trainings and competitions. The techniques for this maneuver requires only the use of the whole
body that is why this maneuver is the slowest out of all the types in swimming. To master this
maneuver, it doesn’t require any further equipments to improve.

Swim suit

They reduce friction and drag in the water, increasing the efficiency of the
swimmer's forward motion. The tight fits allow for easy movement and are said to reduce
muscle vibration, thus reducing drag.

Swimming goggles

offer protection against chlorinated water and ocean saltwater. It's no secret that
chlorine can cause a considerable amount of stinging when it comes into contact with the
eyes.

Swimming cap

created to help competitive swimmers streamline through the water. Making them
swim faster and reduce drag from their hair, which drag slows a swimmer down in the
water. Even being slowed down for a second can negatively impact a swimmer's
competition results.

TECHNIQUES AND SKILLS IN PERFORMING THE BREASTSTROKE

I. Body Movement
In breaststroke, the body position changes continuously during the stroke cycle. It moves
from a horizontal position during the glide phase to an inclined position during the arm pull.
Assume that the starting position is at the end of the glide phase when the body is horizontal and
streamlined, the arms extended forward, and the legs straight and held together. Now, when the
arms pull backward in the water, the body moves to an inclined position, with the torso assuming
a 45-degree position above the water at the end of the arm pull while the hips and legs remain in
the water. The body returns to a horizontal position when the arms are extended forward during
the arm recovery and subsequent glide phase. The head remains in alignment with the body.
During the horizontal glide phase, the head is in a neutral position, facing down. During the arm
pulling phase, the head remains in a neutral position. After the arm pulling phase, when the body
is inclined at 45 degrees, the face is directed downwards and slightly forward, the eyes are fixed
at a point about 3-6 feet ahead. A common mistake is to look towards the end of the lane instead
of looking down and slightly forward.
II. Arm Movement
In breaststroke, the arms perform synchronous semicircular movements. Let us assume
again that the starting position is at the end of the glide phase when the body is horizontal, and
the arms are extended forward. When the arms begin to pull, they first move outwards, backward
and downwards until the arms are bent 90 degrees, the elbows are at shoulder level, and the
upper arms and hands are in line and pointing downwards. In the second phase of the arm pull,
the arms move further back. The upper arms move to the sides of the body, while the hands
move towards each other under the chest. At the same time, the upper body rises out of the water
until it is inclined at 45 degrees. When the hands meet under the chest, the arms are extended
forward in a line to return to the starting position. At the same time, the body returns to a
horizontal position.
III. Leg Movement - Breaststroke Kick
The breaststroke uses a frog kick/whip kick. Let us assume, again, that the swimmer is in
the starting position, i.e., he lies horizontally in the water. The arms are extended forward, and
the legs are extended and held together. The legs remain more or less extended during the pull
phase of the arms. At the end of the arm pull phase, the knees bend, and the feet begin to move
towards the buttocks. As the arms recover forward, the feet move farther towards the buttocks
until they are close to the buttocks. Now, the knees move apart, and the feet begin to move
outwards and backward. This is also the beginning of the propulsive phase of the kick. The feet
move further outwards and backward, and then inwards and backward so that the legs come
together. We are still in the propulsive phase of the kick. At the end of the kick, the legs are
extended and together again, and now a short glide phase takes place before the stroke cycle
starts all over again.
IV. Breathing
Breathing in breaststroke is relatively straightforward. Inhalation begins as soon as the
head is above water at the end of the arm pull. Exhalation begins as soon as the head is
submerged in the water again during the arm recovery forward. Exhalation should continue as
long as the head is underwater so that the lungs are empty just before the head emerges. This is
the breathing pattern used by fitness and competitive swimmers. On the other hand, more casual
swimmers can keep their heads above water at all times and breathe freely.

LEARNING TO SWIM BREASTSTROKE

As explained above, breaststroke is suitable for beginners because you can keep your
head above water, which allows you to breathe freely and swim without goggles. That is why, at
least in European countries, breaststroke is often the first swimming stroke that is taught. In this
article, we explain our method for learning breaststroke. Our method is divided into the
following steps:

1) In the first step, the arm movements, leg movements, and breathing exercises are
practiced individually on land.
2) In the second step, the arm and leg movements are practiced separately in the water,
with pull buoys and swimming noodles providing additional buoyancy.
3) In the third step, the arm and leg movements are practiced simultaneously in the water,
with the help of pull buoys and swimming noodles, like in the previous step.
4) The last step, which consists of swimming without any aids, is done when the student
has gained enough confidence in his swimming skills.

OFFICIALS AND THEIR DUTIES IN COMPETITION

I. Meet Manager- in charge of coordinating every part of the meet and ensuring that everything
goes off without a hitch
II. Referee- the overall authority and accounbtability for ensuring that the competition conforms
with all pertinent rules and regulations rests with the referee. The referee answers all inquiries
about how the swim meet was run and looks into any disqualifications
III. Clerk of Course- the clerk of course role can be right for you if you want to interact
frequently with the swimmer and are well-organized
IV. Starter- makes sure that each swimmer gets off to an equal and fair start. The starter and
referee collaborate closely, and at the referee’s signal, the starter takes control of the start.
V. Timer- timers are officials and that several timers are needed to run a swim meet. Each
session needs 18 timer for a six-lane pool.
VI. Chief Timer- the chief timer starts two watches, and when the timers' own watches
malfunction, he or she gives them a working watch. At the start of a session, the chief timer
could also be asked to assist in training the lane timers.
VII. Stroke and Turn Judges- the stroke judge surveys the swimmers on his side of the pool
while strolling along the side, usually between the backstroke flags. The stroke judge monitors
adherence to the regulations governing the swim's mechanics, including the arm stroke and kick.
VIII. Recorder- all of this data must be collected, the race results must be posted, and award
labels must be printed by the recorder.
IX. Runner- in charge of obtaining the results cards from the timers and handing them over to
the place judges.
X. Officials Food- our volunteer officials and coaches are fed by the official's food person.

INTERNATIONAL FAMOUS PLAYERS MALE

 SAM WILLIAMSON
He is the world record holder in the short course 100 metre breaststroke and a former world
record holder in the short course 50 metre breaststroke. At the 2018 World Championships he
won two silver medals, one each in the 100 metre breaststroke and the 50 metre breaststroke.

 Adam Peaty
British swimmer Adam Peaty has just set an impressive record - he holds the record for the being
the person to swim the fastest 20 times ever in his event! Adam Peaty is the reigning men's
Olympic champion for the 100m breaststroke and had already qualified for this summer's
Olympics in Tokyo, Japan. (2015)

 Izaac Stubblety-Cook
Izaac Stubblety-Cook won gold in the men's 200m breaststroke in stunning fashion at Tokyo
Aquatics Centre as he clocked a new Olympic record of 2:06.38 previously set by Japan's
WATANABE Ippei in Rio 2016. In 2021, Stubblety-Cook competed in the men's 100m and
200m breaststroke events at the 2020 Summer Olympics in Tokyo, he won a gold medal (and
setting an Olympic record) in the latter event. He swam the breaststroke leg in the mixed
4x100m relay in which Australia finished 3rd, winning a bronze medal.
INTERNATIONAL FAMOUS PLAYERS FEMALE

 Annie Lazor, United States

Lazor had the top time in the world in both 2019 and 2020 in the 200 breaststroke, which should
be noted whenever mentioning her name. She has resurrected herself as one of the top
breaststrokers in the world after initially retiring after missing the Olympic team in 2016. Now in
her mid-20’s, she is in line to make her first USA “A” team after winning double gold at the Pan
American Games in 2019. Lazor will have her work cut out for her – the USA women are
particularly deep in breaststroke.

 Lillia Camille King

American swimmer who specializes in breaststroke. She currently represents the Cali Condors, a
team that is part of the International Swimming League. At the 2016 Summer Olympics she won
the gold medal in the 100 meter breaststroke competition and also won a gold medal in the
4x100 meter medley relay, in which she swam the breaststroke leg. At the 2020 Summer
Olympics, King won a silver medal in the 4x100 meter medley relay for her efforts in the
prelims, the silver medal in the 200 meter breaststroke, and the bronze medal in the 100 meter
breaststroke. She is the current world record holder in the long course 100 meter breaststroke.

 Ye Shiwen, China
Ye has come a long way since winning double IM gold in London at just 16-years-old back in
2012. Now at 24, she made her way back to the podium at the 2019 Worlds with double silver in
the 200 and 400 IM, and also reached the final in the 200 breaststroke. Many thought Ye was
done after finishing eighth in the 200 IM in Rio but she is now among the best in the world in
both IMs and has also developed into a world class breaststroker ahead of what would be her
third Olympics.

NATIONAL FAMOUS PLAYERS MALE

 RAYMOND ANTHONY PAPA
Raymond Anthony Papa is swimmer who competed for the Philippines at the 1992 and 1996
Summer Olympic Games. During the 1992 Summer Olympics, he was disqualified in the 200m
backstroke after he had a problem in his preparation. In the 10m backstroke, he had a fourth
place finish in the second heat by clocking 59.88 but failed to advance to the final round after
finishing 43rd overall in the heats. He, along with the Philippine team, set a national record in the
4 x 100m medley relay by clocking 3:53.64 in the third heat for an overall 18th finish in the
heats.
 MIGUEL MOLINA
Miguel Molina (born July 22, 1984 in Quezon City, National Capital Region) is a swimmer from
the Philippines. He is a national record-holder in four individual events (200-meter freestyle,
200-meter breaststroke, the 200- and 400-meter individual medley), and two relay events (the
400-meter medley relay and the 800-meter free relay). He is a much-bemedalled swimmer in
SEAG competitions, having won 11 golds, 7 silvers, and 7 bronzes in all.
 Teófilo E. Yldefonso
He was the first Filipino and Southeast Asian to win an Olympic medal, and the first Filipino to
win multiple medals. Yldefonso joined 57th Infantry Regiment of the Philippine Scouts of
the United States Army in 1922 upon turning 18 years old. It was with the military he was
exposed to competitive swimming.

NATIONAL FAMOUS PLAYERS FEMALE

 Thanya Dela Cruz
Thanya Dela Cruz of Marikina City on Friday reset the Philippine women's 50-meter
breaststroke record in the first day of 2021 Philippine Swimming, Inc. Swimming National
Selection. The 18-year-old Dela Cruz set the new mark at 32.89 seconds, breaking the 32.93
seconds made by Joy Rodgers during the 30th Southeast Asian Games on December 2019.
 Jaclyn Pangilinan
Jaclyn Pangilinan is a Filipino-American former swimmer, who specialized in breaststroke
events. She is a two-time Filipino record holder, a four-time Ivy League champion in the 100 and
200 m breaststroke, and a multiple-time medalist at the Southeast Asian Games.
 Jenny Rose Guerrero
Jenny Rose Guerrero (born October 10, 1984) is a Filipino former swimmer, who specialized in
breaststroke events. She represented the Philippines, as the youngest ever athlete of the squad
(aged 14), at the 2000 Summer Olympics, in Sydney. She won two medals at the 2001 Southeast
Asian Games in Kuala Lumpur, and later became a top 8 finalist at the 2002 Asian Games in
Busan, South Korea before her official retirement in 2005.

REFERENCE
How to Do the Breaststroke. (2019, November 6). Swim Jim. Retrieved October 12, 2022, from
https://swimjim.com/blog/how-to-do-the-breaststroke/
Steiner, D.-. S. (2020b, April 28). The history of breaststroke. Schwimmschule Steiner. Retrieved
October 12, 2022, from https://www.schwimmschule-steiner.at/en/the-history-of-breaststroke/
Holmes, T. (2022, May 20). The Best Swim Equipment for Beginners. MySwimPro - the #1 App
for Swimmers. Retrieved October 12, 2022, from https://blog.myswimpro.com/2021/11/22/the-
best-swim-equipment-for-beginners/
Swimming World. (2021, February 5). Ranking the Best Women’s Swimmers in the World From
1-25. Swimming World News. Retrieved October 12, 2022, from
https://www.swimmingworldmagazine.com/news/ranking-the-best-womens-swimmers-in-the-
world-from-1-25-as-objectively-as-possible/

https://www.enjoy-swimming.com/breast-stroke.html

https://www.enjoy-swimming.com/breast-stroke.html

QUIZ

1. At what era was breaststroke popular?

a. stone age b. medieval stage c. post-jurassic age d. modern era
2. What movement is breast stroke inspired to?
a. worm b. frog c. butterfly d. cicada
3-7. Give the 5 steps of breaststroke kick
8-10. give 3 drills of breastroke drills
11. the overall authority and accountability for ensuring that the competition conforms
with all pertinent rules and regualtions.
a. meet manager b. referee c. clerk of course d. stroke and turn judges
12. How many timers is needed in session for a six-lane pool?
a. 16 b. 18 c. 20 d. 22
13. In charge of coordinating every part of meet and ensuring everything goes off without
a hitch
a. starter b. meet manager c. referee d. stroke and turn judges
14.The offical data recorder, poster of the results, and award label printer?
a. referee b. clerk of course c. recorder d. meet manager
15. The offical who will give the working watch if the watches malfunction?
a. timer b. chief timer c. recorder d. referee

16-20. Give famous swimmers. (male or female)