Part 1: Database Concepts

Chapter 1
Database Systems
 Learning Objectives
❑ In this chapter, you will learn:
 The difference between data and information
 What a database is, the various types of databases,
and why they are valuable assets for decision
making
 The importance of database design
 How modern databases evolved from file systems

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 Learning Objectives
❑ In this chapter, you will learn:
 About flaws in file system data management
 The main components of the database system
 The main functions of a database management
system (DBMS)

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 Data vs. Information
Data Information
❑ Raw facts ❑ Produced by
 Raw data - Not yet processing data
been processed to ❑ Reveals the meaning
reveal the meaning of data
❑ Building blocks of ❑ Enables knowledge
information creation
❑ Data management ❑ Should be accurate,
relevant, and timely to
 Generation, storage,
enable good decision
and retrieval of data
making
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 Database
❑Shared, integrated computer structure that stores a
collection of:
 End-user data - Raw facts of interest to end user
 Metadata: Data about data, which the end-user data
are integrated and managed
▪ Describe data characteristics and relationships

❑Database management system (DBMS)

 Collection of programs
 Manages the database structure
 Controls access to data stored in the database

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 Role of the DBMS
❑ Intermediary between the user and the database
❑ Enables data to be shared
❑ Presents the end user with an integrated view of
the data
❑ Receives and translates application requests into
operations required to fulfill the requests
❑ Hides database’s internal complexity from the
application programs and users

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 Figure 1.1 - The DBMS Manages the
Interaction between the End User and the
Database

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 Advantages of the DBMS
❑ Better data integration and less data inconsistency
Data inconsistency: Different versions of the same data
appear in different places
❑ Increased end-user productivity
❑ Improved:
 Data sharing
 Data security
 Data access
 Decision making
▪ Data quality: Promoting accuracy, validity, and timeliness
of data

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 Types of Databases
❑ Single-user database: Supports one user at a time
 Desktop database: Runs on PC
❑ Multiuser database: Supports multiple users at the
same time
 Workgroup databases: Supports a small number of
users or a specific department
 Enterprise database: Supports many users across
many departments

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 Types of Databases
❑Centralized database: Data is located at a single
site
❑Distributed database: Data is distributed across
different sites
❑Cloud database: Created and maintained using
cloud data services that provide defined
performance measures for the database

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 Types of Databases
❑ General-purpose databases: Contains a wide
variety of data used in multiple disciplines
❑ Discipline-specific databases: Contains data
focused on specific subject areas

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 Types of Databases
❑ Operational database: Designed to support a
company’s day-to-day operations
❑ Analytical database: Stores historical data and
business metrics used exclusively for tactical or
strategic decision making
 Data warehouse: Stores data in a format optimized
for decision support

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 Types of Databases
 Online analytical processing (OLAP)
▪ Enable retrieving, processing, and modeling data from the
data warehouse
 Business intelligence: Captures and processes
business data to generate information that support
decision making

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 Types of Databases
❑ Unstructured data: It exists in their original state
❑ Structured data: It results from formatting
 Structure is applied based on type of processing to
be performed
❑ Semistructured data: Processed to some extent
❑ Extensible Markup Language (XML)
 Represents data elements in textual format

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 Database Design
❑ Focuses on the design of the database structure
that will be used to store and manage end-user
data
❑ Well-designed database
 Facilitates data management
 Generates accurate and valuable information
❑ Poorly designed database causes difficult-to-trace
errors

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 Evolution of File System Data
Processing

Accomplished through a system of file folders and filing cabinets

Data processing (DP) specialist: Created a computer-based system that would

track data and produce required reports

Includes spreadsheet programs such as Microsoft Excel

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 Table 1.1 - Basic File Terminology

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 Figure1.2 - A Simple File System

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 Problems with File System Data
Processing

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 Structural and Data Dependence
❑Structural dependence: Access to a file is
dependent on its own structure
 All file system programs are modified to conform to
a new file structure
❑Structural independence: File structure is
changed without affecting the application’s ability
to access the data

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 Structural and Data Dependence
❑ Data dependence
 Data access changes when data storage
characteristics change
❑ Data independence
 Data storage characteristics is changed without
affecting the program’s ability to access the data
❑ Practical significance of data dependence is
difference between logical and physical format

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 Data Redundancy
❑Unnecessarily storing same data at different
places
❑Islands of information: Scattered data locations
 Increases the probability of having different
versions of the same data

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 Data Redundancy Implications
❑ Poor data security
❑ Data inconsistency
❑ Increased likelihood of data-entry errors when
complex entries are made in different files
❑ Data anomaly: Develops when not all of the
required changes in the redundant data are made
successfully

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 Types of Data Anomaly

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 Lack of Design and Data-Modeling
Skills
❑ Evident despite the availability of multiple
personal productivity tools being available
❑ Data-modeling skills is vital in the data design
process
❑ Good data modeling facilitates communication
between the designer, user, and the developer

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 Database Systems
❑Logically related data stored in a single logical
data repository
 Physically distributed among multiple storage
facilities
❑ DBMS eliminates most of file system’s problems
❑ Current generation DBMS software:
– Stores data structures, relationships between structures, and
access paths
– Defines, stores, and manages all access paths and
components

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 Figure 1.3 - Contrasting Database and
File Systems

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 Figure 1.4 - The Database System
Environment

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 DBMS Functions
Data dictionary management

• Data dictionary: Stores definitions of the data elements and their

relationships

Data storage management

• Performance tuning: Ensures efficient performance of the database in
terms of storage and access speed

Data transformation and presentation

• Transforms entered data to conform to required data structures

Security management
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• Enforces user security and data privacy
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 DBMS Functions
Multiuser access control
• Sophisticated algorithms ensure that multiple users can access
the database concurrently without compromising its integrity

Backup and recovery management

• Enables recovery of the database after a failure

Data integrity management

• Minimizes redundancy and maximizes consistency

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 DBMS Functions
Database access languages and application programming
interfaces
• Query language: Lets the user specify what must be done without
having to specify how
• Structured Query Language (SQL): De facto query language and
data access standard supported by the majority of DBMS vendors

Database communication interfaces

• Accept end-user requests via multiple, different network

environments

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 Disadvantages of Database Systems
Increased costs

Management complexity

Maintaining currency

Vendor dependence

Frequent upgrade/replacement cycles

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 Table 1.2 - Database Career
Opportunities

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 The End!!!!

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