Surcharge oa: Principe of Effective stress ~The principle of effective stress hans put Syeward by serzoghi (1936). aie States that # AL measurable effect of a change | tn Stress, Such as Compressive, Shear Strength, deformatis sdistortion are due de Change i in effective stress." ix > Tie princlpw of effective Sere 1s most important Principte ‘of soit mechanics.a ial (File) Memo No. _ 44 eel Dae) Capitan. Rise = Capiarity is to primary. oreo that enables she soit 40 | retain eter, “as waa ast Feguiate its movement. = “he phertomeron of apiuariy aise occurs in #he soit. > “Water moves upward through Sait pe pores, ‘oF spaces bet” soit si parties. - Te “height Of Which the water rises is dependent Upon pore size. 4 Asa resut, the smaller ates ‘soit pores, the higner te Capiuory rise rise. “seetion Re Ri, 6'= (Yeo) gH ryt a 6= (YoodlaHa au 6! (soi) Hs ‘sectlon. C—C} 6 (yoo) Hat (Yealat, =| 5 “ cls WYoot)a Hat (sed) ote — fille “Guick Sund Conditions > All the cotesioniess soit noses the Shear ‘Strength due duet “zero ro effective stre Stress is the ‘Conditiona# guick Sond Conditions. = > “Be effective stress is reduced due +0 Upward Flow oF water, > Te Soil shot experince quick Sand Condition tou Joose Shear Sdrength ¢ ‘raring Capacity . > The Sheor strength of Cohestonless seit depends on #he etfective stress. —7 At pe guck sand Condition, Grivieat Onit[hyarautie) gradient = Void ratio Where, OF Sp. gravity of sol, _ Seepaae Ainaysis Het tearing sal a a Contained » Seepage analysis is Prleeaviny ‘concerned we Lag md Et invaves TaeTting te Source oF Aeak @ aes gring. Q Solution +0 “rectify. the Pprobern.4 a [*]/4] Memo No, 12 (mor me] mo] [STE] Date fof Flow Net! ; > A Set oF fiw lines ¢ equpotertiat lines is cated a fou net. — FB Flow lines isa tine along. Which a Water particle Win travel. —y AIM equipsterstial line is a line Joining the Points that Show the same Plezornettic elevation. =P e - @ fiw equipetentia dine Should meet right angle to each other, @ rtersection of fiow tines froma fied © “Te fea fs G@ways Szuore. @ Dorcy's tow is appticabie. @© Potertat drop is independent of tatar Frou of Water, © “Wier discharge is the surn of discharge fmough each channels @ No two iow times Cross each other: @ Flow € equipoterstiat lines are srrooth curves. @ No tuo Flows oF equipstertiat dines stort from the Same point. Z Equipetential Rpplicatien of Flow Net tne —> Determination of seepage discharge. —> Determination of tora head . —> Determination of pressure head. 7 Dettrrination of exit hydrautic gradient. = How tin ~P Dererrrination of seepage Force, | Seepage Getow Concteie Dares ) mpervious Stata ] 9 The Study OF Water Flow through previous sei rmedia is Very SsentlaL 40 Understand the mechanics of Soll. > TH include the tate oF Neokage of Kater through an earitiers Soil, Fate of SeHHerrent OF Fourrdation p deterring > factor of Salty. of embankments hich in turn 49 Kho Strergth. —> “Whe Flow through sols Can one, two oF three dimenstonakh OSCMemo No. _ 13 a __ Date / if Seepage “Discharge B Wom @ Raunt ne + of Un u ‘confined Flos _> The quantity of seepage due to Finw my be “stimaies by y drawing Low he hich is Shower: in Figure beious. ene ea Ite > bith eference ig te Fa sing 4 ‘ ray be ae ea in order cad Wheres H= Net hydra tic. head oF fon = Stream tne om “Total discharge Ahrough fiw net eulloa Equipetenta line. OLe Flow Ahrough one Channel Ne = Number of flout Chonmel. “bh Head Joss bet” 400 adjacent epipote Wt Nnesstss Banco ME = Number oF 7 : SS Where, = A= Gren across Ptow Channel. es tah b= AL= distance beth equpotentiat lines: a “9 Head loss For Every potertial drops AR= HO!” Ng —T 3a as —> Gradient) b= a = ah ( For every Potential drop) $0) t=_Ah —> Fiow oo Channel as per dorcy's Low, AL=Vi =kia bNg . g= KH. _-s “Total Plow per unit Width across cach fies Channel . i big - J. Ys KX NE 4 — a=b, then Ng 7 Deleeminagion of Hydrostatic pressure ae ~ Hydrostatic pressure in the Flow area Con be analyzed by means of Fiout net. =Memo No. _ 4+ Date / / Sheet Pie ’ Safety Check > Sheet fie aus ate © wide. | used For both Jorge + Srrvait Liokerf-or Structure, © Steet sheet ® Concrete —> Pro aes | high resistance to ahving: ‘stress. ~~ —> Can be reuse on Several Projects. = > Tots are des, a > Light weight : => section Cam rarely be « used as park oF he perrorant structure. > Tnstanetion oF sheet pines ts difficut in Solis ith boulders or ~ Cabbies = > Sheet Pit diving ray » Cause _heghborteod disturb 7 _ Compaction oF it” a : Co > > Compactin Means ¢ preeing ae seit p Mt particle clase cise 3 * each, ach Other by Svechanea inetd —> “Te increase the Shear strength of sal > “To increase the dry density. oF soit | —> To teauee compre ss <7 “Te minimize the Shrinzage f Swoting- propery.a) [l Memo No. Date / / TH ig am artificial reese It isa Natura process. ) at is geen process. Tt ts gradu 1 process. Static 409 Hood i ts Opptied. Conducted in Saturated seit. "Veture “oF Soi secrease 52 by | expusion [of uiater from Void sot for Sarre aroun of Compaction. “fen Stowe rethed of Compaction. (Dirirwurk oP ropactiog Arn Fimourt of | "Compaction increase the Fate oF Cormpaction Can be ineresed | tate of Compaction. Lab Compaction “Test @ stondard proctor “Test ®tavard minigture Compaction test @ Mouifiea proctor/AnsHTo Test | @ Abbot Compaction test, @ Tosipur ini Compactor: “test a | 7 Ostondord procht Test ~ 7 assess to arnount of Compaction @ the Woer Content required in in the in the _Maboratory fia, , Com action tests are done on the Some sot — ~ he “tests Provide a relationship bet” the water Contert @ dry. density. | —* The test was developed by R.R Proctor | |MemoNo._ 26 [s[s0 Date / / Standard | proctar oF West IS Carried OF 49 fo Tu| We) Th] Fr aid Determine the relationship aroph bet” imoisiure ¢ Content é dry density, > Determine the max™ dey density of Sou that rust be achieved in Piet. > Determine the optirmurn rndisture Corrtent oF Sait. —> Estabiish @ moisture range “thot can ensure minimum Compaction efor te Aebieving the dtsiret density Apparatus: @ Cytindricat tebe moud With base plate

Tt is observed that the diy derisity initiany, increase With ar tnerease in Water ha= Sh Content Hn the max density (Bmax is attained. . = “zero dir Voids line (ab sf saturation Nine) —> With further increase tn Water Content, the dry density decreases. > “The Water Content at tahich maximurn dry. density. occurs, the particular Weler Content sry. density. {gs Know as ome. zero oe a ng pied > Aline Uibich Shows the Water Content — dry density. retation for Compacted seit, Contsiing Q Constant */. of air Voids is Known as “Zero ait Yoid line. ~ Where; hq = of air void | y= density of Woter We Water Content | Py = dry density. Go = Specific gravity > The theoretical mox™ Compaction far any given Water Content Corresponds +0 SF pound barimer 20 pound Prarumet 3 layer & layer [Ae inch height | 28 ich eight(3) [ml] [2 Memo No,_18 [wo] ru ]we] mr [aso Date aa, ] Specification of Compaction — 7 > Ir most specifications for earthwork , the Contractor is instructed +5 actieve a Cormpacted Fic dry unit “Welght of 90-95 ‘of the aK ty unit [, deterrrined i in the laboratory. by. either he Standard oF modified Prodtordest ? R= Reletive tornpaction. ~ For the Cormpaction of granular sails, specifications Sometimes a Ore bitten in teres of the tepueed rettve density or fhe tepired Felative compaction. —> Reintive density con be Written as, - see Efiirae) — Yates tae Comparing, absve both equation . sjarere, Ro = Yatminy —@ Yatrnax) ; | 7 onthe basis of observation of 43. soit 5 Samptes, Lee £ wg (4934) devised a Correlation bet” Red Defer granular gos » ~ Field Conitol OF Compaction > Compaction Contra is done by measuring the dry density. & the water Content of Cormpacsed seit in the fied. (iy Maier Cormier at Which dhe Seit has beer Cormpacted. We second method is Cormmnanty. used tn he field.a my (St Memo No. _13 Tu] We] Th] Fr | Sa] Su Date / / Method ot Compact ion i in Fietd « ov “ele esau = are Oniy. Suitabse fe Particulae Salis “OF Siiis t in Parsicutar conditions. (@Mrating— a stress is applied repeatety rapidly via a mechanicauy driven plate oF harnmer, wen Seabints with rolling. Compaction - Qeponding method = for an Hypes oe ‘Soi. “sheep , Fook Foner — Cohesive Stil Smooth Lather Fouer Coke sioness Soil With serait “Impact Caer - ‘cohesive o Cohaiontess agi Uh Srmat area. “pording methad Ayers oF s soitMemo No. 20 Sa] Su Date / / Compaction in Road @ Forrmation of embankment, urting, “subgrade preparation, base Preparatiin (vibratory, toner is used in Compaction) + @ Wearing. Course (hot mix “asphalt, Premix Grnereie) (pneumatic totter is Used in Compaction) . "Special Pararngker 40 be Considered in in Ermbarikrner th, Cutting , Sub grade Preparation , base Preparation” iy Neture & type of soit . ti? Water content at the time of Compaction. itty site Condition: yi Leather Type of shee Mayer thickness. ivy Compactive effort, type of plant/roner (weight, Woration, number oF Passes, Wy wy density +0 be maintained. Special Porameters 40 be. Considered Fer Cernpaction in Wearing Course (het mix Asphat , Prernix Gnerete) 7 Environmentat Pactors —> Ground temperature —y Rin ternperature —> lind Speed —y Solar Puy. ti Mix properties fottors > Rgeregae = —y Gradation (size, shape © Voturne) iy Bitumen binder —> Physicat properties —y Chemical properties —» Amount (spray tate) ivy Constructton Factors @ Ronee —> “Types, Number, speed, umber of Passes, Lif thickness © others —y production temper — —y How distance — —» Haut Hime yz Foundation Support —> Galo gical Condition -(a) aL Sal [Fe[Sa]80] } ] Shear st: enngth of sin —> “Re Sheor strength of soit is max™ resistance 49 sheer stress dust be fore the faiture . Factor Fefecting shear strength of Cehesiontess ‘seit © shape of partici: —y When other Parameters is identicar, anquiar shape parsicies OF Sand produce Sheor Strengih rmore then that of founded shape particns, @ tradation —> “E+ ts Gbserved that a Uniform Graded sand hove tess shearing, sirerigih ther that of Ltan Traded. @ Denseness —> When density. increases inter ct ing increase +o “some extent. “consequently, the Greater the denseness, the renter the strength. @ Confining pressure —» Shear strength increase Lith ar increase in Confining® Pressure. but for the range of Pressure inthe Cormmon fietd Probierns athe effect of confining Pressure or: the angie of shearing resistance ts not signi Picance. Factors Affecting. shear strength of Cohesive soit Structure oF Cla rtermediate Principal sess Stress histor: v pa t @ Clay, Content @ Repected Apading. © Disturbance @ Drainage Conditions | @ Confirring pressure ® Rate of strain @ plasticity index Principar plorics printipal stresses Three mutuany. orthogonal planes wae Con pass through a point @ if Shear sttess on Such plone is “Zero, then the plones are Coned Principte planes. D We three mutuay. orthogoral plane passing through o point is called principal plone. 2) The plane with max normal Stress Co) onit is Catted major principal plane. gror mdm 1 (63) ©" ety eminor principal plone, Qin iu 4 intermediate ww (62) v4 intermediate principat plane.ee) [ma] [A] [4 Memo No. Mo| Tu | We] Th | Fr |Sa] Su Date / / S7 Max™ shear stress can be equal to hoif tte difference bet” major & Principe Sress. 9 Sheor stress on +wo rutu any, Perpendicular pines are equalin magnitude ¢ Opposite | Ih airection« ” xf the melon principie plane is herizontal ’ minor - principe Plone, is Vere © Wice versa, the origin of the plone lies on 6 axis. 7 The resuttant Stress on any plone is given, be a ott Frictional Force (Fx) == eta g Jaro ey 2 coefficient of Permeability is Canstort > Angle of internat Friction ig Constant (9) ~> Normnat stress is indeperdent-of Cohesion. =e Ringe OF ease repase is constant. since __[ wee, "The Shear ~ Strength of soit "T= Sheor strength of so t= ston gic ae soi) —O| ¢= Norrmat ee C = CohesionFig} Cohesive soit From et @ From. ax @ compare with 7" bs has hot Considered ps | pore Latoter + be achieved Shear Fairer of soi, = soaker pressure rust be. takers into effective shear strength Horrnel Stress ee = effective angie of repose , eHfective Coke starMemo No. _ 2 Date / / os Pcie “Calcuiation of Normal Stress 5 Shear Stress at Tifferert- Plane In Figure, Point E represents rina pr oint cl is riddle with Rapa Co-ordinate stress rinetpal ‘sttess | ‘ae Paint E repent major principte sites ‘eu equat 40 St G+ 6 the circle {s each Point an circie gives ‘stress s ¢ t on particular, i — It cars be shown that, the point D0 on curve gives the Stresses o on pre aun with ¢ OS ‘acenter ¢ EF asa Barner, Inciined at angie Gobe the maior principte piane. From the figure OH = OC+CH = SHE; i —= + SS 9820 = Ss DH CDsin2eg = Sin plete} since = Z Relation of Principle stress at Falture Condit!oms Let R (0s) be the FeSutant HB stress of stresses @ ¢-z, te Ra deta et ; . there 6 = angie of obiiquity- then, 0 = Oriox = f , then resultant lint OD become tangent to the crew.#] “eS Memo No, 23 _ Date / / Ai Abis: Stage , the Soll Fras Wi be Just onthe point of Paliure on the plane tepreserted by @ tine inclined at ange ox +0 the direction of tmojor principle plane. > The tangent (0D) is Known as faiture ENVELOPES oF Strengih Envelope « $; Orax = P= angie OF interral Friction « ie. cmax™ angle oF obliquity, fC hS + Bmax =z ca 2 “Brees of shear “ests @ direct shear test © “Wiaxiat Compre ssion test @ nconfined Compression test @ Vane Shear +est Direct shear Test — Xt is also Knowr as box shear test © drained tes+ © Consolidated undrained test — This the sierpie test +o find the Shear strength of Soil: —> The Apparatus used for direct Shear Stress is kmown as, Shear box. vy Specimen is Sheared quickly in about — Shear box is Cleaned ¢ dried. ) Ny NNR ; BOR Proving ring- | KX 5+ 10 minute. Ly I , 7) A | ba i [s¥ sPorsus. Stones > | 2 eee T Nowmat food ZZ [e" x oro One =. A PRR PURI. t RQ XY ‘i x) LMR oOo AS Router —y Sarmpie of soil placed +o 4he Shear box: vy Generany the size of Shear box used for Clay 4 Sand is 6Cmx6Em fF Sarnple is 2orm thick» Tn case of Graver Jarger box having- Size Bocm x30¢m is used @ thickness of Sarnpie 1s 15¢™.[| [tm {im [4] (| Memo No. 28 wine Th] Fr [Sa] 8] Date / / 735; he Sot Specimen ts loaded ‘Versicor tad is Canned as Haren lag. by whi Which Formal stress is found: —> A Shear force is opetied groduatty | ‘here normal oad is hel —> The shear Force Minick Couses Shearing. displacement in suit is recorded by 4 Constant, _Arrovgto etn Previn y tin } - —> Shear- stress (2) is obtained ith the e hap oft max” apptied shear force « ¢ Cross sectional area of Specimen at Shear Plane —> Bono of tests are (Carried on diferent Votes of Formal stress, —aA “Braph is is plotted bet” shear stress # normal “stress then steongth “envelope is detained With the hep oF ou Coutornb , thesry Marien is nothing but Strength ine Shown iin Figure. —> FE any point F having? Coordinate (6; 2) on the sirengih envelope (faiture envernpe), rajsr & minor principte ste Stresses along ath heir Planes are Obt dined “With the hetp of mmohr's Circle as giver an ber « ie —> Normal stress fi; mot Clecte Disadvarrtages of irect shear test => ‘Drainage Condition Cont be controled. —> Fffective mormat stress Can't be determined. — Te faiture plane ts Pre— determined. > Entire soi mass ray. not fait at atime. > ‘Aitturete Vatue of Shear stress Can't achieved.fei@liels oF (io) Tu [we] m] Fr [Sa] i Memo No. Date / ff “iaxtal Shear “Test —> “is 4est is used For the. determination ob ‘Shoot “characters stics of an types of soils. Ea | = > In aris test, a cyinatica specienen | is non is stressed under C Conditions of axial “> The soit Sorple is ‘Prepared “@ placed | ‘in triaxial cen. then, she confining “Pressure 6 is “oppiied. — The “devietor Stress ig sa)is apptied. this induced § Shear stress. Uaihin the Sample the Axial Stress Opplies is increased +tin the Soit sornpte Faits. > The Opplied stress axial | strain + pare Mote Pressure is rneasured for bot of the Above Steps. _ EE > “Rlaxiat shear 4est Conducted in 1 different Variations, . : @ Unconsoltdated-undroined test: —> Soil Sampie is Subjected +0 Cet Pressure With a hho provision of drainage. 2 —¥ (ON Pressure is maintained O Constant Value ¢ aviator Stress is increased Untt the Sormpte Polis. @Alonsoudated Undrained +es@ —> During the apptication of cen pressure On the sample, ~ & drainage is permitted. > Dewiator stress is Opptied Keeping’ the Cet presure Constant & mo provision of Further drain age. ® Consoutated stained tes — Uvicioer stress is increased by alwing the drainage to happen ¢ the Cet Pressure | is aso vert corerarstsMemo No. 28 Date i } Unconfired Compression Test —> Ttisa Spe cia Porm of triaxial test in Which the confining Pressure — This test is Conducted only on clayey se is “Zero: deviator stress ig found as, 6 1 ee Where; p= axiat ad , A= area of cross section > “He aviat stress at Lihich the specimen Fai is Known as “unconfined Compressive “strength (qu ~The Mohr Circe Can be drawn for, “stress Conditions at Toiture. — AS the miner principe stress ts zr, the Mohr Circe passes through origin. > Tre foiture envetope is horizontal > The (ohesion intercept is equal to radius of circte- Insite Vane shear Test > Tis 4est is Conducted 40 determine the Shear Strength ey OF Cohesive Soil- — Fot Conducting he 4est, the shear Vane is. pushed into-the ground a the bottorn of bore hole : —% Ithen a torque is applied through the angie at the top of the tod, the soit Is Sheored Qiong @ Cylindrical Surface: —> Fro torque required +o Shear of ahe Soil ¢s measured by ameans of Spring, balance ~> The undrained Shear strength of soi ig deterrnined from eqn, Where, T= Torque D= Diarneter- He HeightMemo No, 29 Date T / Consatidation # seHlernerds : r concept oF Consolidation _a THis a process invotvin y decrease in the Water Conterst of a Saturated soit jihout replacement of the Later by air, Ly This measure by Oedorneter oF Conspitdormeter, Ly unit of consolidation is cr?/sec, oF Hnches Yorin = “The “opposite 40 Consolidation due to increase i in Water + Content OF increase 15 vourne ef savia is known as Swelting = - “Types of Consolidation = THe reduction in Vowrne oF salt after application of toad. = fo saturated soit 8 ie ecurs dueto Compression oF solid “Portictes. The Feduction in Volurne OF Soil after Compl ‘expusion OF Water from Voids. iseconsary, onssidation —> The teduction in Voturne of soit after Completion oF primary ‘Consolidation os The quantity of Secondary Consondation 1s Very Small. 5 Consotidadion of Sot due to Fouowing factors ie fo external Sai load Coming From sructure. > due to Se? Weight of soit =? Due +o Lowering, oF round Water table « —7 due +0 dessication. Test of Con Soli dation +> Te laboratory. consolidation test is Conducted with ar apparatus Known as strane ¢ Consalidetion ce in Which the Consolidormeter consisting? essentiaty ofa Jona “Specimen | kept.[35] (tm) [4] Memo No. _30 [mo] tu wo] th] Fr [Sa] Su Date / / —> Porous Stones are put on the +p ¢ bottom ands of Spec ring cen Floating: tiny Celt respect tively. — tn tbe Fixed Cen, OMly the +0p Porous stone is permitted to move downwards as the Specimen compresses. wa Cin “the Roating 1 ring ce y cet, both +9 op ¢ bottom Porous “Stone, are free 4 40 > he leading machine is Usuany “Capable oF applying’ steady Verticany Pressure “upto tontiey OF 1000 KN Niet do te ne Soil “specimen. a F ges reading Showing the Fnat Compression “Under Gach Pressure increrrent are also Fecorded: —> After the Completion oF Consolidation under the desired maximum