READING AND WRITING SKILLS
PATTERNS OF PARAGRAPH DEVELOPMENT
5. COMPARISON AND CONTRAST
A paragraph that shows comparison and contrast answers how the subjects are the same or
not.
Comparison examines how subjects are similar, while contrast emphasizes how subjects are
different.
For comparison, it uses signal words like similarly, in the same way, likewise, in like
manner, in a similar fashion, etc.
Contrast uses signal words such as yet, nevertheless, nonetheless, after all, but though,
otherwise, on the other hand, notwithstanding, etc.
SAMPLE PARAGRAPH
Mikko certainly loves his two best friends, Anton and Abu. However, they have completely diverse
personalities. Although Anton and Abu both have strict parents, their attitudes are very different. Anton is
very conservative and always careful with his words. In contrast, Abu is very out-going and is always
careless when he talks. When it comes to hobbies, they are also different. Anton loves reading books while
Abu loves fishing in the river. However, even though they are totally different, they all agree on one thing,
and that is playing basketball. That’s how they always bond and keep their friendship.
6. CAUSE AND EFFECT
This technique explores why things happen and what happens as a result.
Words that show effect are, for this reason, it follows, as a result, as a consequence,
thus, therefore, etc.
Transitional devices include because, since, is due to, is caused by, for this reason, it
follows, as a result, and so.
SAMPLE PARAGRAPH
Several factors contribute to the frequent use of different social media platforms by teenagers.
First, it is their way of connecting to friends and widening their network of friends. Since everyone is in
Social Media, they feel a need to be there and join group conversations. It is their way of relating to
others. Second, teenagers tend to feel like they might miss out if they aren't always up to date with social
media. They can even stay online in a day and they would never feel tired in just scrolling. Lastly, because
of boredom, they choose to be occupied in their social media profiles and continue connecting to other
people. However, being too much absorbed in social media may result to a bad turn-out. That’s why,
parents should guide their children and be updated on the things their children explore.
7. PROBLEM-SOLUTION
A problem is being presented and a solution.
Why it has become a problem is also discussed, leading to a conclusion highlighting the
connection between the problem and solution.
Transitional devices include the answer, challenge, need, difficulty, dilemma, enigma,
improve, indicate, issue, plan a need, problem, propose, remedied, resolve, respond
to, solve, and suggest.
SAMPLE PARAGRAPH
Obesity among adults showed a gradually increasing trend as it has become one of the major
problems in the Philippines nowadays. This problem is made worse by bad habits such as lack of physical
activity, excessive smoking and unhealthy diets. Aside from healthier eating habits, one solution to this
would be to exercise on a daily basis. There are even easy and convenient ways to exercise at home or
even at work. That’s why, before it’s too late, obese adults should take this into consideration before it
aggravates and might lead to more complicated.
8. PERSUASION
This method involves facts that make the paragraph more convincing.
In giving illustrations, signal words are used, such as first, next, last, etc.
In answering oppositions, words such as, of course, some may say, nevertheless, and
on the other hand are used.
When you draw generalizations, words like therefore, hence, consequently, and thus
are used.
SAMPLE PARAGRAPH
Education is a right and not just a privilege. First of all, one of the rights of a child is the right to
education. He has the right to learn, to know, to explore and to discover. Thus, education must be
available for all without discrimination. Not one’s status in the society should dictate if one deserves quality
education or not. As observed, illiteracy of some affects everyone. Meanwhile, this problem of illiteracy
happens to someone who can’t afford school and is usually in the marginalized sectors. Basically,
education heals ignorance. Therefore, let education be given to everyone. Hence, education is and should
be a right. Government should strengthen and empower education for all
