Chapter 01
Properties of Soil
1.1 SYMBOLS AND NOTATIONS
© =void ratio
2 =porosity
D, =relative density
= specific gravity of solids (usually in the range 2.67 +005)
GI =group index
UI = liquidity index
LL = tiquid timit
MC = moisture content
PL = plasticity index
PL = plastic limit
5 =degree of saturation
V = volume of soil mass
Vs volume of air
Ve = volume of solids
Ve = volume of water
W total weight of soil
W, = weight of solids
We = weight of water
‘ay = dry unit weight
‘a. = unit weight of soil mass
1 munlt weight of solids
roe = saturated unit weight
Ye unit weight of water
1.2 DENSITY AND UNIT WEIGHT OF WATER
<
Density of water, pe= 1000 kg/m?
pon kg/liter=1 gram/ee
Unit weight (water, ye = 981 KN/m? ‘Chapter 01 - Properties Fundamentals of
2 ose Geotecrnical Ergneeting
Ta BASIC FORMULAS
eet
cata
Faure 011 Pave coum tol
‘The fllowing relationships can be made from the phase dlagram shower:
“Total weight of soil = ¥¥ + W, eats
Volume of voids, Ve= Vet Ve eats
Toul volume, V= ¥,* Vy per
14.1 VOI RATIO.
‘old ratio the ratio between the volumes of vols to the volume of i of
‘sil oss. is wsly expresses in erent
% cats
Note 0
apc gravity of wits
PROBLEM 01.8 CE NOVEMBER 1999)
13.Now 4 sol sample mas compacted The spl othe standard proctor
‘est shows tht at 0% compton the so weighs 132 pet wil ptr
Furcomentas of ‘Chapter 0} - Propenies
Geotechnical Engineering ‘orson 17
Soumon
wae
e049
Ft ay
‘vl spl haa bulk unt weight of 196 N/m ta water content of 108
‘esuning 622, determin the percentages in the ois oe 5).
seme,
196
oa
lemcesa,
271030) = 04865)
Percentage of iin the vids = 10% -§
Perentage fain vs = 100% 585%
Persea of iin the vlde= 443%
The molt wight of 021 ok» wolf 28 1. The eieare conten and te
spe ey a we erm he ay oe ond Chapter 01- Properties
18 Grea
Fundamental of
ceoteerica Ergiering
"What he moat unt ven N/T
5 What the dy unit weight in
19) What the depres stration percent?
12) Moist nite
ten W/V =23/02 = 105
1) Dry eit ight
“Gagne
Tee Ml
52 2242701) op 9
eo
ag 8)
vem tyne
2) Dogre of ssturtion
Teme~ se)
27011) = S420)
Scourun era
PROBLEM o.11
‘Arpecimen ofan fas a pron of 5%, athe speci graly of ts slide
271 "Compute the specifi weigh of toll Inthe sbenerged sat kn
Nye.
(tecechnicalenagjneeing
ca
ptr -Ropares 4
The mas ofa spt of sat
tes mas, nba?
27, call the etve ont weight
soLuTION
be
TeMc=Se whew $1 ature)
0787
"AL MC= 19, Determine the following proper: 20. epee! Popa
souTow
Fundamenas of
eotecical Engineering
1) Voll rate
funaementas ot
ececcrrcal engneeing
he=nead
Chapter 01 ~ Properties
fee orem
‘ofsou 27
7 = SSM
el tetonian
aa 0-0
StO Me ong i
ae hres 0 HE soa
BLAMED, a7 Ens
® IGMC~ Se i
(cE NOVEMBER 1999)
‘il sample wos compacted. The result of the standard poco et shows
thar st 100% compaction the sll weighs ISL pet with opium mista
font of 14 What the mais dy uit weight ofthe sl (sr air
Youd) impel! G= 267
oo
sowmion
andes sao
Ate voids, Ye Ya (S=2)
PROBLEM 01.14
omc s
ae lnnre
Init tet oh ae 0 ea igh 8. The ea!
‘reed weight of teil nstkg, Uae e260 Daan
1) Decne hs sre cont pre ™" passe 9
5) ermine te vad ten pce eh
6} Determine Be dope traton in percent
soumon mrosuew 01.16
res W/V = 100/950 A compacted day weighing 152 bg weigh O88 when inmened
T= gan/ee (spotter Detrich Blk ops rye chy
9 ce Me sowmon
WW Weghinaie
teesse taken g=
= 7” gina .)
Sond
Gatco,
a s08 <6 +076
ike tee "Sty.
lea
Let + 11940 = 1908 + 1.0568
2508i2=812% 9 void tio
From EQ)
(©= 1806 + 10540812) =266 > specifi vty sais
este” Toa
Poesy, 461 = 8%
PROBLEM 126
{nan experiment of determining the porosity and specie gravity of solids of
soi «wii dag out fom the ground weighed tan oven del, and hen
Saturated with water. The wight of si taken fem he st hole 1386
‘rams, lin was then oven-dried and wolghed 107% grams Ale stating it
7 ganas
(0251) 4)
136+. 30) Caper 01— Popes
30 or
PROBLEM DTa? [CEMAY 7007]
Manish void aio = O85
Minin void ato = 02
Speaegavity of aids = 272
Motte content = 62
Determine hed unt Wolght of the soll ints tual sae in pet
Furdementas
Gcoteenmenl Engineer
vay = 096 pt
PROBLEM 01.28 CE NOVEMBER 2001)
1480 ce sol sample ken fom the site weighs A525 grams. Aer ove
ijn ihe S44 game Sp rns of ae
SOLUTION
per Male
uncomment of Chapter 01 ~ Properties
Geotcenical Enginoerng ‘ofsce 30
ye ZEN,
mae BBs27H089
proateM 01.29
1 sample of eaturated cay was pliced In cotrner and weighed. The
Wreght nas Rs Tyr cover wae placed in a ver fr 24 hus
UI0SC. The weigh warded to a corer valve of 5 N. The weight
the connner @1N. G=27, Dearie te following
5; Slatin pace
Sistine onitwcgh of the in N/m
Weight of molt sol otra,
Weight dry si W.= 5-1 =4N
inc:
c= $4 2o25
) Void rat
Temc= 541
271025)= (Ne
6) civ nit weight
35554 hepter 01 Properties undarerat ol Furcementts
32 Grol fF h Wot
hope 01 - ropes
saninne ee td cents sr 33
ROBE 0130 [CE NOVENTER ZOO cumow
1s spl te fn tS eh BS arf o ‘Gren: "$47 be
dng tmehed R44 gome, M Ge spac gravy ef Soles 2 ene
Geneectectmma sets tose
csi
souuion
ben My
2) Density of he ints
W
an BE
wo
sorta
roa
Makar contr MC = Me
wena i amen W=M
cess oar conte C=
Maistre content MC = 82-482. 9n643
Tee
IGaMC= Se} once
PROBLEM 01.31 (CE NOVEMBER 2002) ao
Given the following characteristics of a soil sarrple: peat ae
Mass =567 pound ras Baar ‘34 IEREO! Popes Fundarentas
furdomenaisot ‘Chapter 01 ~Propertes
Georcenneal engineering Govecnical Engineering ofa 35)
Proweworsz Unit weigh
The saturated une weight of a wil s 1948 KN/m and the specie gravity o po Mt
‘he oi slid 27. z ee
5) Whats he dry unit weigh of the soiin N/m? °° 5-38
that heflecive unt weight of he lm N/m ler 2y
sowuTION ig py
Y
foe rexGad
Si 1598-18624?
1 Void sto
yee Dey unt wiht
ei rao
pe 968 KN fe? “Toe
yo 2
PROBLEM 0133 cE MAY 2003)
The following dota as obesined rom bortory tests for 8 cabes
PROBLEM 01.3 CE NOVEMBER 2003)
Trabture coment was 25%
Go 2a and to deterine thal uly trie cy simple hae mato 1526 grams. Aer oven eying ts
teh a sae avg a ass of 2360 g was placed in all mss was reduced 01.059 grams. The pei rity ol par 27.
wih 32 a of water gull the cota ‘Ctelte he atral ater content ofthe smpl tn percent
1) Whats the tal unt weight of tesa sample in KN? 1) Galea the vi eto n percent
B Woaetedeaact i Chute the porosity n pce
mplein EN/a
sowution Given: $21 ‘Chapter 01 —Propenies Funaamenrats ol Funcamentas of ‘chapter 0} ~Proventes
of Soil Geotechnical Engnecringl Geotechnical Engineering ‘etsot 37
Void rato PROBLEM 01.36 (CE MAY 2000)
leme=sa [spt of cet sand ake from te fld was found 19 have a moisture
2710390) = tet oF 14% and a pct f 38%, laboratory let ha slates kd
e212 119% conditions wae fupd tat ate dent st, vd rato 8 and
(an) soumon
"Tap Br real
ned 0% a3
i058
e=088
‘sandy sl bs nr wae cont 275% ed lk ni wee of 1 eet
{N/a The wad io crresponding tothe densest nd kone ate ar 05 Sens
2) Whichof the fling enh nity void aif thes OT
1) Wn othe fig geste dene saration of he soln bitte
4 Wh of hollowing gives the relative density ofthe
promtem 0 137
soumon A et the deny of ali place as pif y digging «aval len
the sl, weighing the exacted soi and measuring the volume of he hole
aue ‘The all (roa) welghed 95 g the vole of te le was 426 ca? Alter
37+270273) ying, the sample weighed 729 OF the did soi 00g was poured ton
1 clin. very oon eat. vosme was rubsoqenty determined to be 276
ee cn Tht ew en vin al apd 9s rome 2a
» 1omc~s4
stosre sina Neste Funcomertas dl uncanerat of nope 01 ~ Popes
38 Ss ectecit ngree ell CeserncalEngheeing Tso 39
wy_moktre deny Yet on Wa soll odie « mama ry
tion of the
wey so.uTION
oe “Mamimum dry density
pad acm ey dency = pt
‘ De deg =
ah ¥ 0016 (2254
= V=A7835 ce
‘Percent compaction = Ae 1005
TOSSA era ee Gi Pen compection= 8.7%
Poste 01.40 (CE MAY 2003)
[vl ampe nts atral sate ara wet deny of 1551p anda moisture
Beicrt cf 0%. Air compaction, ie asim iy doely 15 pe
PBesine the percent compaction ofthe sa. G= 25.
owrion
-oui Farce compacun = Dede apy
PROBLEM 01.39 cE MAY 2000) fe SHCMC,
eee eee ee erie tered ae 200%
Volume ofthe = 680 rer 0 = Properties Porcoectas crater 01 ropes
40 cu eset ergneeting soi 41
Bore So
he I ding euies 1000-3 ld rao of 2075, Materia rent
an 2 aw I vas sul ren oro tt PSD preatie mtr. was ound tat
os Moves vid atm oes, Eta he otal ot of
soumon
Har 300% Pony n= 4/01+0)
Peet sae Forth reued sot
02 02),
Alone 1667. (6 ve)
ected = 1-1-0859 00.0%
PooueMe 141 Wate of sd 10» 05933
yay 30 msde a1. compact lnes Value of sll = 238
ote othe ery ul erro pts 19 and fs vd ao WO Farthe borrow sit
etna regs (i enticed be coop ev rn oe weogju as)
he oid bro ai reel oertnid 0st 8368
= al
weed saaiaams9
aon 00008
ef Boer mua = 64536 mt Following ashe eal of rng nt rt
Intl vlere ofl neato se 266
1) Daermnine the dey eit of the sili rece ‘cropter oF ~ Properties,
42 otsoi Fundamentals
Geoteennialengretng
1D Detsrmine th chrlage i of hem
13 Determine the svihage rato
£9) Determine the speci gravity the sola
) w=MyV.
Bom 12086 ge
pee Mas
p= 8724691 7886 9/0
1206- -S
Garza 9
sass = S28
1788 96) = 126 +0) 6
ses =
565 Os6ge =e
Nie pot grater
246-189) «a7an-r729%
Fundemertats of
(Geetecrnscal Engineer
Chapter 01 - Properties gg
9 eat)
is 10
The flowing res were otained fra gui it ato clay wing the
‘eagrane cup device Use the graph in Figure O17. The natural Water
‘Content af this ay 8% andthe plat Lt 27%,
Nanbasbors [ea] s
What the panty index tay? ‘
6) hats he gui index of ths ay?
8) What thew index?
we 017 ‘crop 01 — Properis
44 So
The hd it ned rom the graph asthe water conten on the
gui ate ine corresponding to 25 Howe
Lui inden Lr= MEP
Liquidity inden, t1= 282! = ays
teotrconenvencsthccnepactamannged.
1) Determine tenet
5 Determine te nearest val othe Past Limit of the si
(Geotsennieal engineering
comer Fonares gg as Sfager01 Proves
Fundementat of
Geoteenneal Engmneerng
Pissed Reeser ———— | tea
terse Se eee oe |
fi Cons
chapter ~ Properties
Geotechnieal Engineering
so 47
am
Lig nde. L = 1.38
iuiity
FmOBLEM O1.46 {CE MAY 2004)
ivan the laboratory rats ofthe Avro Lis Test n Figure O10. ot
rene conten versus the tbe of low in Figure
1) Determine the nearest vale fo the Lud Lint ofthe sel
5) Determine the nearest value th Pasi Lint th i
6) Dever th arse ali tthe lguity dex he oil.
Lis the moisture content comesponding to 2
Corresponding 029mm cone pensation
From the graph shown, LL = 2
Frome i ato he Ms ith rng he Mat he
igi inde, r= MEP 01 -Fropewes Furetements off furdametas ot Chaptrol-meranes gg
48 ois Geotecincal greening Geetrrcal Engnecing
Fewest