Iswandaru Widyatmoko

Webinar Pavement and Materials

Jurusan Teknik Sipil dan Pustrans Universitas Andalas, Padang, Indonesia
4 September 2021
Iswandaru Widyatmoko PhD MSc ST CEng FCIHT FIAT

Transportation & Infrastructure, AECOM, UK Over 20 years as a research director and principal
Technical Director for Research investigator for AECOM (UK):
[email protected] ❑ Providing technical support and training, and research
and development in highway, motorsport, airport
pavement and bridge surfacing materials.
Universitas Pertamina, Indonesia ❑ Serving as supervisor and external examiner for PhD
Adjunct Professor, Civil Engineering candidates at some universities.
❑ Published over 150 technical and research papers in
journals, conferences and book chapters.
Institute of Asphalt Technology, UK
Fellow and Professional Qualifications Chair British Standard Institution (BSI) committees
❑ B/510/1 (Asphalt Products), B/510/2 (Surface Treatments),
B/510/19 (Bitumen and Related Products)
Chartered Institution of Highways and
Transportation, UK Assessor roles
Fellow and Chartered Engineer ❑ PhD external examiner
❑ UK Professional Engineers (CEng)
Association of Asphalt Paving Technologists, US ❑ Journal editors and technical reviewers
Member
Practical research: Improve whole life cost through materials innovation

– Next generation of road surfacing

– Pavement construction automation
– Smart pavement infrastructure
– Surface characteristics and safety policy
– Performance specification for road and airfield pavement
– Concrete pavement asset management & whole life cost
– High temperature resistant concrete for vertical landing aircraft
Current Research
Promote implementation of circular economy, realising “Digital transformation and sustainability
low carbon and zero waste in construction works. in design, construction and maintenance”
1. Holistic approach by integrated design for
optimisation of polymer modified and self-healing
materials for durability, climate resilience, life
cycle cost and sustainability.
2. Augmenting design practices via digital platform
to promote smart consumption of primary material
resources.
3. Use of smart sensors to monitor the condition of
infrastructure assets in real-time, to provide
detailed records of existing materials and their in-
service history towards end of life.
4. Optimising use of intelligent tools to facilitate site
specific evidence-based design, to gain better
confidence in incorporating end of life 1) Widyatmoko, I., “Recent technologies to pave roads to zero waste in construction
infrastructure assets in their rehabilitation projects works”, Keynote paper, 13th International Conference on Transportation Planning
and Implementation Methodologies for Developing Countries (TPMDC), Bombay (On-
while maintaining high quality and good efficiency line), 10-11 December 2020
2) Widyatmoko, I. “How digital transformation accelerates implementation of circular
with improved safety. economy in engineering design”, Keynote paper, 7th ICETIA, Surakarta (On-line), 8
December 2020

Page 4
Outline
Definition of sustainability and green infrastructure

Asphalt materials produced by green technology

Research on waste and secondary materials

Unlocking the potential for implementation

Definition of Sustainability

• “Development that meets the needs of

the present without compromising the
ability of future generations to meet their
own needs” (Brundtland Commission)
• Sustainability is about bringing lasting
economic, social and environmental
benefits (UK Highways Agency)
• Sustainable Development and
Procurement “requires change and
innovation in technologies and behaviours
to deliver:
• Better products & services
• More efficient processes – negligible waste
• Goods & services with lower impacts
• Well-being of people & communities”
Sustainable Infrastructure
• construction,
• safety (fatalities, injuries, maintenance, and
• property damage); rehabilitation costs;
• smoothness; • vehicle operating
• vehicle operating costs; costs;
access, • crash costs
• mobility;
• aesthetics

Energy consumption;
GHG emissions;
noise;
air quality;
Storm-water treatment

Page 7
Green Infrastructure
SUDS
SUstainable Drainage Systems

1.It allows rainfall to be captured and

to percolate into the ground.
2.It reduces stormwater runoff
3.It recharges groundwater
4.It supports sustainable construction
Greener Infrastructure

Digital twins enable beneficial uses Clever use of data and efficient
of connected and rich database, reuse of materials are vital if we
which have been developed from are to reduce carbon emissions
stages of design, construction and and waste when building and
O&M managing road networks
(source: https://infrastructure.aecom.com/ )
Renewable
sources

Smart
sensors

Database

Recycling

Digital
twins
 • ‘Live’ database of quarries and resources
• Prioritise reclaim, reuse, recycle
when managing end of life • Preservation of natural resources
infrastructure assets
Raw • Approved by-product materials
• Adopt zero waste landfill
approach
materials • Smart and self-healing materials
Conceptual approach to holistic design

• Utilise the life cycle track

records from Big Data
and IoT • Integrated design for durability
and sustainability
Holistic • Predictive empirical models
End of Life
Design (based on IoT and Big Data)
• Allowance to use higher contents
of reclaimed and by-product
materials

• Real-time health monitoring • Automation in construction

• Regular update of records on • Real-time quality inspection

Smart Smart
pavement condition and • BIM or equivalent tools
maintenance Operation Construction
• Robust deterioration model through
machine learning & artificial
intelligent

Widyatmoko, I. “Digital transformation to improve quality, efficiency and safety in construction of roads incorporating recycled materials”, IOP
Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, Volume 599, 2nd Intl. Conf. on Green Energy and Environment 2020 (ICoGEE 2020),
doi:10.1088/1755-1315/599/1/012093
Asphalt
materials
produced by
green
technology
 • Green technology is describes the use
of technology and science to create
products that are more environmentally
friendly.
What is green
technology • The goal is to protect the environment
and in some cases, to even repair past
damage done to the environment
Different approaches to apply green technology
✓Use of longer-life materials Increase
demand
• Current approaches: asphalt materials
• Future developments: self-healing materials

✓Low energy construction

Energy
• Low temperature asphalts (WMA, HWMA, CMA) use
• Bio-based (vegetable) binders

✓Use of waste and secondary materials

Finite
✓Reclaim, reuse and recycling resource

Page 14
Introduction to
asphalt materials
Asphalt or bitumen?

In North America bitumen is commonly known as

‘asphalt cement’ or ‘asphalt’; this should not be
confused with the term ‘asphalt’ as just described
which has been used widely outside North America.

USA Europe+
Asphalt cement, or Bitumen
asphalt
Asphalt concrete Asphalt

Page 16
Current European practices
Sources of bituminous binders

– Natural asphalts
• Typically found as lake or rock impregnated with bitumen
• Gilsonite, Trinidad Lake Asphalt, Buton asphalt
– Refined bitumens
• Paving grade bitumen
• Oxidised and industrial bitumen
– Synthetic binders
• Processed from renewable sources (vegetables, plants)

Page 18
Trinidad Lake Asphalt (TLA)
– Penetration 2 + 2 dmm
– Ring & Ball Softening Point 93 – 99 oC
– Soluble bitumen 53 – 55%, mineral matter 36 – 37%, other 9 – 10%
– Maltenes 63 – 66%, asphaltenes 34 – 37%

19
What is Refined Bitumen?
“A dark-brown to black, highly viscous
material obtained from the residue of
processing suitable crude oils.”

In chemical terms:

“A complex mixture of aliphatic, aromatic

and naphthenic hydrocarbons in Lancaster, I. “ Bitumen & Bituminous Materials”, IAT Training Day, 2013

combination with mono-, di- and poly-

substituted heterocycles and hetero-
substituted chains of varying molecular
weight. The predominant hetero-atoms The chemical composition of bitumen showing the major elements
being oxygen, nitrogen and sulphur.” (after Whiteoak, 1990)

September 3, 2021 Page 20

Perubahan karakter dan fungsi bitumen akibat perubahan suhu (modifikasi dari Heukelom, 1969)
Fundamental behaviour of bituminous materials

– Viscoelastic, thermoplastic,
material
– Elastic response (fast
recovery) at short loading time
and/or low temperature >>>
brittle failure
– Viscous response (partial/slow
recovery) at long loading time
and/or high temperature >>>
ductile failure

Page 22
Bitumen Hardening
– Loss of volatiles & oxidative hardening
Production
◼ Heat –production
◼ Heat – delivery/transportation
Delivery/Transportation ◼ Heat – paving operation
◼ Age – in service
– Moderate age - hardening
Paving operation ☺ Increased stiffness
☺ Improved load spreading
☺ Improved rut resistance

– Excessive age - hardening

 Reduced flexibility
In Service
 Leading to embrittlement
 Reduced capacity to healing

23
Bitumen Hardening
– Loss of volatiles & oxidative hardening

◼ Heat –production
◼ Heat – delivery/transportation
◼ Heat – paving operation
Increased hardening
◼ Age – in service
– Moderate age - hardening
☺ Increased stiffness
☺ Improved load spreading
☺ Improved rut resistance
SARA – Excessive age - hardening
 Reduced flexibility
 Leading to embrittlement
 Reduced capacity to healing

24
Longer-life
asphalt
materials
Durability = Built to Last?

• Left: A 2,000-year-old Roman

road, Lancashire, England.
• Right: A modern-day road full
of potholes (www.ancient-
origins.net/history/built-last-
craftsmanship-enabled-roman-
roads-withstand-passage-time-
007523)

September 3, 2021 Page 26

Roman Roads – 2000 Years Ago ----- Roads today
Long-life (durable) asphalt materials
– Asphalt materials are “live” products,
subject to changes

– Resistance against degradation in service,

due to changes in chemical-mechanical
properties

– What causes these changes:

• Thermal? Hot, cold, frost
• Loss of volatile components?
• Moisture?
• Winter maintenance?

– What is the biggest challenge in the

mixture design?
Page 28
Balance Mix Design

29
Holistic approach to Design & Construction
Traffic management
Construction QA/QC
workmanship method
Performance related
Joints
criteria
Layer
thickness Specification

Low permeability Air voids

Mix design
Filler
Bond coat
Dense
Aggregate
Binder
Macro texture PMB, additives
content
Binder

Quality

Wet friction PSV

Widyatmoko et al (2018). “Road Trials of Low Noise High Performance Asphalt Surfacings”, in: Advances in the
Design, Production, & Construction of Stone Matrix (Mastic) Asphalt, NAPA Special Report 223, Madison
Page 30
Why use Polymer-modified bitumen? Effects of Modification

Page 31
 Asphalt binder modifiers

Source: Shell Bitumen Handbook

Page 32
Polymer Modified Asphalt (PMA) to improve service life

Lancaster, I. “ Bitumen & Bituminous Materials”, IAT Training Day, 2013

Source: Asphalt Institute, IS-215

33
Successful application of PMA (thermoplastic elastomer) for runway surfacing,
for durability and climate resilience

Li, D.C.H, Fung, W.F., Widyatmoko, I., Elliott, R.C.,

Larsen, B., “Planning, Design and Implementation of
Major Runway Resurfacing at Hong Kong International
Airport”, Sixth International Conference on Road &
Airfield Pavement Technology (6th ICPT), 20-23 July
2008, Sapporo, Japan

Page 34
Heavily modified asphalt layers but rutted?

Page 35
PMA (thermosetting polymer) for long life asphalt surfacing

HRA Epoxy
Low Temperature Strength

Low Temperature Ductility

SMA Epoxy
Resistance to Fatigue Cracking
(High Strain)
Resistance to Fatigue Cracking >500 x
(Low Strain)
Load Spreading Ability
(Stiffness)

Resistance to Moisture Damage

Resistance to Deformation -
(Unconfined RLAT)
Resistance to Wheel Track
Deformation

-1 x 1x 3x 5x 7x 9x 11 x 13 x 15 x
Dinnen, J. Farrington, J and Widyatmoko, I, “Experience with the use
of epoxy-modified bituminous binders in surface courses in England”,
Relative Performance over the Control Sample Asphalt Professional No 82, February 2020
Worse Better

1) Widyatmoko, I, Zao, B., Elliott, R.C., and Lloyd, W.G., “Curing Characteristics and the Performance of Epoxy Asphalts”, 10th International Conference on Asphalt Pavements, Quebec,
Canada, 12-17 August 2006
2) Widyatmoko, I., Elliott, R.C., Lloyd, W., G., “Development of Long Life Deformation Resistant Hot Rolled Asphalt Surfacing”, Journal of the Institute of Asphalt Technology, Asphalt
Professional No:18, January 2006
3) Elliott, R.C., Widyatmoko, I., Chandler, J., Badr. A., and Lloyd, W.G., “Laboratory and Pilot Scale Assessment of Long Life Surfacing for High-Traffic Roads”, 4th Eurasphalt & Eurobitume
Congress, Denmark, 2008
4) Widyatmoko, I and Elliott, R. “Strength characteristics and durability of epoxy asphalts”, Construction Materials, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1680/coma.13.00029

September 3, 2021 Page 36

Natural asphalt + polymers for heavy duty mastic asphalt surfacing

1) Widyatmoko, I., Elliott, R.C., and Read, J.M., “Development of Heavy-Duty Mastic Asphalt Bridge Surfacing incorporating Trinidad Lake Asphalt and Polymer
Modified Binders”, International Journal of Road Materials and Pavement Design, Vol. 6/4, 2005, pp. 469-483. ISSN 1468-0629
2) Widyatmoko, I. and Elliott, R.C., “Characteristics of Elastomeric and Plastomeric Binders in Contact with Natural Asphalts”, Construction and Building Materials,
Volume 22, No.3, March 2008, pp. 239-249, Elsevier, ISSN 0950-0618. doi:10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2005.12.025

September 3, 2021 Page 37

Successful application of polymer modified asphalts for bridge deck

1) Widyatmoko, I. “Damages of Orthotropic Bridge Deck Surfacing: Forensic Investigation, Remedial Work and Performance Monitoring”. Jurnal Kejuruteraan 33(2)
2021: 281-291. https://doi.org/10.17576/jkukm-2021-33(2)-14
2) Widyatmoko, I and Elliott, R.C., “Tamar Bridge - Investigation of surfacing defects, design and specification”, Proceedings of the 5th International Conference on
Forensic Engineering: Informing the Future with Lessons from the Past, The Institution of Civil Engineers (ICE), London, 2013
Page 38
Pros v. cons

Schofield, G. “Asset Management with Bitumen Technology”, IAT Conference, 14th June 2018

Page 39
Storage Stability

Ellis, C, Widyatmoko, I, and Read, J.M., “The Storage Stability and Behaviour of Polymer Modified
Bituminous Binders”, Proceedings of the Second European Symposium on the Performance and
September 3, 2021 Pageof40Bituminous Materials, Leeds, April 1997. ISBN: 3-93681-14-9
Durability
Future
developments
Self Healing Asphalt

Liu, Q. “Induction Healing of Porous Asphalt Concrete”, PhD

Thesis, TU Delft, 2012

42
Self-Healing Asphalt
– Pilot scale
• Induction (steel wool) fibres in the asphalt mixture
• Apply heat to close micro-cracks by induction
• >> Proven concept >> Field trials

– New hypothesis
• Micro capsules incorporating rejuvenating agent
• Repair cracks when in contact with moisture
• > Assess concept (model/lab test) >> Field trials

– Latest idea
• Graphene nanoplatelets (GNPs) modifier
• > Assess concept (model/lab test) >> Field trials

– What next? How far from industrial scale

applications?
– How it performs during installation and in-service?
Source: www.Colas.com

Bio-based
binders

Chailleux et al (2015). Advances in the development of alternative binders from biomass for the production of
biosourced road binders. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-08-100269-8.00011-8 Page
44
Modular pavements: from concrete to plastic roads, to solar panel surfacing

2 years!

http://onlinepubs.trb.org/onlinepubs/shrp
2/SHRP2_S2-R05-RR-1.pdf

https://en.volkerwessels.com/en/projects/detail/plasticroad
Page 45
Illuminated roadways

https://inhabitat.com/studio-roosegaarde-unveils-smart-highways-that-glow-in-the-dark/

Solar-powered bike paths along the edge of the Chicago

Source: various from google.com
River
Low energy
construction
Minimising Green House Gas (GHG) Emissions

Finite
resource

Energy
use

Chappat M and Bilal J (2004) Ecological pavement life cycle analysis of standard pavement structures. Proceedings of the
3rd Euroasphalt and Eurobitume Congress, Vienna, Austria, Paper 221.
Page 48
Low Temperature Asphalts (LTA) to reduce emission and energy
Energy
use
Low Temperature Asphalts
(CM, HWA, WMA)

– The environment: less energy needed and less emissions

– The paving operations: better workability, extending the Widyatmoko (2016), “Chapter 14: Sustainability of Bituminous Materials”, in
construction season and earlier opening of the road Sustainability of Construction Materials 2nd Edition, Khatib eds., Woodhead
publisher. doi: 10.1016/B978-0-08-100370-1.00014-7
– Asphalt workers: reduced potential for exposure to fumes
and odours and a cooler working environment

– Economical issues: Less fuel needed

Broad approach to manufacturing WMA
Energy
use

Page 50
Broad approach to manufacturing WMA
Energy
use

Source: Nichols, J.C., 2015. Low temperature asphalts. Asphalt,

Pavement Engineering and Infrastructure Conference, Liverpool.

Page 51
Asphalt incorporating WMA additive
Improve adhesion properties = good stripping “Bee structures” (~asphaltenes) under atomic force
resistance of asphalt mixtures microscope for colloidal stability (SARA) analysis

1) Rahmad S, Rosyidi SAP, Memon NA, Badri KH, Widyatmoko I, Arshad AK, Koting S, Yusoff NIM, and Hainin MR. “Physical, thermal and micro-surface characteristics of PG76 binder
incorporated with liquid chemical WMA additive”. Construction and Building Materials 272(2021). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2020.121626
2) Rahmad S, Yusoff NIM, Fadzil SM, Badri KH, Arshad AK, Widyatmoko I and Rosyidi SAP. “The Effects of Polymer Modified Asphalt Binder Incorporating with Chemical Warm Mix
Additive towards the water quality degradation”, Journal of Cleaner Production 279 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2020.123698
3) Rahmad, S., Yusoff, N.I.M, Rosyidi, S.A.P, Badri, K.H, and Widyatmoko, I. “Effects of Rediset on the Adhesion, Stripping, Thermal and Surface Morphologies of PG-76 Binder”,
Construction and Building Materials 241 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2019.117923

Page 52
Research on waste
and secondary
materials
 Can we reduce or avoid use of
raw materials?

Choose a quarry or material

source(s) which is nearest to the
project site?

Can we use processes which use

less energy and low carbon?

Can we achieve zero waste in

construction?

Can we promote the use of

waste derived materials?

(Henning et al. DOI:10.19080/IJESNR.2017.07.555725)

Waste derived materials
Binder modifier Mixture additive

• Crumb Tyre Rubber • Power station wastes

• Waste plastic ✓Pulverised fly ash
• Waste cooking oil (PFA)
• Waste engine oil ✓Furnace bottom ash
(FBA)
• Recycled shingles
• Domestic wastes (IBA)
• Waste paper

Aggregate replacement Artificial (processed) aggregate

• Reclaimed aggregate • Steel slags:

• Reclaimed asphalt ✓BOS – basic oxygen slags
• Reclaimed concrete ✓EAF – electric arc furnace
• Rubber & plastic waste • Blast furnace slags, including
• Concrete & demolition GBBS (granulated)
waste • Non-ferrous slags
✓Phosphorous slags
✓ISF – aluminium/zinc slags
• Geopolymer aggregate
Challenges with waste derived materials
 Waste = risk = liability = ownership Track records Durability

Innovative
materials
 New process = risk = liability =
ownership Physical/chemical
properties
Limitations &
benefits
 Environmental regulation,
permitting, licensing

Environmental aspects
 Risk averse approach? Carbon footprint End of Waste
Permitting /
certification

▪ Quality requirements not less

than natural aggregate Processing cost
Environmental
impact Local availability

▪ Physical and chemical

Location and Consistency of
characteristics coverage stockpile/supply

▪ Leaching potential
Refs:
1. Thom and Dawson (2019). “Sustainable Road Design: Promoting Recycling and Non-Conventional Materials”. doi: 10.3390/su11216106
2. Widyatmoko (2016). “14 - Sustainability of bituminous materials”. doi: 10.1016/B978-0-08-100370-1.00014-7
3. Lacalle H, Tuck J, Widyatmoko I, Hudson-Griffiths R, Khojinian A, Simms M and Giles (2021). “Filtering protocol for innovative paving
materials, including waste derived materials”. Proceedings of the 7th Eurasphalt & Eurobitume Congress.
 Filtering protocol to deal with innovative paving materials,
including waste derived materials
▪ What processes are required to assess new paving material components?
Use of waster derived materials

Report download: https://tinyurl.com/7e2ytner

Use of waster derived materials
DMRB HD 35/04 Conservation and The Use of Secondary and
Recycled Materials (Withdrawn in 2020, no replacement)

Finite
resource
DMRB HD 35/04 Conservation and The Use of
Secondary and Recycled Materials (Withdrawn)

a Specific (permitted as a
constituent if the material complies
with the Specification (SHW)) or
General Provision (permitted as a
constituent if the material complies
with the Specification (SHW)
requirements but not named within
the Specification (SHW)).
Yes, but………
x Not permitted.
See later AECOM’s study (WRAP)
Use of plastic and non-ferrous metal wastes

Phase 1 – Basic Waste Characterisation.Assessment of crushing/grinding of wastes and

leaching behaviour (spent pot linings only)
Phase 2 – Basic Mix Characterisation. Development of mix-designs and assessment of
basic mechanical properties (workability,
1) Widyatmoko, I., Dunster, A, and Moulinier, F., “Performance and benefits from using waste plastic-based aggregate
setting, strength development, density etc).
Leach testing of bound materials in asphalts”, International Conference on Sustainable Construction Materials and Technologies, Coventry, 2007.
Phase 3 – Development of Mixes for Development of final mix designs for 2) Widyatmoko, I.; Moulinier, F.; and Dunster, A. “Added value potential of processed plastic aggregate and ISF slag in
Construction Purposes. demonstration phase of project asphalt”. 10th International Conference on Asphalt Pavements. Quebec, Canada, 2006.
Phase 4 – Demonstration of Technology. Construction of trial sections of roadway (and 3) Dunster, A.M., Moulinier, F, Abbott, B, Conroy, A., Adams, K., Widyatmoko, D., “Added Value of Using New
control areas) on a site and assessment of Industrial Waste Streams in both Concrete and Asphalt. Feasibility of Using Waste Material in Asphalt Applications.”
performance and leaching behaviour in service The Waste & Resources Action Programme, R&D Report: Aggregates, 2005, ISBN 1-84405-186-2
over a 1 year period (ferro-silicate slag only)
Use of steel slags in roads

✓ By-products of steel
manufacturing processes
▪ Electric arc furnace (EAC)
process
✓ MD1 (primary), MD2 (steel slags)
✓ Steel slags as coarse and fine
aggregates and filler
✓ Polymer modifier binders:
▪ PMB1 for MD1 and MD2
▪ PMB2 for MD2 only

Ellis, C.; and Widyatmoko, I. (1999). Performance and durability aspects of asphalts incorporating electric arc
furnace steel slag aggregates designed for use in thin pavement surfacings. Proceedings of the 3rd European
Symposium on Performance and Durability of Bituminous Materials and Hydraulic Stabilised Composites.
Leeds, United Kingdom
Upcycling plastic waste for rural roads

Lebih
mahal

(recycled) plastic cell-filled

concrete block pavement Lebih
(ADB South Asia, Working Paper Series 69, 2020) murah
Page 63
Using plastic waste for higher volume roads?
• PET, LDPE, HPE, PP
• Complex processing with additives – costly
• Wet or dry process in asphalt manufacturing
• Wet process (2 – 8% by mass of bitumen):
• high stiffness, good water and rut resistance
• Poor elastic recovery, crack resistance
• Poor storage stability

• Dry process (4 – 12% by mass of bitumen):

• High Marshall stability, tensile strength, fatigue
• Variable performance (dynamic creep, stiffness)
 Geopolymer artificial aggregate in asphalt
Manufacturing Aggregate properties Asphalt mixture properties

1) Karyawan IDMA, Ekaputri JJ, Widyatmoko I and Ariatedja E, "The Effects of Na2SiO3/NaOH Ratios on the Volumetric Properties of Fly
Ash Geopolymer Artificial Aggregates", Materials Science Forum 967 (2019). DOI: 10.4028/www.scientific.net/MSF.967.228
2) Karyawan IDMA, Ekaputri JJ, Widyatmoko I and Ariatedja E, "The Effect of various Na2SiO3/NaOH Ratios on the Physical Properties and
Microstructure of Artificial Aggregates", Journal of Engineering Science and Technology, Vol. 15, No. 2 (2020) 1139 – 1154
3) Karyawan IDMA, Widyatmoko I, Ekaputri JJ, and Ariatedja E. “Texture and Skid Resistance ofPage Asphalt
65 Concrete Surface Course
incorporating Geopolymer Artificial Aggregates”. 12th International Conference on Road and Airfield Pavement Technology, 2021
Asphalt Recycling techniques

Page 66
In Situ Recycling

Innovative Sustainable Materials December 2016 Page 67

Repave – In Situ Recycling Process

– Reclaimed asphalt (typically 25 to

35mm thickness);
– New thin asphalt overlay (typically 20
to 30mm thickness);
– Both layers are compacted at the
same time, whilst they are hot.
– Good for sections with uniform
material

68
Repave – Project Examples (Colas)

– Blackburn A6119: 25mm Colrug + 30mm Repave

– Resurfacing Blackpool Airport: 20-30mm MA +

30mm Repave

– Taxiways B and E at Isle of Man airport: 30mm

French BBA + 30mm Repave

69
Benefits

– In situ recycling – reduced virgin

aggregate

– Fast application, save time (hence cost)

– Stiff composite asphalt mixture

– Limited data – comparable fatigue

properties

– Well bonded with new asphalt layer

Chart taken from: Richardson, J.T.G (2010). “In Situ recycling”, Recyling & Re-using Asphalt, SCI,
London, November

70
M-E mixture design for HMA with reclaimed asphalt pavement Finite
(Ref: Widyatmoko, I. “Mechanistic-Empirical Mixture Design for Hot Mix Asphalt Pavement resource
Recycling”, Construction and Building Materials, Volume 22, No 2, February 2008, pp. 77-87,
Elsevier, ISSN 0950-0618, doi:10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2006.05.041)
Promoting the use of reclaimed asphalt
pavement Finite
resource
Widyatmoko, I. and Elliott, R.C, “Asphalt Pavement Recycling for Hong Kong”, Proceedings of the
Road Pavement Recycling Seminar, Organised by Polish Road and Bridge Research Institute &
PIARC, Warsaw, 10-11 October 2002

An example of pavement design chart

Contents Finite
resource

1. Introduction
2. Design
– Suitability, mix design
3. Administration
– Approach, ownership, approvals Planning Advice
4. Reclaiming asphalt
– Planing, Transport, Storage
5. Analyses and processing
– Gradings and binder contents Mixture Design Advice
6. Mixing and construction
– Asphalt plants, mixing, construction
7. Quality Control Production Advice
– RA design,
– HAPAS (Highway Authority Product
Approval Scheme),
– long-term monitoring
8. Conclusions

Road Note RN43

First published 2010
ISBN 978-1-84608-853-7
Summary of RN 43
– Surfacings can be recycled back into surfacings

– Routine addition of 10% RA, larger amounts on

larger projects where conditions are appropriate

– Optimises use of a high value product

– Requires:
• Better data on pavement history
• Improved communication between stake-holders
• Separation at source/dedicated stockpiling
• Incentives

– Best Practice Guide is now available and

addresses:
• Suitability of source
• Regularity of grading & binder property checks
• Allowance for “old” binder
74
 Figure 2.2 Flow chart for design of thin surfacing
system with RA

Figure 2.1

Road Note RN43

First published 2010
ISBN 978-1-84608-853-7
Unlocking the
potential for
implementation
 Approach to pavement rehabilitation
(Widyatmoko, 2020. doi:10.1088/1755-1315/599/1/012093) Stage 1: identify the existing
condition of the infrastructure assets
 Stage 1: identify the existing
condition of the infrastructure assets

Stage 2: determine causes of

Approach to pavement rehabilitation

pavement distress
(Widyatmoko, 2020. doi:10.1088/1755-1315/599/1/012093)
 Stage 1: identify the existing
condition of the infrastructure assets

Stage 2: determine causes of

Approach to pavement rehabilitation

pavement distress

Stage 3: assess rehabilitation options

EAPA (2009) Chappat et al (2004)

 Stage 1: identify the existing
condition of the infrastructure assets

Stage 2: determine causes of

Approach to pavement rehabilitation

pavement distress
(Widyatmoko, 2020. doi:10.1088/1755-1315/599/1/012093)

Stage 3: assess rehabilitation options

Stage 4: select optimised design

 Closure

DEFINITION OF ASPHALT MATERIALS RESEARCH ON WASTE AND UNLOCKING THE

SUSTAINABILITY AND GREEN PRODUCED BY GREEN SECONDARY MATERIALS POTENTIAL FOR
INFRASTRUCTURE TECHNOLOGY IMPLEMENTATION

Nottingham, 4 September 2021

Robin Hood Statue at Nottingham Castle