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Sampling and Quantization Guide

The document discusses key concepts in sampling and signal processing including: 1) Continuous and discrete time signals, analog to digital conversion, and the sampling process. 2) Quantization which converts continuous amplitude values to discrete levels, introducing quantization error. 3) The sampling theorem which states that a signal must be sampled at least twice the maximum frequency to avoid aliasing. 4) Aliasing which results when signals are sampled below the Nyquist rate, causing frequencies to take the identity of other frequencies.

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Vaibhav Nata
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68 views24 pages

Sampling and Quantization Guide

The document discusses key concepts in sampling and signal processing including: 1) Continuous and discrete time signals, analog to digital conversion, and the sampling process. 2) Quantization which converts continuous amplitude values to discrete levels, introducing quantization error. 3) The sampling theorem which states that a signal must be sampled at least twice the maximum frequency to avoid aliasing. 4) Aliasing which results when signals are sampled below the Nyquist rate, causing frequencies to take the identity of other frequencies.

Uploaded by

Vaibhav Nata
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Signals and Systems

Sampling
Nitin Sharma
BITS Pilani
Continuous time vs Discrete
time

BITS Pilani, Deemed to be University under Section 3, UGC Act


Types of Signals

BITS Pilani, Deemed to be University under Section 3, UGC Act


Analog to Digital Conversion
(A/D)

BITS Pilani, Deemed to be University under Section 3, UGC Act


Sampling Process

BITS Pilani, Deemed to be University under Section 3, UGC Act


Quantization

• Analog samples with an amplitude that may take


value in a specific range are converted to a digital
samples with an amplitude that takes one of a
specific pre–defined set of values.
• The range of possible values of the analog samples
is divide into L levels. L is usually taken to be a
power of 2 (L = 2n).
• The center value of each level is assigned to any
sample that falls in that quantization interval.
• For almost all samples, the quantized samples will
differ from the original samples by a small amount,
called the quantization error.

BITS Pilani, Deemed to be University under Section 3, UGC Act


Quantization: Illustration

2m p
v 
L

Quantizer Input Samples x


Quantizer Output Samples x q

BITS Pilani, Deemed to be University under Section 3, UGC Act


Quantization Error

q  x xq

BITS Pilani, Deemed to be University under Section 3, UGC Act


Coding

Quantizer Input Samples x


Quantizer Output Samples x q

BITS Pilani, Deemed to be University under Section 3, UGC Act


Sampling Theorem

BITS Pilani, Deemed to be University under Section 3, UGC Act


Sampling: Mathematical
Representation

BITS Pilani, Deemed to be University under Section 3, UGC Act


Sampling: Time-Domain Plot

BITS Pilani, Deemed to be University under Section 3, UGC Act


Sampling: Frequency-Domain
Analysis (1/2)

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Sampling: Frequency-Domain
Analysis (2/2)

BITS Pilani, Deemed to be University under Section 3, UGC Act


Spectrum of Sampled
Function

BITS Pilani, Deemed to be University under Section 3, UGC Act


Recovering the Continuous
Time Signal

BITS Pilani, Deemed to be University under Section 3, UGC Act


Sampling Theorem

BITS Pilani, Deemed to be University under Section 3, UGC Act


Reconstructing the Signal:
Time-Domain
ω w 
Ts rect   sinc s t  g (t )  G (w ) g (t )  G (w )
LPF
 ws   2 
H(w) = Ts rect(f/fs)
ω
G (w )  G (w )  Ts rect 
 ws 

 ws    w 
g (t )  g (t )  sinc t    g (t )   (t  nTs )  sinc s t 
 2   n     2 
    t 
g (t )    g (nTs ) (t  nTs )  sinc  
 n     Ts 

 t  nTs 
g (t )   g (nTs ) sinc  
n    Ts 

BITS Pilani, Deemed to be University under Section 3, UGC Act


Graphical Illustration

BITS Pilani, Deemed to be University under Section 3, UGC Act


Aliasing

• Sampling a signal at a rate less that the Nyquist rate results in


Aliasing.
• In aliasing, the higher frequency components take the identity of
lower frequencies.
• Real life Example: Sampling a rotating wheel.

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Fold-over Distortion (Aliasing)

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Example
• Assume fs, the sampling frequency, is 100 Hz and that the
input signal contains the following frequencies: 25 Hz, 70
Hz, 160 Hz, and 510 Hz. These frequencies are shown
in the following figure. Find aliases

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Answer
• Frequencies below the Nyquist frequency (fs/2 = 50 Hz)
are sampled correctly.
• Frequencies above the Nyquist frequency appear as
aliases.
Alias F2 = |100 – 70| = 30 Hz
Alias F3 = | (2)100 – 160| = 40 Hz
Alias F4 = | (5)100 – 510| = 10 Hz

BITS Pilani, Deemed to be University under Section 3, UGC Act


BITS Pilani

Thank You

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