DATA
COLLECTION
GROUP 3
HUMSS 12- Jacobo
TOPICS
-Ethical considerations
-Data gathering procedure
-Statistical treatment of data
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ETHICAL CONSIDERATIONS
• Ethical considerations in research are a
set of principles that guide your research
designs and practices. Scientists and
researchers must always adhere to a
certain code of conduct when collecting
data from people.
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• The goals of human research often
include understanding real-life
phenomena, studying effective
treatments, investigating behaviors, and
improving lives in other ways. What you
decide to research and how you conduct
that research involve key ethical
considerations.
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ETHICAL CONSIDERATIONS
Why do research ethics matter?
• Research ethics matter for scientific
integrity, human rights and dignity, and
collaboration between science and
society. These principles make sure that
participation in studies is voluntary,
informed, and safe for research subjects.
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• Defying research ethics will also lower
the credibility of your research because
it’s hard for others to trust your data if
your methods are morally questionable.
TYPE OF ETHICAL ISSUES
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TYPE OF ETHICAL ISSUES
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DATA GATHERING PROCEDURE
• Data collection is a systematic process of
gathering observations or measurements.
Whether you are performing research for
business, governmental or academic
purposes, data collection allows you to gain
first-hand knowledge and original insights
into your research problem.
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While methods and aims may differ between
fields, the overall process of data collection
remains largely the same. Before you begin
collecting data, you need to consider:
The aim of the research
The type of data that you will collect
The methods and procedures you will
use to collect, store, and process the data
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STEP 1: DEFINE THE AIM OF
YOUR RESEARCH
• Before you start the process of data
collection, you need to identify exactly what
you want to achieve. You can start by writing
a problem statement: what is the practical or
scientific issue that you want to address and
why does it matter?
• Next, formulate one or more research 14
questions that precisely define what you want to
find out. Depending on your research questions,
you might need to collect quantitative or
qualitative data:
• Quantitative data is expressed in numbers and
graphs and is analyzed through statistical
methods.
• Qualitative data is expressed in words and
analyzed through interpretations and
categorizations.
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• If your aim is to test a hypothesis, measure
something precisely, or gain large-scale
statistical insights, collect quantitative data.
If your aim is to explore ideas, understand
experiences, or gain detailed insights into a
specific context, collect qualitative data. If
you have several aims, you can use a mixed
methods approach that collects both types
of data.
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STEP 2: CHOOSE YOUR DATA
COLLECTION METHOD
• Based on the data you want to collect,
decide which method is best suited for
your research.
• Experimental research is primarily a
quantitative method.
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• Interviews, focus groups,
and ethnographies are qualitative
methods.
• Surveys, observations, archival research
and secondary data collection can be
quantitative or qualitative methods.
• Carefully consider what method you will
use to gather data that helps you directly
answer your research questions.
DATA COLLECTION METHODS
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DATA COLLECTION METHODS
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STEP 3: PLAN YOUR DATA
COLLECTION PROCEDURES
• When you know which method(s) you are
using, you need to plan exactly how you
will implement them. What procedures will
you follow to make accurate observations
or measurements of the variables you are
interested in?
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• For instance, if you’re conducting surveys
or interviews, decide what form the
questions will take; if you’re conducting
an experiment, make decisions about
your experimental design (e.g.,
determine inclusion and exclusion
criteria).
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OPERATIONALIZATION
• Sometimes your variables can be
measured directly: for example, you can
collect data on the average age of
employees simply by asking for dates of
birth. However, often you’ll be interested in
collecting data on more abstract concepts
or variables that can’t be directly observed.
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• Operationalization means turning abstract
conceptual ideas into measurable
observations. When planning how you will
collect data, you need to translate the
conceptual definition of what you want to
study into the operational definition of
what you will actually measure.
Presentation title 24
SAMPLING
• You may need to develop a sampling plan
to obtain data systematically. This
involves defining a population, the group
you want to draw conclusions about, and
a sample, the group you will actually
collect data from.
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• Your sampling method will determine
how you recruit participants or obtain
measurements for your study. To decide
on a sampling method you will need to
consider factors like the required sample
size, accessibility of the sample, and
timeframe of the data collection.
Presentation title 26
STANDARDIZING PROCEDURES
• If multiple researchers are involved, write
a detailed manual to standardize data
collection procedures in your study.
• This helps ensure the reliability of your
data, and you can also use it to replicate
the study in the future.
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• This means laying out specific step-by-
step instructions so that everyone in your
research team collects data in a consistent
way – for example, by conducting
experiments under the same conditions and
using objective criteria to record and
categorize observations. This helps you
avoid common research biases like omitted
variable bias or information bias.
CREATING A DATA
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MANAGEMENT PLAN
• Before beginning data collection, you should
also decide how you will organize and store
your data.
• If you are collecting data from people, you will
likely need to anonymize and safeguard the
data to prevent leaks of sensitive information
(e.g. names or identity numbers).
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• If you are collecting data via interviews
or pencil-and-paper formats, you will
need to perform transcriptions or data
entry in systematic ways to minimize
distortion.
• You can prevent loss of data by having
an organization system that is routinely
backed up.
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STEP 4: COLLECT THE DATA
• Finally, you can implement your chosen
methods to measure or observe the
variables you are interested in.
• To ensure that high quality data is
recorded in a systematic way, here are
some best practices:
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• Record all relevant information as and
when you obtain data. For example, note
down whether or how lab equipment is
recalibrated during an experimental study.
• Double-check manual data entry for errors.
• If you collect quantitative data, you can
assess the reliability and validity to get an
indication of your data quality.
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STATISTICAL TREATMENT OF DATA
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Statistical tools, in qualitative research, helps
researchers and marketers organise quantitative
data gathered from experiments, focus groups,
interviews, questionnaires and more. Once
organised into a more digestible form, you can
use the information garnered from these tools in
qualitative research papers, business reports and
marketing campaigns to support your findings
and to provide added credibility.
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Descriptive statistical tools
Descriptive statistics present quantitative
descriptions in a manageable way. This method
takes information gathered from a questionnaire
or an observational group and turns it into
visualisable products such as graphs, tables and
charts. This is a popular tool as it reduces lots of
data into a simpler summary. Showcasing data in
this way can also help a professional to better
understand the data they have collected.
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Descriptive statistical tools
Some examples of descriptive statistical tools include:
• mean, median and mode
• coefficient of variation
• interquartile range
• pooled variance
• skewness and kurtosis
• sum of squares.
THANK YOU!
Dela Cruz, Dexter Joseph
Sumalbang, Estrabelio Jr.
Manalo, Jasmin
Maneja, Samantha Gabriel
Morana, Allaina
