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Fluid Mechanics Chapter 5

1. The document discusses key principles of fluid mechanics including conservation of mass, momentum, and energy. 2. It introduces the Bernoulli equation which relates pressure, velocity, and elevation in fluid flow. 3. Examples are provided to demonstrate how to use the Bernoulli equation to calculate pressure, velocity, and maximum height of a water jet.

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78 views31 pages

Fluid Mechanics Chapter 5

1. The document discusses key principles of fluid mechanics including conservation of mass, momentum, and energy. 2. It introduces the Bernoulli equation which relates pressure, velocity, and elevation in fluid flow. 3. Examples are provided to demonstrate how to use the Bernoulli equation to calculate pressure, velocity, and maximum height of a water jet.

Uploaded by

ballDISCOVERIES PHballDISCOVERIES
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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5-1 Introduction

Conservation of Mass

Conservation of Momentum

Conservation of Energy
5-2 Conservation of Mass

Mass and Volume Flow Rates

Inexact differentials
path function (heat, work,
mass transfer
Exact differentials
Point functions
Inexact differentials
path function (heat, work, mass transfer
Exact differentials
Point functions
mass flow rate through the entire cross-sectional area
of a pipe

Average Velocity
Volume Flow Rate
Mass and Volume
Flow Rate
Conservation of Mass Principle

Rate form

Mass Balance
Energy Equation

Total Energy of a Flowing Fluid


THE FIRST LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS

ENERGY ANALYSIS OF STEADY-FLOW SYSTEMS


THE FIRST LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS
Bernoulli equation,

  
      
 
2  2 


        
  
  
 
   
Bernoulli equation,

  
      
 
 2  2 
    
 
    
     
   
Limitations on the Use of the Bernoulli Equation

1. Steady flow
2. Frictionless flow
3. No shaft work
4. Incompressible flow
5. No heat transfer
6. Flow along a streamline




   
   
           
 2  2    
   
  

 

 
2 


 
  

Pressure Head
Velocity head
Elevation head
5–5 ■ APPLICATIONS OF THE BERNOULLI EQUATION

EXAMPLE Spraying Water into the Air


Water is flowing from a hose attached to a water main at 400 kPa gage. A
child places his thumb to cover most of the hose outlet, causing a thin jet
of high-speed water to emerge. If the hose is held upward, what is the
maximum height that the jet could achieve?


    400,000 
       
 2  2  
 
 1000  9.81 

  
 
  .  !

 


400 
  
 
1000  


400,000 
 

 
1000  

Bernoulli equation

Conservation of mechanical energy principle

Unsteady, compressible flow

Static, Dynamic, and stagnation pressure


Static, Dynamic, and stagnation pressure
Limitations on the use of the Bernoulli Equation

1. Steady flow
2. Frictionless flow
3. No shaft work
4. Incompressible flow
5. No heat transfer
6. Flow along a streamline
Hydraulic Grade Line (HGL)
Energy Grade Line (EGL)
Graphical representation of Mechanical Energy

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