y u y & ~ G & Gu Pe a PES Lyecompitton of Orn umulose Loils"ry" Organic fil 27: Hume, Phat, Muck ete Weathertn @ = Produces <4 Clay, Plastic sitTran cportation of sol iv due — Wind ae Watenl Pane eo Soil name based on Ganportatton : ® Aeolian coil —» a sil Wanspated &depasited by Wing €): Sand dunes, loess @) Alluvial soil po goth teams E a sll Tanejoted by water & depeated along thee Yiver bed. A> Delta sails Gi) Lacuctrine sell Q soil Bansparted by water 2 depaated| an doles G) Marine soi) —> @. anil Banspaited' by wioter 8 deposited! in) sea W Glacier Deposits—p deported by glacers a: Dap, ull, outwach ete Glluvial. sil —> transported by gravity Fe Talus w) Field Names : varved clay =p corlaine olterate in layers op cit a clay — fn Joke beds Loam —» mixture of cand, calt & clay — best geil fr cultivation Moorun > Gravel mixed with sed clay Bentonite clay Decomposed voleanic ah = highly wioke. bcorbent Goo —z004. Wate etn t) = contains high %. of montmorillonite clay mineral, = Bentonite alurry it called “Drilling Mud" Hummus -» Half-decempoed ovganre soil = Amorrhous = Dark bYEAN In celourmPa verelatve matter (uid) highly deomposred organic Sol 7 pees Opa cal anges alto aly eee montméillsite Clay mineral A & highly Compressible19g 29 the. toc vidual ceil particles Body Force Preportron a fs es © Pepartional to surface area, nature Ep: Sele werght ee SURFACE FoRCE @ in : Cohesion, Electrical free, : Chemical forces: ete @ Pedominant 9 Gavel, cand Gi) Predominant in clays Th toe cate of a city sil, bots tedy Jorer x Surface freer one Sully predominant.my Volue t {generally to etd malta Comparedi iP ben Po P=, Engmmersed th ox coatingSind flacerrent> elhoc}fala iW alae methodRobebbebdebs ley lite = Grenan=Lory) 3 7 —~ -~ ~ ~ “~ ~ a wn ~ ~ oe ~ ~ ~ ~ nN hatAnsther Method : Ansther Method = Velac ent Water arlded = 195-197 = 609m velsred =z 29S bocce pactices bad, If the Secific gumity, of thea mater # 1.05 cand unit weype of fete wm 4 9.61 kiya, Détoming Be Ane Olea OWac © Wat @ 19.04 the got! tn KN/m}. ALLLLULLLULL LLL LLY Z. Jes tue = Gato : a0 AGEL SO EN & 9 Wet Wag seater sat = Vis Tar OT KAR OLE KD AIO A408 \ Agee 19 OF No eee Ce ii RDO betty Up Ue Ur Le le PretA comple of Clay wor cvaled Of soil vias found tw bo with paraffin vinx & dt» Jotal ‘mag C8t.64m he Some eas fumerd th Gnd the volume Of water cheplaced ola faint te be 265 mL, The Of the soil sample vile We, 6 ty contend r 90 gmt. & woker content dample wax 16 of Taking. specigic gravity of aif sole os 2.74 0.84, Determine the bulk density, cay de OH saturation af the ¢ Wale = oF \ W = 69157 \ Ve = 265 mb tet vol 4 sol wre | Who = 647 640 = 155 422-7 Volume af wore oe ios) wntt wef ok = Gige % Ys = 004% 4 =0.849/—e ee 3 = $42 tw ar Bw Volume of soll = 355 —849- = 246. 58 cm? y =" 640 +) 5 gece ; 7 , | ivvevvuvuvv GF UUs @ Soil Structures see Clay Minerlogy— DH Sci structures : — Geometccals aisanpement op sal prices — Behan 4 sail clepenat om Ha, sbructisey in paul, coamse sank @ Singe paired a @ Hamy comb» @ Fllocaulert ui — iw fire snd, aie iw ‘unctixtin ged choy @ Dupioeed « ws remoulded| clay o ee : sw mined cals © Single gazned. soutae 2.8 & | Lootett Donets 60.4 exo Giegret oiry) ! Gavicat wary) @. Hapepen Te cdlapes dus Fe ee | veids — Sencltve & eee volume decreases, | = ft callapecs cue to welling. abo. ; }med neee etree te ey Pee ee eee PULbbbebel clay & Black Cotton edly euuddl Ai 6 te S Fee voter $ aksoction — Fresert oy in dy — tt aus Bastrcy popoly. viata kerosene Dry clay 4 VWVUUYEYVUELEYY ¥ plastscey , te (ord deh, veA Surface asea of tality Volime of alic 22. of ebay CAE OP calteelant am 41S mini = mm) rem COTS mm — 415 mm Arereasiny erder 0.002 mm — 0.075mmy Coy ~*~: < 0.00. mm > Highest sca Glltal oth porticle ize box han clay paxticle ste, Kaclirite- > Smallest teh —» Iwo laity Sreretiing. order gp site, = eel Eng Shenkege Character] i Montmorillonite © Hyhest Soh —p highest plasticity@ Index Popaties of Sails Soil Properties Se aes ee ‘TNoex x ENGINEERING Properties Prope tes Snelex epee — Indicative of befavious ef silt — Ey:— Grain size distribution = Den city Index = Consistency Lmrls Een eae — Used for Enyinessing. applications Eqs — Shear atrengt i Gompresibtlity = Permeability © Grain Sige Mstributton : @ Sieve Analysts — fr sxe > 1S Chr €-4 sstis) © Sedimentation Analysis — for sige < 7.40 (for FG -xtle) L hh + @ Sieve Analyse : ASS 2 Boil de creat “ps siele(o.oggnm sve)) #3 lize, yh Retained Jere Lu he UU uu Dow wu Yi a |di mentation Aa Analy 7 Used for FG slg — Thdirect Method — Based on “Stoke's Law! Stokes equation ee where, § = Specific gravity d= diameter of pastict Y= kinematic viscosity Assumptions ; © Flow 4 Joninan. @ Each pantie settles independently withent interference. eae a Vanes H0eP| epoximalely — Stokes Law £ Valid only Ff 0.4US A < 0.2 mm, suntan rioYenent ser Ss = dooamm, ib will cause tuabulem condition LE sill cause Brownian Movement. Sue agt i [rnteterte occur] [Brtexerenee] Methods : [te measuie velority of _jaiticte } Pipette Method ~ | oigerence Hes fa : tots Method, a observation of Yeaclings @ ae ewe a eae Dispersion agent > Sodium hexametaphorphate. i Oy PT ih® Meniscus correction ® Dicpersion agent correction © Temperature correcttm (Cstandaid, temp: 8T'c) Ae T=21%, cowectton f not requined A veppined — Semi — ag. pate — Why comtleg plot © Tf wide range ch dota. © te get Matyi Lines (Linear Aclettnship] Cane A — Uniformly graded ella ,F¥at fg - Wal faded Different eines CC — Gap gindidb> Sone cs er) gp icep) og Serle (ied for conciruction) Ake — Roly qaded ‘Grportant_siaes: pees Dios Dsor Deo ees Du — edfective, sae or aah fore: D. = 902%m D,, = Emm Pe means 107, of particles are mer than COR mm ime. = 4 meant 20h of pastihs axa fier te mm sxe +igient af Uniformity (Cy) + os = veprecents range ee — St G<2; it i called unifrmly poded sel — ty Cy =A => Well praded gravel i G26 => well paded sand © af. curvature (Ce) + — TE represents shope d- curve te - Deo Do C. thes between 1 83 (41.26 Bey Be fra wil, C, & C values an 4 & 4 reyeckvely- What a — fora well xaded il, en 4 De = 4= De aD, =4*D. | De o ! lee fp) Relattve. Denaty on Deosty bod whee, @ = natual 7 in-ctu Void raitig _ ih wil & & host date, © = Cmans 3 Tp =0 ip sale 19 dematedats, © Enon Sy 00H POPTIPIPIPIVPIVITATADADE DHRRALDAN\ es vi (Bas ia Sy &y flow turve, has relatively chet, ip tee beets ik Used, (oe eataa Abt shat ie wedInto a taead rnimumn vlater-cbznt GeUUU LULU i i i i a aPlasticity ‘thdex Shitokage , Tndex , Toughness {nde Tp/s 3 ny Ly Consistency Index , 4 Ww, uF e. the #100 of ip h idity Index, y _ Welly Gator stat ath a 10%] Plagtectby 0 Non-Plnttc <7 Low plastic, TIT | Medium elastic : SIT Highly Plastic 4 fey asl, Ty > 100% te, tue sol ts in Sips sina Up = Rat x 00 eer i for Te plore: rip >is ep wm ia, => Lud state.» s 5 ely — = : Nepreserts” sunelings% theivlaye charncborctey ee] ~ ~ ~ CH) +f. ~ C= te techay pontidles ze ee > h = eco Inactive —s One tee Normal ac tive! ES [te et De ae > a Gasis tency: —~ Te a He Tesickance ayainst cle-ermation, — Te waies with wake content. ell oo eee eG Property clue Fe whieh plnitte, defornaltn occuns —> Ness ie Lea Pt) > Gen; 1 S146 iif? —) a 8 by - 4, = 26 Gfcc nS nag = 0-625 = 0.468 5 Cron = 9-46: 5 = 2 7 C3 aa [ VaDY pind tmitial oid. nabio Z ay [s4) (29) ore ROS ey AAey \ TIL 7 oe 1 4 Gi) Bepind final void vabto + MLL 1, ies. A e Bi AGG AES es vol rare mS Bue acre: 14 ea ek v, be wot ye tes th y= u (Be) Seer rvvv vv VV VU UUs oo e eee eeeevened velames ms gince Woof Ash bes bla toy & Wy natural ure© Set dechetio = Based 0 Sndar popaittes, @D GS _paiticte size cllonthicallon 76 Atesbag, bots folusueve Actin 7 2 i Pofoags, < 126 Athan dual PE oy <4 > 4" % SM» > Th — 4 Uy Tp ties bes 4 & Tf then dual symbol o8t- taken (am-4e] @ Save! i fines =e" (qw-an) qw-Ge% Se Gaede cae (ON eoundaries, hy conflict occurs , allomys aVaun Has non cohesive Sil. 1 ce) Hee se meckingy aleve aj & Ge TeyerentNote - — Single lt particte ey Single clay poutele Jb not ville & naked P'F5u can mily be fen bo a 40 40 450 =40 ey ae an =04 83) oP OA x passing Hoag 10H seve = 104 7507. ft ie FG ofl Wy= 42f 5 Wp = 307 Tp of. soil = 44-3 io = af Up of-Acline = 0-12 (0538) = NOL Pot falls below Ati: ataimt on. 15H ee = Mojo ly ¥ fa ioe 13 wo = it ie “Coane geoined” a Majority poses 4.75 om fae 2 = cel pom cee ee) | ase _fuactemy ~,lon0-— 200 = Toy Eetone dn come frac iGo Ceomts})Tp = 42-206 = 224 peel) eth — Hore Covey Hee soil & SC. — © Yh finer Ahan tr mm = Gor (ouk oy total ail) HK frre Mom 0.07Fmm = gor Cont 4 BH tal) Coaste fraction = 100-307, = To7 Gravel practi = 1007 — 60% Cotten) Gaavel faction + fand fraction = 707. » Sand frattion = Top. —40f = 20%/,! Since Gavel > Sane} | ded calted Gravely Sil. 6] Uy. VY. DT G wail = 35-21 = aL Tp fF Ace = 0.13 Gras) = 10.9571 Poesia eaten nm © silts)EEE EEA EELS LS L LL Wu ay eee tt to ~~ or VUE EVVVUU Ves 6) Permeable Totad head = prasue head + Datum, mend. -EUblod Head Cetin head) — Flas occum mly due te difeune tr the total mods bey tw0 parks. wk have prenue head clefferesace (b) bk ne flan octane “=> ronnie head dap alee cart poduce flee rs | al head diference Oy A Pay 2 Ne fim occu Me fy tee cone dy cot, the volts henal a neslegible and Resrte neleeted. } Fi gtk head digo) 5, ie bs A *B oe et He] fro Total head difference bla Aa © pbk head bors, a fobt tread Loss ble any pon ina Ach mass ds egal & Has aggrence > He eves ok wale Be He em Rerowelts Kepk: i Goo font. Chas Aon tw i)Ke Goegficrent a permeability soil kK ok discharge Velocity under Unit hychanlie prodict #771 EH Doncys equeiliion, Soi Approx KE woke | i Egos Tacks otfeity Woh soil: — Size ob ail files, sbofe. & foilicte — Veil, roti, blutel properties , epee & sahwakion , SSA pize effect «kad, et dled, Han K sam Encente (ip 8% phote beck: sReunded posites fave porencalilg cmpasd Fe anyolon — Angulons poakices sould fave - peat Biterlacleng. ae a — Fire pamed sai tae rere. saga. OLE of pormeatihey. fy Attn) and Heme. exer ValseAAA, feeeeeeeeeeee” Li rice a rose Le ES www vv Constant head tHe + — Suitable for coome gc) | oome Gapined tofle , Gyavel, Sand fomeamelst ey x Vilune de wet lead Time, Guae eek ayes 4) Al Bfrom ty “Koni be cledated igs a: — In cme delays Chow prrmentility) ole fal Gani be performed. Ct nem A: Gai As oe Ge <). o Variable head text ; Seine fhe WEE ete! ine cand, Fk, come chy Come iy. és oe} seo Conculidetiten Lest ¢ — Surtable for erp ble clays Gen aby 2 404 oy au) illany Permeability dest = we on find anok-only capillanity, bat also pews — for porbially satinated seile —+ Field Tts : & Dumping-out Tee + pe most accmate ke (orye arma 4 fnfluenced) ¢ Paenpinr fn Test *hy, = a Ez ® kK ee Elavo parnllel te panes 4, Be, ty lous bond eee sy CO@ 4 ra bh Shah, =A : doe tot Lek ky be ay Fameatilty pr entire soil Ree i be avg gradient’ fr entire tal fe \ @= 744, +4 Kya = RGA + GO a +t GOAL Ku @rztzy)(0) = bs Gant) 4 & Gxt) + bs Gym) Leumt codte, MarkG. Pas awe ‘| Ka aon ee sme «= h=%=8 yt th =f i fe= aK axe = ahr ee = Suit, = 005 hy Q=tin 0.000 * B01xy = 0-013 m [ke = 2tSxI0 Sofeee pIfeo 4soes tom ~k | | Ed + Head lose abe 4 O.tim fn diCapea “ar fA) swept op wat oo, yer oxo xy ay Ayeavla (2) Fear mirda ho meen aanpon HY. [105 0 often HT ene arve p menesneyag Mey guy ae wxatddy = ppodap Fa seanyy pogenu ? Fear qo “a oouvvlisp pase mae TT 1h = sg y ES Suorpatep pe 4r eh0% 9 med ayo” Meh — 8 Z rant, Pym 20), bee 07> = aaeM Tp mo ap iy af = 5S eT, es b om yak SV Neon Tay = rage pier Aeysy oy op Sx * ine yaa]. Voge Wgralffs = N “snar Teqnay — > © yene Geo) —Now, effective POPPPPPP Dee eee eee ecucuce Nae : @ YY Wate, table fe. Te WT fly, TAY bot decreme, bok Tl incioases, ger oryLTD wl ae ial L |, Lee & VYUVVV vv VV VV (eee hints Sed ie a u c Note: Age Th He cane lab Indy Gote, ocean, iver ete) te effeceve- ation helm th bed Jevol ti tndependont af depts 4- the alan prea alpore th tock devel. iB o o | {hare ae ef rete TS eae he Lb NS : |b satwated & = 5 Sn care ef under WT only & 3 Pore pressure, occurs aa surcharge — 4 Gtinste i ee a ay) bale ¥ ox Z > Sotwated Se ae oye ee tee u a2 EN be > Gyillary water £ uncer tencton Capillisy Aude, wall 4s under compresian. { = es 4 G Companion oe oe 4 nile Cts he = ed he tn Fem dc diac vaid rere d= ceD, cukere rvavel |) | 4 cand glen hgh dios Cals o§ mex 45 Som)| mal: be evaporate Catt xe = 34 ure GevA 2 : oe : ; a < Ba bbb heh bbb bibhblkbbk/kbs'nkls ninPrtation Premure onfined acqutfer lasers Pee & the. Prexemelit 4 alow G1 = deple, 5 T= 4 td, = angst exes a] rabid Ded vv V DY DDmv ods a ialeaaalael ; a a a a ~ as AL a ~~ R a mw fu aa oe MUVVU see e vb ob bb ad aiama'eSeepage Rewue total head tes Seepage head effective head et 0 a Ate bttom a nelly¢ 5 De tae Ett “Hes a: US Ay [et Hy tA) a: G= EY = ye-4h a: fp See At Laon ool o= tet Ute u = 4, (z4 then fh] aah @=Cu — At _botani de stl: 6H tye et dw ta Us a3 (z+ Hw) T= w= iz e004 005 er aConclusion: When here Aecpage, eB eal o) = ie tlh Ar fifomd flor, —Ve ogn Tift deumiod Hor, 4ve- ens ~The presune caused by the Seepage. wali on dhe soil Particles fe called 'SEEFAGE reessy ~ The Meepage preture alia ace fy Ha. cbivecttons ole Feepage.aig mS > Cae: ea pete): ~ do peer ~ an upward floss g! 42-14 ~ + At otlicat codilioy Ce'ao); 1'2z =%,h ~ fe) eee ~~ mer 7 The fiydraulic padient at crilica condition * Gillie teychoulic post. Jt A found os follows. ag a LELGL id A Hh property etl — Howerever fir all th soilt, the i, Value bi neoaly eyol b 4. Suick Sond Coble Quack gayd conditton @H) Quick 40nd @) Boiling condition Shear strength ag sal, S= C4 c! band! tc(e=0) ; ga citand VUULL» vb & — fy cobesionlen $01 Gr an upward flew coe, af-enttical condlitton , 5S” becomes ZERO fe Cobesianlens Soile- Then the sil behavec dike a baling Lipid. pis phenemenan is called “Qick enti [uct ford! = Gu ad fond a pe oP nd — de ik a yohardsc condition = fe ace only In an Upaad seepage > & wh is Cohesionters » : : = Fie vend &ailt.-..proe 7 quick cmétion generally EGER Ree eee eee wvds vv = rmat) the cate of fee & Coane tan, betng Atshly ermeable quick san bet p WIE Sard. condtttoy eordty oceuys etree Yejwire danye heads be wate, _ Suchorge Quick ts 7 i x Gonmip difers Quick Gnd) SS =. Aconpaed ene mtO aly empantc) TE iets ick “atten @ Keep sme cepts of woter ty) th the renee’. ® Yower clown ths Surrewnding WT Keep, arne tictarse a8 en ty Op cade b= actual tydioulic padient ey! i, = Cibeal tychaulic Grade = AH OTF te i, > Quick condittoy occurs To prevent quick coxdhion , i must te kp < — Factor of safety against Quick emditton, are te Tp Fok ee 2 safe pes > tte umeafe pet —> ee ealbeal MEST 58228:Q) The minimum Seepage Bead aequised 36 cause quick condition Ga a(S = QD T tere 2 surcharges 9 acting, then the mtn. heat nepened 40 cause quick condition iy eae) At Gitical, condita 0 = uv i aa wa at le | = ecurs sn cohesivalees nile only. (fine os ; Mi prevent pibing H sncrense secpaje length by providing check pappilcs R Oo @ Poride invated fila om Pl tde- pee ee rub bObEetdtet 66.640G° Of filter prevent excape dp axel pailicde, Masigfe 2 Se +5 wate, 3 bb ty Josved down fy 6-4 ang ~| ~~ ~ _ = — ™— ™ — _ ™ ~ :At patnt A Gust beled) ——— y= the fa Hy ole Le te 4% o Sb ex aloxXd 31 Mrs dept of Wendin Sm, a (vas—i}1e =n = AE 87fem ~ic = 0-444(0) = 4 Ahem poear A em te a a LLLLELIEL ING ey a | TnL? = secfage. Aead Hycandic tea @) Head casing Plonr oof Flos ky) flr nels 4 daawre fo ta Hhansfemed secbion wlhich Ja obtained by reducing He terizarkal dimension & keefing the Vertical dimensimgs unichanjeol x — The horizontal dimension 4 Acduced by- maulliplying aeduction o-egpitient ob ve %— To Compute the rcefaze Lar rote The agetrnge- Con Permeability £ caleulatidl 25 ee MES ae - Sere ORIgal- “TRANSFORMED Coatcontel dimensions reduced)LLELLLECCCECCUYe > — ell ) rs ry ". Cr ey ES , ey zs 1, = = L i x G=tz Geontolre sre, Stren, us 4 ape. ¢ Sil Bousinesq’s Eyutton Seeumptions : coni infinite, elastic medinrn ete 1 Gat i hormogencaus , ieobrapic, ee ho oS Tectopic Homogeneae « Load 4 point lead @ ferttcal hts, Oy = — Vertzcal +1 7 — Bousiners, Snftienee Gector om \ ey dial dikanee Vertical datance: of point belo tus lad ‘ Eanes — if ra0, %& Pier, {as 2(eriniseate_ share,) ja’ asabat ining the a vatice, prone points Me dittance of iy , Final the) Se Traeing-payarTrgluence, ceedficient af Chak: plan m= NO. sectors covered by ~ ~— < se T= G,+@,4+ G+ G _ a ~~ ¥ : wa & = Ge, + & -%, ~&, 7 . : z ey ae Approximate Method + Foy vertangulan fostirg, B ia Load dupesio ot 2V % 1M i] d a @ =Total lad | o; = a eee =(--9-4 @ i Oe 2 Bey ~&aua ‘ % For continuous fest, 7 CVVVI FIV FFE DD DUL Bg 8 Se BD ei Q.—-- load Pm anit Length For_spyane. footing, : % ~ @9b2 ee ANLine Load : yal Sy oe ye a a8; + Ei Railway track, Bommp- Strip leacing, : (@<4 Hp Geral GECORE of Uy Wetland = 4x0, Hea KES = 1.05 tf,% — = 0.0931 Given) 2 G& = Ty = 0.74 te ASS dus to % : tl < ve 7 ee teow eh aie am ie eel code ee Nb fe ieee ca® de 2G, = 0 ie Elm 2 AGT, ee OE ie — Tool4x 100 = 4a0 kiyane = @) Copeclidalon Compresstbiltey » — Soil property = due ts thee ttttlemenl occurs Gravet Send gilt Clay —> have mere camprestblity-(lugh cette cat) — Settlement-of coil x du to () Gmpresion & escape of water Compaction (i) Escope of pore winter... Consldtion PULLDLELECECEELOEEUNG = Gamprenion of whter & solid grain dt regligible. Conscliclation : — TES the comprenion of Soil due te ectape Of pe water undey uu attic dang. term leading 7 ‘ = Bake yore ©) it. of water ue hag ane ente eee ag The ategpress of Se pred water J» Geuy Dango comppred to the Stress op Solid got nbrackue be ke spring contawt = S eamns deformation then §=0: — Water % Jncampresibly J ié does mot undergo for water => K =Tome dictely after loading Durin At ta trd of Gonaadetion Conlietionann an WN AL he |Ultimate, consslidate EE Emilion cetlement @) Fined deltlement AH 6) 3 AH (2) Var} ee Hae es hae, HG) HE —> Original thickness of stl . For a given soil, gam, decreas witty tmerene of five Stes (o') , but CG. vemainy constant Based on Ficbory of Inadiny the Fypes dy sal @ Normally cancolidated gail “fo Ke vd @) Over contol 3! = oka (tthe ed) Pre concelidated £0 To kf Tevet) (ii) Ynder Consdidated soil («. » fiecondledatiea pronure Over Consolidated Ralto ck): g! —Preemsolidation preures 7 — proents feeive emures nat Ne & ye abr ock OMC Dipersed structive Shear Strength i less Suelling nature is les for any ga for chy sanch— Vibratory action — bes1. Macle ap of fi i [evel 2 " ois whens th EE @ =1.eer/ec Gf : afc ete weap aot eres Ge | we laan seek swe | o.0lNd pe nae | toy soi,v= Dae oy egy (0 vey.) So e=ott \ as XR 4 = 100 7] Bans Sng = 1-8Mohr's Theory sen oly pel oats Mobr- Gulomb eqnatton [s= = Shear strength iieedspersctes Revised eyyati : [s - Up tal sex wy S=crctno eee General eysetion effective strey, x Cla effective cohesion ty) =erfective angle of internal 4 c=) cag’ ee behaviour. o Cegpectve normal aten ) Shear atrength th terme of Eon effective shea Strength Parameter Aroined hoon ety. Parcimetiyg h = Mohs failure $5G4 6 tang, Fhear APerite n terms y Total ctrey, Cu = Apparent cohesion Gr) undreined dy = Opparent anst of inkimal frctroy @) underined angle of ~ internal friction Cah Dy statal ahaa streng Parormeters es At. ede + nda> > » > > > > > ? 4 7 ? 7 , > > > > > > not porsible _— fale occurs, gies ee bore fulure- foslue Plane plane! tg not_possible-« oe c-G De fe — = @ 7 man af) + Z sf = (454 2) wrt meyer Prine G Sp = (Hse D) wert mayor i rh Xp = Angle of gailere Plane wrt maf Pr} Gs @=0 c=0 q aa é | c —— Cohesionters soil _ Cohesive sil C_o al if Deeg Ey Ploatze clay. Pane £ Covey poet ‘To find Cg : 41. Direck shear tet 2. Trioxial shear. dev 2 Uncagined Compaction tpat + Vane Shear tat @® Direct Shea Tat (Suitable 4 chests Dr Ss chow diet Valve ds cluays lent chee fen tn Sct clge clare By WIN Me IS ante bee oeDED DDD ND DD RURAL dnd nd hl al el Se Sel el nl Cot for UCc + pro ure (45+ by on Wolter Increases & ¢, a) atrens } + atu tan Cae 4 fee, GG =0 ‘aUAes ) Fe failuredrained \ 9 > . \ } ‘a \ ; St tea Oe et Sensitivity; tndisturbed Atrength Sensitivity — vemoulded abe Tf sensitivity = 1 => ‘Insensitive Clay Tp send Lin Vane Shear Test: gS Tt as called “Quick Soil ' Sy wus, T » + PLAN Quilable. for unchained coturated clays L Cho which 4 =0) Li ¥ ee ig top a bottom faces involve dn shear - fi bottom dace fnvolves thy hearfor NEC tr cp teat a=0 = sin'(4) f “a ee ) See ; = 04 , a , g , 3 ) RO ow in fe Th Gn 40, the epived GG! te came y Gl = G—u = 40 ef failure is ¢ a ' Bese eee | peer ccte | > | = 114 ka ain + Since, ttre propored oj" (1rovufi.) a mie than Mt ka, the Sample. will_fail BP Comprenive atrengtn = Ty ' 1 ie ee tar’ (4s 2) 4+ ac’ tan (44 fv = 60 tar (act a) + 2(5) (Gs4 = 166-44 Gy = Og = 165-42 —60 = 405,22 Ka meamie = ia sin amy se = 9S gin (ary = 20") + @ ~ ) Solving en &@, we get G AL 84 kN) = FP EN G® Fornec, in CUX& cd tats, =o Cy wl Giver, T, = 200; Gy =Iso } We bly? us by =) sie ted ind Oy: : ee =, tov | As'y sy \ + atom (A Q00+ 150) = gon tant (ast oy) +0 esNDAD SY SNAIL ANOLE NONE SE NONE OE To_fnd_o! asx 2 ]4 on (ast 8) = 875 bale » SsraGg el Gi = Gu) = 200-410-719 = 129 KN {mm = Gaul) = 900-78 = ays = 125 te (as+2'] ao =(¢=2] Skempton's Toe Nesue: “ys | [au = BAG] el re B=0 for dp acl Ag a Beal for aatoraled aeil i (oseed At foiline , A—> Ap _prometers A 8B) : My. Be SK Wp may be —Ve ..... for Dense Sand oy ond. or) 0 may be Ve ~~ for dense xand Gop oo Au = Ay +Aug RAG +AB AG Talal change th fre. presuve | 44 = a(ag+ ik Fl Ligue faction : foe Gahesionless antl Fine cond weit Yo, 5 : prone. te liquefactt S= C\tand! pre faction =(-y) ton aayBulging) nd & NCC coledotton Akage = {90 = 0 = 100 EN/m? To KN = 500 th = €18)-10 a A= A.B. AG Q © tnduined tub — UU [o=al G=G+G G wh Od +2. Cy ton Gs) oa = 100+ 249 = 00 tars) + 2 Cu on (4s) = 400 deny, 4 cf ay © © Lorna pan gehen Mal La AAA hg A eS. fT eyol @ Earth Heseure. Lateral Earth Pewure + ater Eo oe ties Backfill Rack of wal Types of late exrth presures Gn) + @ Ak et earth presume, i @ Active orth pressure, By © Passive rte presue ty @ Ab voit Font Resure (f): « de ocews wher Mhere dy no movement af wall. + Mo yeldonge + Elastte eqpilibrium amdition — Theory of- elastroilg — Re ke wihere, ky > CasticienE of atvac eth pressure, MM, = poigson’s tabi ye ds mot known), then [B=Gaall- @ Active Eats Presure. (ee cov AI \ + $e cecum when tee vvall snoves ane from the backeil|. \ + Plastic eyudsorum conciion. eisPressure (fy) : rover stews the backfill. og tart «TE occur when the wall = Plastic eqealibrium conditton GYV=G 1hHG oS + Failme wedge moves upwiads. AS, E So e woll movement <— = — Wall movement > amy rw) towards Crm) 9 : aabistment 2 . 2 > > 2 a a 2 aFankine's theory Atsumpbions coegicenl of temive eat pranurt a oD by Kaee, fe = | hCdert) BUNUN NII I Dd A dadhadld ' [yaaa | R= Chg tk |PIYTVIVVYVT YTV YY titel height j ae IH, = 22,UV Lee eeveveys Te find active force > te : @ Bepre formation of tension crack " R= fr de = Ayelrose sum of dotal area af paws diapom c eS © Apter -frmetion of tersin crack tH RB =f hide =A of nly He pine clk, + Th fk Pousive_prenure C-o sctle : B= hp Wy + 20m oH e eines At dP! G =0 > R=2cVkp : Ab bases Gy= TH B = kp-tH+ac Ve 4 clk. Teint ponive fore, = fi = Amer of, maine Spana tape “ag sable? ses ny ery Seu are Loting, Ab adetts 6 279 5 @ Tusk above’ © Tut belo G =sxtespule | gy on 7= 544 Beko a= 10khe | 2 B= ka = 2086 bla AE Tsim depth | " fas ty6-+ 102-23 Total force ,% = Lx1exa + fae Is Gi =37+45 7! Sane + gob = 346-7 kNIm = 17 kta “Be ka, G4 mh = O-44x IT 4 10x AS = (02.27 FR Neen? anf ko, = Oh = Es) Itsy Ac_3m der: G1 aq! @ Suk alate: kag! acho, +4 50 kPa = 40 Kha,a i a OG peak G~ ack (em oe 0 = kag -acyen 34 =f Lac tue (a oaeee B= ker TH at base S000 = ky. (100210 3 kya 0.24 bt ke tlh = 55 RE Efe Fee+ 5586 ae fo =P -( 3 = 30870 Kolm = 20.87 tf, Coulomb's ‘Theory : f + Back of ts walt & angi : : Cool pruction 1s fate’) a a 4 L follure plane, * Trtal & Error 3 + Graphical Had method, § = wal friction omyte ga Seg + The wall friction clecreases .activer paesune but increnes Pasitce . proses bth are advantageous For Rec retnining wall, REE Kankine's thedvy b teed deren wshertas far atone masonry [rigia, ype] vetarning wall Soules Habiy 4 generally wed. NaeidadaldaaldaaddaaaeelaeJIddaIII IIIRehbanms ea method : — Gfhical reload fr determining, Sotml active 8 passive grec accading te Ceuloumbls Meory — Also kenewn as “Poneelet’s Method! a w Culmann’s melted * came 2 Rehbann's method. — rove general tent! = can also be wed -for fine loads / + Coarse grained cohesieless oils are ‘the bet fr backfilling behind! Hh wall Clayey ceil 4 mot wed os backfill material since itis Ina permeable, it causes Aweling prose omd "more Lateral passute dur te Small & value, 1 7 a a 4 a 4a a Weep froler are provided for 2e diainage: of backfil. Pog 8% wt b [Awrece roles Y i GLLLLLLLLLLLUUUY i ak a an 4 BNI ' \« Farces qatach care foilurc 4 alepes > © Gravitational spree @ Seepage fore @ Brbapoke fore @ Ganstructim Joacks + Types of Alopes: @ Inginite slope. Ey: Mountain slope, @ Finite slope... F&: Eaathen dam, Road embankment, anal. ting) slopes. + Types of failures = ae: @ Translational failure @ Rottronal failure © wWedze frilue % @ Gmbined failure DTrAniletionat failures + sdf CS, tranlational fottue occur, @ fetctowt file: + for Safely © mut be kel < § Mee : ‘ Mg essing meme =o ‘. Feetor Hp Dring mene ue of, ae @ Wate ature: + Og Mp > Mp > fatline occurs fe, fh ete: My i fe os a = el all al Al = = A Al A RA= > ~ | > o> Face cle. | DER fet, Be = » b> Toe fain |. 2, ease filne » aN C— Bow friline Toe fait : a Saft-cil oo > ene ton i Fis Independent of da (y i<¢ safe)© Submerged lope tan o! ton t F= © Gf thre is a tecpage. prnoltel to slope F-G).me Eiinite Stopes + ~ Gonmorly Rotational failure AMtethieds available + © dy =O avalyses @ Mettod of sltees © Bishop's method ® Frctim cirele method @ Stability numbu. method @ G,=0 Analytic « + Suletle for undnoived satuveted ebys, Te + Trail & enor procen Graphical mettod at eee axaxd ag = area of wedge, Use a far Sub™erHed Alpe © Ute Taye for Madden dhawelown) (ee aaaaaaaan hansel ati at 0 0 VLLULLUULELUYYE EU Lele p eel el eye tt tt et 7 oT “eS S24 V4 VELL @ Method af Slice Also called Swedich Slip Cirle method xT For seepage ca a - ct +z (eu) eng tihere, Y > Neubiol force Guitavle er c-@ sis s method te find cetre of Gitical Skip Circle : tribal evele. for PURE CLAYS, tha crBe of celica Alip. civley zllenius Line@ Bishop's Melted + Thes meted abe conerder tie which are erected tn the @ Friction Circle Method» forces eacting on the Sides of slides Suedich “method. C = Cohesion Coy = mabidived cohesion = angle of fntenal -frretton by, = mobilised angle of thteral frictim S = Shear Atreng th = mobilised shea atreng tt. ie Mobilised > Actually. developed , AePencling. on requirement + Factr of Gately Eos) wrt cohesim, Fe = & ; = * Fos wit Fiction, Fy ae + FOS wrt ShearStenth, —_ S _ CtT tend Sm Cm + F tang, due 2 selp weight pyhich daemt A) @ Taylor's Stability Alumber ; EEL EL Wee too LILI PPP + Radius of fitctio circle,QD Failure surface ld & store Cyastotimel failure) a m4 Tae tant ie Ga—4ei) _ tan 36" ~q tani ic elas tee Surface then Fs tne tani tans “tan 43:16" gra tegen = 12" eee a wo 7 2062 Q Slam WS OxXixe = HE Tey 27 x 30.62. X MEE taro x 215 = 109° e P= Ro NM = yen 09 xe 10 Ro, r = 215%m a =Gw-1) = tore ne WS GnixT = WerniKie = 4963 m= IS ae he 1ASg x 21 mils Nala aatraelaelnednledelaePIIIIITIVIVY+10 ton 15” ag 0giz caunen load gackll a | { o ae ae Staples ee fumdatten BN fpudatios = Width of foundation 1D = Deplh of - TEDEB) ft felled * Shallow _Foundation* - TH o>B, tt hk called Deep Foundetim * % Gon prewure , Y + Net presure , 4, =@- 79) @ Gross Ultemate bearing Gy gol O Gros re bearing Capactyof ih Go tat, boary, Gauly of sei @ Nek Ultimate bearing cxpacity of sl, Try =(@,-7) @® Net Safe beating. Capacity of wil, 4 = a 6 nity) ns Coat rest tno “4 gee ae 70 @ Net sate cettlement pressure, ep @ Net allowable bearing Capacity of foil, 4p Va = Smaller of { Ins yh YEquation -fr design 9 foundation + : Denke sand 5 Stiff Clay- dane Medium, Se ecium, choy Shaan failure (Bs. 5) 1sose sam > fof clay Yeatny SelllementLe — failure Surface: Kankine’s Theor i © Used generally to find minima) depth of foundatten failure of. soil fo avoid shean failure To ave fhe. minimum depth of 5 a 5 3 a 2 5 > a 2 a 2y VUUUUUUEYY U e GL : 4 %= CN +7'D.Ny 40.5 TIEN, ~ Ly wit ie at footing level = CNe + TD.Ny 40.5 7'BNy = = > ~- 7 ~ _> a — a ca ae a ae © ty wre ata det #% zB, belowte footing — No effect v ) wr m ot lel @-@, oe Y= Ne FT -DNg $0.5 TENG 2 Ents OS) 7 D © tf wl ak kel + $= ONT TDN, + OS GBNy > y= Za 4 Ge) 7! B ev eo vody fs 3 vv Plate Load tex £ To find, Bearing Capacity 4 Cettlemeds + Plate Steet LULULUUVUeee eee MinSige = 30 cm x 300m son an at ht Max Size = 75 om xT cm j. -—— Min titcknes = 25mm PL = a a Fa cabrons of plete toad task: 1 DEB a abort dmetion TEE lot reliable for Clays) a Wid eect Dept. egpect ye Canrections 3 pe Hate toad THE : For settle ments = Qs ; whee, Sp Selle of fdo. of wid, By ta; 6 mer Bp = n+ Mele a nidt,, Bp eo ed Oe a ScH TDNG-S,-de-in + 0.57BN,. yy Ag ly + TBM, Sd 7 ctor factor nation factorvoy + For Fire Clays No = 57... as per Terzaght (fay tow i rough | Vy = O-Ne = 5.14... a4 por Frardtl (Footing bane te smooth lh a Setttements : Loadi for Sellement calculations : ae vue Fy Sands: Take DL+LL + wl (or et) ve For Clays : Take permanent loads DL + 50h of LL -- v -- LULL Types of Settlements oe @ Uniform Settlement @ Differential Gettlements —» More Detrimental + Compensated Rapt * * €9 Fileating an for ues [%=0] | ul oe ad 7D ; meee ULL aol aa ae 5 lage-e eee “> “QO G& =L[eu) +70 - eea > ben 2 = 4{¢9) +4 = 140 +7D K 2G S Uncngined cmprenive. atrengle ee eee 2 Ve eeoouesa 1 aN, =1068 Efe -1, —10 = 10 BNP 1) + 0AAA AAAAAAAAAAARELEELLTINE cece cen tt a tt aae ws 4%, = 4-7) = (#2 - ex) @ te» b= ex | for_ditim: Jena, O YH 1 “ - aD (m4 405118 Me] 4 aD waplens (1) ly Bar cby, meen, yet, My ee %) + 7D 1 oF {60 xs.) 16 4 = 12 EW Eatin Y = Ve ‘SSS BK ANY a ae Gea Seely eer For $, 285 mm —> 4, =f0 tf = to mm —>4 = 9ee rer caer Seo OM UU Ue © Oe Oe Cees tots20 AEP EAS SES EG s 05 (01) © File Fourdaten — Deep foundatray = Punching Shear Failure PSE) occur Necensity : ® Loads are heavy & fil tr poor @ for expansive soils the Black atten crile Classification : G@) Based on Function or furpore : @ Compaction pile. @ Fenske Tension pile: @ Anchor pile ® Batter pile © Fender or Dolftin Pile @) Based on Load transfer: @ Fricttm pile —enclayey ile @ End bearing pile > if vests on Tecky © Friction cum end beariry —> fx Sands ye a = Ik 265 |} |h ae% I fo, Alt Frackton File te End Bearing tile: where, @ Oy Frtckion cum End Boaving Fide = End bearing reistance @, = Skin frictional yesiatance Shagt resistanceTo ectimate Gopaclly) A= TAL = perimeter x 4, = Shear Stiength of Soil usher Skin frickisn) ise bearing panty ak pile tip > Bor Clays «(G6 =0] C-Ne tahere, C= esbetion of il of pile bate eve Noa cahetion of sil near Pike Surpace & = adhesion factor 6 Shear mobilivatioy factor s If R=1 — for soft cla, HSA => fer Stig clays +[e=0] + & effective verticl presure. Bee: se) base level ae Ory ag LED L<=D- A op ae ts a eS whee, D, = Crlteal depth (dept $00 wou Gi) doyar Prewure increates neat ly) Pe UL UU LULUsoil Hype Hak Tn Clays EK Ih Soncly: (00 KN /r? 40-45) 1 x 45 10-45) x 0.40 y 100) i@ Oy eevee om * 1 | +. Ie | a =) exoq 1100] 4 Let Es > _> = re UD, = AG Tou ere Ye SE He = 2 ter/m? re ; T= Gu %) » = 8 ag r = 4 tot — yu . Q, = AL! Ny + Ay-k. G!.tané = = Trbarsattosue + Qrogsxe.aiax (22) tn a0! =, + (Wrouents) 1a x 4-5 Ktan 20" rn. = 98.3 toot E> nes > roup Teles = - Ms ganin of files andlor a column i ze 5 oO a Nan spagne P 2) oO 0 i eee ey Sead for fiction piles O° Se Bo 245d for end teming BRS: ae a - gmp piles avoid eecembteity- Dy By ain tea cose af fiction piler, Sor emenk cloalotions , the bo 15 auumed 6 be ockiy oka. deh = TAP KN ia 7 ‘* Hous, = er 516 + 5l ar) - ge Pl ae Mul Fall a — eS lg = 18 nn] => Dynamic fale: © Engineering Nov formulae @ tHileys Forrula. a Hot "ay oa a fier Ble. geaiet value: 2 (ent rosie) 46 ct « CESS \ gy cece [oe 2 Gre le) cis, © WA. om ponte: “| itant ome or drop EE Fe = buashom br ohare tornmmar Facer safety = Usually, 6otal settlements of et teltoment- f . F 10% of Pile diameter ot Lond at whid. 0[eevee eeres U Lv Negative Skin friction + ding force is = [Re ently filed up wal. pee Soi we 1 t t t Sope clays | Loote ands Recently filled ‘we falls Gan ete) Ve skin frtcktan occur Oy = tale SE De dence | i. 8 Rage Foundetion + and eee feitlenent’ in ertatic. soil seal than indinidee! 08% when the. dotal bane 070 @y + gro rend more econow cect obant S07: of late Youre indi vidual fob yo conta well Foundation + = yy feo bridges crows rivets. pop amon nu x, sk cette DM ies.12mm Selec obfo7|u Under Reated Jeed for expe = haft@n Stem(d) © salle) dq | ) ; ek « The bulb provider anchorage 4 Se Und uplifting d cosk-in-sttu pile¥ DOUBLE REAME Downed load Carr yong a 2. Ts 7 Gt cane +5 40 De-¥-c + TA-y).«.c Uplgting reusing copacity , Gap [oea]ene +7 D.¥c + 14y).a.c + Sapneeg Me 2 Load tomate 12 — Saye Load = ae — E AU 2 © Qe = [pi-a’}e N, 4dL).x-C + lp wt | ot ft tot > a =i [ont oas*}0x4 + 1x0.251(6-0-4) 0-5 a - a = 300.8 ~ 301 a w -oee » iy E> => BD» a.An “under vermed pile har thee bolbe. ‘the total lengia abate Pile #285 m, tae clicmeter of tne shagk ty 40cm Bulb iometee, 4 25 timer tha shape diameter. Take @ = tein. The conte to Centre vertkal ditkance beeneet the bulbc 6 126m: Estimate the safe clewnward Jead carrying Gapacite with a acter of safety of 3, Soh Sate load, = dc ny cE tne +Id-ya.c +1 Dy <} tle , pe? c=40 He Ne Gage toad = Lf 19.16 + 41r.62 4 120.95 ad ya 3 { Nés sa6] 892.5 KN —— +544 ve}fron term tn these overburden press uae e. B07 NE ee any ve overburden premure , KN fapy e @ Dillalaney Correction + Only if the Aoid 4s Fine Sand or Silt and J present beloo W.T Corrected Value, N" if Mists then N’ a oF i Ni<1s then N'=N! - Cone penetration tat (CPT) : oe een DULLLULUVUUeUeeeLEe + Cone 4 fenetrated Into the sot| by tinfiack loading As i i short term tooding , iE is best for Cohestanlers seth. ~ : —— . . f : NSE NUNN NU NERS eA Che BOF a af a af af af os Be moevppert: type 7 Se mer) darth of fencbokion ts