Cement Materials & Additives

Product Specifications
Version 2
 Cement Materials & Additives
Product Specifications
Version 2

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 Cements and Systems
and Special
Section 1

1 Basic
Basic and Special
Cements and Systems
Class A (Normal Portland Cement) . . . . . 1-3
Type I/II Cement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-4
Class G Cement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-5
Class H Cement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-6
DynaFine-AF . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-7
DynaPro Lite . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-8
DynaPro Lite (con’t) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-9
ApeX CZ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-10
Prime CZ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-11
Select HPZ 3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-12
 Calfrac Cement Materials & Additives | 1-1

Basic and Special Cements and Systems

Oil well cement is used at various stages in the drilling and remediation process of oil
and gas wells. Oil well cement slurries are designed for a multitude of purposes from
the establishment of the well’s safety, structural integrity during drilling to the isolation
of the zone of interest and the production of oil and gas upon completion.

Cement is made from limestone, silica, aluminum and iron. Limestone is crushed into small
nuggets and mixed with the other raw materials. This raw mix is added to the rotary kilns where
it is reacted at approximately 1450ºC (2642ºF), becoming grayish black nuggets, called clinker.
The clinker is mixed with a controlled amount of gypsum, and ground into finished cement.
The quality of cement varies from batch to batch. When oil well cementing conditions are
considered critical, cement testing is conducted for each job.
The base cement is usually modified with blended additives or liquid additives, so the properties
of the cement slurry are suitable for the various formations and conditions encountered in a well.
Types of cement are categorized according to American Petroleum Institute (API) and ASTM
specifications. The most commonly used oil well cements are Class G, Class H and Type V,
because they can withstand high temperature and pressure well conditions.
Given the complexity of a specific application and its extreme conditions of temperature and
pressure, oil well cements must be carefully designed to meet requirements such as predictable
thickening time, high sulfate resistance, fluid-loss control, consistency, low viscosity, low free
water, and compressive strength.

Basic and Special Cements and Systems

1-2 | Calfrac Cement Materials & Additives

Most Common Types and Classes of Cements

Class A (Normal Portland cement)
The product obtained by grinding Portland cement clinker, consisting primarily of calcium silicates, usually containing one or
more forms of calcium sulfate as an interground additive.

Type I/II
Type I/II portland cement satisfies requirements for both Type I and Type II (Type I cement is general purpose, and Type II is for
moderate sulfate resistance and moderate heat of hydration). Strength requirements meet those for Type I, and composition
requirements meet those for Type II. The dual-type cement can be used where either type is specified. It cuts down on the costs
of producing and storing two cements.

Type III
The product is designed to develop early strength more quickly than a Type I or Class A cement. These advantage are particularly
important in cold conditions, which significantly reduces the rate of hydration (and thus strength gain) of all portland cements.
The downsides of rapid-reacting cements are a shorter period of workability, greater heat of hydration, and a slightly lower
ultimate strength

Class G
The product obtained by grinding Portland cement clinker, consisting primarily of silicates, usually containing one or more forms
of calcium sulfate as an interground additive. No additives other than calcium sulfate or water, or both, shall be interground or
blended with the clinker during manufacture of Class G cement.

Class H
The product obtained by grinding Portland cement clinker, consisting primarily of calcium silicates, usually containing one or
more forms or calcium sulfate as an interground additive. No additives other than calcium sulfate or water, or both, shall be
interground or blended with the clinker during manufacture of Class H cement. Class H cement has the same composition as
Class G cement, but a coarser grind, leading to lower water to cement ratios.

Basic and Special Cements and Systems

 Calfrac Cement Materials & Additives | 1-3

Class A (Normal Portland Cement)

Normal Portland Cement is obtained by grinding cement clinker with one or more forms of calcium sulfate. NP Cement is
intended for use when special properties are not required.
In shallow low temperature applications this cement provides properties such as early compressive strengths, short thickening
times and rapid gel strength development, which is advantageous for surface and filler cement blends.
Cement applications are extremely complex, and each treatment has varying temperatures and pressures, thus cement slurries
must be carefully designed to meet thickening time, fluid-loss control, consistency, and compressive strength requirements.
If cement sets up or thickens prematurely this can have disastrous consequences, so it is important to design each cement
treatment as a unique application.

Benefits
• Provides good early strength development and rapid gel strength at low ambient temperatures
• Excellent base material to design low-density slurries
• Provides a hydraulic seal between formations to prevent inter-zonal communication

Technical Information
Specific Bulk Bulk
Water Required Absolute Volume Gravity Volume Density
(m 3/t) (gal/lb) (m 3/t) (gal/lb) (m 3/t) (ft 3/lb) (t/m 3) (lb/ft 3)

Normal Portland 0.460 5.200 0.318 3.582 3.140 0.613 0.010 1.630 102.0

Physical Data
Calcium compounds. Calcium silicate
compounds and other calcium compounds
Chemical Family
containing iron and aluminum make up the
majority of this product.
Physical State Solid
Color White to gray
Odor Odorless
12.0 to 13.0 in water
pH
Not applicable as a solid
Solubility Slightly soluble in water

Safety & Handling

WHMIS Classification Health Hazards Protective Equipment

Class A (Normal Skin, Eye Contact,

Portland Cement) Ingestion, Inhalation

Basic and Special Cements and Systems

1-4 | Calfrac Cement Materials & Additives

Type I/II Cement

ASTM C 150, “Standard Specification for Portland Cement,” covers eight basic types of cement Types I through V. Type I cement
is general purpose, and Type II is for moderate sulfate resistance and moderate heat of hydration. Type I cement does not have
specified limits on several chemical compounds and has the same limits as Type II for some others. To achieve sulfate resistance
and limit heat of hydration, Type II cement limits the content of tricalcium aluminate (C3A) to 8%, and the sum of tricalcium
silicate and tricalcium aluminate (C3S + C3A) to 58%. The physical requirements for Types I and II are almost the same, except
that Type II is permitted to gain strength somewhat more slowly.
Type I/II portland cement satisfies requirements for both Type I and Type II. Strength requirements meet those for Type I, and
composition requirements meet those for Type II. The dual-type cement can be used where either type is specified. It cuts down
on the costs of producing and storing two cements. It’s also helpful on projects where out-of-town designers specify Type I, but
local practice is to use Type II. Type I/II can be used without requesting a substitution for the specified material.

Benefits
• Moderate sulfate resistant cement
• Meets the requirements of both Type I and Type II cement

Technical Information
Specific Bulk Bulk
Water Required Absolute Volume Gravity Volume Density
(m 3/t) (gal/lb) (m 3/t) (gal/lb) (m 3/t) (ft 3/lb) (t/m 3) (lb/ft 3)

Type I/II Cement 0.460 5.200 0.318 3.582 3.140 0.613 0.010 1.630 102.0

Physical Data
Calcium compounds. Calcium silicate
compounds and other calcium compounds
Chemical Family
containing iron and aluminum make up the
majority of this product.
Physical State Solid
Color White to gray
Odor Odorless
12.0 to 13.0 in water
pH
Not applicable as a solid
Solubility Slightly soluble in water

Safety & Handling

WHMIS Classification Health Hazards Protective Equipment

Skin, Eye Contact,

Type I/II Cement
Ingestion, Inhalation

Basic and Special Cements and Systems

 Calfrac Cement Materials & Additives | 1-5

Class G Cement
Cement is made from limestone, silica, aluminum and iron. The limestone is crushed and mixed with the other raw material. This
raw mix is added to rotary kilns where it is reacted at about 1450°C (2640°F), becoming a grayish black clinker. The clinker is
mixed with a controlled amount of gypsum and ground finely into oilfield cement.
Class G Oil well Cement is manufactured to specifically meet the API standards established by the American Petroleum Institute
(API). This product is obtained by grinding Portland cement clinker, consisting essentially of calcium silicates, usually containing
one or more forms of calcium sulfate as an interground additive.
No additives other than calcium sulfate or water, or both shall be interground or blended with the clinker during manufacture of
Class G Oil well Cement. Class G cement is intended for use as a basic cement from surface to 8000 ft depth as manufactured,
or can be used with accelerators and retarders to cover a wide range of well depths and temperatures.
Cement applications are extremely complex. Each treatment has varying temperature and pressures, thus cement slurries must
be carefully designed to meet thickening time, fluid-loss control, consistency, and compressive strength requirements. If cement
sets up or thickens prematurely this can have disastrous consequences, so it is important to design each cement treatment.

Benefits
• Offers dependable performance over extreme ranges of well conditions and better compatibility with additives
• Provides a hydraulic seal between formations to prevent interzonal communication

Technical Information
Specific Bulk Bulk
Water Required Absolute Volume Gravity Volume Density
(m 3/t) (gal/lb) (m 3/t) (gal/lb) (m 3/t) (ft 3/lb) (t/m 3) (lb/ft 3)

Class G 0.440 5.0 0.317 3.570 3.150 0.662 0.011 1.510 94.0

Physical Data
Calcium compounds. Calcium silicate
compounds and other calcium compounds
Chemical Family
containing iron and aluminum make up the
majority of this product.
Physical State Solid
Color Gray, off white or white
Odor Odorless
pH 12.0 to 13.0 in water
Solubility Slightly soluble in water
Boiling Point >1000°C (1832°F)
Freezing Point None, solid
Flash Point Not combustible

Safety & Handling

WHMIS Classification Health Hazards Protective Equipment

Skin, Eye Contact,

Class G Cement
Ingestion, Inhalation

Basic and Special Cements and Systems

1-6 | Calfrac Cement Materials & Additives

Class H Cement
Class H Oilwell Cement is manufactured to specifically meet the API standards established by the American Petroleum Institute
(API). It is sulphate resistant cement. This product is obtained by grinding Portland cement clinker, consisting essentially of
calcium silicates, usually containing one or more forms of calcium sulfate as an interground additive. Class H cements can be
used with accelerators and retarders to cover a wide range of well depths and temperatures.
Cement applications are extremely complex, and each application has varying temperature and pressures, thus cement slurries
must be carefully designed to meet thickening time, fluid-loss control, consistency, and compressive strength requirements. If
cement sets up, or thickens prematurely this can have disastrous consequences on the oilwell drilling or completion process, so
it is important to design each cement treatment as a unique application.

Benefits
• Offers dependable performance over extreme ranges of well conditions and better compatibility with additives
• Provides a hydraulic seal between the cement and the formation, and between the casing and the cement
• Prevents inter-zonal communication

Technical Information
Specific Bulk Bulk
Water Required Absolute Volume Gravity Volume Density
(m 3/t) (gal/lb) (m 3/t) (gal/lb) (m 3/t) (ft 3/lb) (t/m 3) (lb/ft 3)

Class H 0.380 4.300 0.322 3.600 3.100 0.662 0.011 1.510 94.0

Physical Data
Calcium compounds. Calcium silicate
compounds and other calcium compounds
Chemical Family
containing iron and aluminum make up the
majority of this product.
Physical State Solid
Color White to gray
Odor Odorless
12.0 to 13.0 in water
pH
Not applicable as a solid
Solubility Slightly soluble in water

Safety & Handling

WHMIS Classification Health Hazards Protective Equipment

Skin, Eye Contact,

Class H Cement
Ingestion, Inhalation

Basic and Special Cements and Systems

 Calfrac Cement Materials & Additives | 1-7

DynaFine-AF
DynaFine-AF is an ultrafine remedial cement product that is used to penetrate openings as narrow as 50 microns, to shut off
undesirable movement of gas, water or oil. DynaFine-AF has particle sizes that are up to 30 times smaller than regular cements.

Benefits
• Good bonding to the casing and formation
• Used in remedial cementing applications to inhibit gas migration and fluid migration
• Used for casing leak repairs
• Can be used to shut off gas or steam production

Technical Information
Specific Bulk Bulk
Water Required Absolute Volume Gravity Volume Density
(m 3/t) (gal/lb) (m 3/t) (gal/lb) (m 3/t) (ft 3/lb) (t/m 3) (lb/ft 3)

DynaFine 0.943 10.622 0.350 4.044 2.860 1.250 0.020 0.800 50.0

Formulation (for 1 metric tone of DynaFine-AF): 750 kg MircoFine 650 Cement + 250 kg Micro Pozzolan F.
DynaFine-AF slurries are usually batch mixed in quantities less than 3m3.

Secondary Effect on Slurry Physical Data

• High early-strength development Chemical Family Cement
• Thixotropic tendencies
Physical State Solid

Temperature Range Color Grey

20°C to 80°C (68°C to 176°F) Odor Odorless

• For temperatures over 110°C (230°F), use of a fine grade of silica pH 12.4
flour is required
• Difficult to retard at temperatures higher than 60°C (140°F) Solubility Partially soluble in water

Loading
Typical densities are 1350 kg/m3 to 1500 kg/m3 (11.3 ppg to 12.5 ppg)

Safety & Handling

WHMIS Classification Health Hazards Protective Equipment

Skin, Eye Contact,

DynaFine-AF
Ingestion, Inhalation

Basic and Special Cements and Systems

1-8 | Calfrac Cement Materials & Additives

DynaPro Lite
DynaPro Lite – Line of Calfrac lightweight cement systems.
DynaPro Lite systems utilize nonconventional modified sulphate resistant cement with smaller particle sizes (i.e. improved
permeability) and combination of pozzolanic components.
DynaPro Lite systems have better compressive strengths and free water results in comparison to conventional light weight
cement blends, without the use of hollow/ceramic microspheres and other extenders and/or lightweight additives.
Current Calfrac Well Services DynaPro Lite systems and densities:
• DynaPro Lite -108 (10.8 ppg / 1297 kg/m3)
• DynaPro Lite -110 (11.0 ppg / 1321 kg/m3)
• DynaPro Lite -118 (11.8 ppg / 1417 kg/m3)
• DynaPro Lite -120 (12.0 ppg / 1441 kg/m3)

Benefits
• Better compressive strengths, even at lower temperatures
• Ability to have longer cement columns without loss of circulation (ability to eliminate multi-stage operations)
• Mildly expansive
• No early gelation

Technical Information
Property Performance

From 10.5 lb/gal (1261 kg/m3) to 13.5 lb/gal (1621 kg/m3) by only adjusting the ratio solid/water. No additional lightweight
Density
additives required
No free water above 12.0 lb/gal (1441 kg//m3) without any additional additive. Below 12.0 lb/gal (1441 kg//m3) easily controllable
Free Water
with conventional additives
Thickening time Shows normal sensitivity to conventional retarders
Fluid-Loss Can be controlled with conventional additives
Rheological Properties No early gelation

Compressive Strength PSI

Basic and Special Cements and Systems

 Calfrac Cement Materials & Additives | 1-9

DynaPro Lite (con’t)

Gas migration is controllable due to DynaPro Lite
initial low permeability and expansive properties

Class A cmt @14.5 ppg

Conventional (1741 kg/m3) = 2.8978 mD
Cement

Lightweight Class G cmt @14.5 ppg

Cement
(1741 kg/m3) = 0.3918 mD
DynaPro Lite
System
DynaPro Lite @10.8 ppg
0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 (1297 kg/m3) = 0.0980 mD
Permeability, mD

Temperature Range Physical Data

4.5°C to 69.0°C (40°F to 156°F) Chemical Family Calcium compounds, crystalline silica, gypsum
At higher temperatures the system can be modified by addition of
strength enhancers (DCP-EX2, DCP-LC3F or combination of both) Physical State Solid
Color White to gray
Odor Odorless
pH 12.0 to 13.0 in water
Solubility Slightly soluble in water

Safety & Handling

WHMIS Classification Health Hazards Protective Equipment

Skin, Eye Contact,

DynaPro Lite
Ingestion, Inhalation

Basic and Special Cements and Systems

1-10 | Calfrac Cement Materials & Additives

ApeX CZ
ApeX CZ – Line of Calfrac cement systems for controlling gas migration, can be utilized as a Lead or Tail cement system.
ApeX CZ 2 (Lead system) and ApeX CZ 3 (Tail system) utilizes gel modification and expansion as means of gas migration control.
Both systems exhibit the properties to be used over completed zones.

Benefits
• Improved strength
• Improved ZGT (zero gel time)
• Controllable thickening time with right angle set tendencies
• Low Fluid-Loss and Free Water

Technical Information
Property Performance

Density From 13.5 lb/gal (1621 kg/m3) to 14.5 lb/gal (1741 kg/m3) (compatible with any type/class of cement)
Free Water No free water at 0 and 45 degree
Thickening Time Controllable and predictable by the use of CWS retarders with a good repeatability
Fluid-Loss <100 cc/30 min
Rheological Properties No early gelation

Temperature Range Physical Data

4.5°C to 69.0°C (40°F to 170°F) Chemical Family Calcium compounds, crystalline silica, gypsum
Physical State Solid
Color Grey
Odor Odorless
pH 12.0 to 13.0 in water
Solubility Partially soluble in water

Safety & Handling

WHMIS Classification Health Hazards Protective Equipment

Skin, Eye Contact,

ApeX CZ
Ingestion, Inhalation

Basic and Special Cements and Systems

 Calfrac Cement Materials & Additives | 1-11

Prime CZ
Prime CZ is a Calfrac cement system for low temperature applications that was designed for placement across any critical zone
of the well.
Prime CZ is a universal blend that can be used as a lead or tail cement system.

Benefits
• Economical
• Improved permeability of set cement
• Resistance to sulfate attack
• Improved bonding
• Controllable thickening time with right angle set tendencies
• Low Fluid-Loss and Free Water
• No early gelation

Technical Information
Property Performance

Density From 13.6 lb/gal (1633 kg/m ) to 14.6 lb/gal (1753 kg/m )
3 3

Free Water No free water at 0 and 45 degree

Thickening Time Right angle set tendencies
Fluid-Loss <130 cc/30 min
Rheological Properties No early gelation
Compressive Strength >2500 psi in 24 hours, 500 psi in less than 8 hours

Temperature Range Physical Data

21.0°C to 63.0°C (70°F to 145°F) Chemical Family Calcium compounds, silicon oxide
Physical State Solid
Color Grey
Odor Odorless
pH 12.0 to 13.0 in water
Solubility Partially soluble in water

Safety & Handling

WHMIS Classification Health Hazards Protective Equipment

Skin, Eye Contact,

Prime CZ
Ingestion, Inhalation

Basic and Special Cements and Systems

1-12 | Calfrac Cement Materials & Additives

Select HPZ 3
Select HPZ 3 – Calfrac cement system that utilizes high sulfate resistance cement.
It was designed to achieve low fluid-loss property and to be placed in horizontal sections across the producing zone.

Benefits
• Improved strength
• Resistance to sulfate attack
• Controllable thickening time with right angle set tendencies
• Low Fluid-Loss and Free Water
• No early gelation

Technical Information
Property Performance

Density From 16.0 lb/gal (1921 kg/m ) to 16.4 lb/gal (1969 kg/m )
3 3

Free Water No free water at 0 and 45 degree

Thickening Time Right angle set tendencies
Fluid-Loss <60 cc/30 min
Rheological Properties No early gelation
Compressive Strength >2500 psi in 24 hours, 500 psi in less than 8 hours

Temperature Range Physical Data

66.0°C to 102.0°C (150°F to 215°F) Chemical Family Calcium compounds, silicon oxide
Physical State Solid
Color Grey
Odor Odorless
pH 12.0 to 13.0 in water
Solubility Partially soluble in water

Safety & Handling

WHMIS Classification Health Hazards Protective Equipment

Skin, Eye Contact,

Select HPZ 3
Ingestion, Inhalation

Basic and Special Cements and Systems

Section 2
Accelerators

2 Accelerators
Calcium Chloride (CaCl2) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-2
DCP-AC1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-3
DCP-AC2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-4
DCP-EX1 (Accelerator and Extender) . . . 2-5
Potassium Chloride (KCl)
(Accelerator and Clay Control) . . . . . . 2-6
Sodium Chloride (NaCl)
(Accelerator and Clay Control) . . . . . . 2-7
 Calfrac Cement Materials & Additives | 2-1

Accelerators

Accelerators reduce the thickening time of cement slurry and accelerate the rate of
early-strength development, or both. Calcium chloride (CaCl2), sodium chloride (NaCl)
and seawater are commonly used as accelerators.

In general, most organic compounds retard the setting of cement and inorganic compounds
accelerate it.
Some compounds such as sodium chloride or calcium chloride accelerate when used in low
concentrations, and retard in higher concentration.
Accelerators increase the rate of hydration of tricalcium silicate (C3S) and tricalcium aluminate
(C3A) phases of the cement, thereby providing earlier heat evolution and strength development.
Accelerators can be used with API cements.

Accelerators
2-2 | Calfrac Cement Materials & Additives

Calcium Chloride (CaCl2)

Calcium Chloride (CaCl2) is a cement accelerator used to reduce waiting-on-cement (WOC) time. It is the most widely used
and most effective of all cement accelerators. Accelerators are used to develop early compressive strength, or accelerate the
hardening process and shorten thickening time. The mechanism of why CaCl2 accelerates cement is complex. It is thought that
accelerators do not become part of the chemical reactions during the setting process, but rather affect the rate of hydration of
the slurry.

Benefits
• Aids early strength development in cement
• Compatible with API cements
• Reduces waiting on cement (WOC) time, which is cost effective
• Economical as compared to other accelerators
• Easily blended in the cement, but also dissolves easily in the mix water

Technical Information
Specific Bulk Bulk
Water Required Absolute Volume Gravity Volume Density
(m 3/t) (gal/lb) (m 3/t) (gal/lb) (m 3/t) (ft 3/lb) (t/m 3) (lb/ft 3)

CaCl2 0.444 0.537 2.252 1.176 0.168 0.019 53.0

Thickening Time (Class G Cement) (Hr:min)

Calcium Chloride (%) 24°C (75°F) 30°C (85°F) 40°C (105°F)

0.0 4:40 3:36 2:25

1.0 1:55 1:30 1:04
3.0 0:50 0:47 0:41

Compressive Strengths (psi) (Class G Cement)

Pressure Atmospheric Atmospheric 5,515 kPa (800 psi)
Temp 15°C (60°F) 27°C (80°F) 35°C (95°F)
CaCl2 % 6 Hrs 12 Hrs 24 Hrs 6 Hrs 12 Hrs 24 Hrs 6 Hrs 12 Hrs 24 Hrs

0 20 70 940 75 405 1930 235 1065 2710

1 460 785 2290 850 1540 3980 1170 2360 4455
3 755 955 2420 1095 1675 3980 1225 2325 4550

Secondary Effect on Slurry Physical Data

CaCl2 decreases slurry viscosity at low concentrations and increases Chemical CaCl2
slurry viscosity at high concentrations
Chemical Family Inorganic calcium salt

Temperature Range Physical State Solid coarse powder, medium sized granules

5°C to 50°C (41°F to 122°F) Color White to off-white

Odor Odorless
Loading pH 8.0 to 9.0 (Aqueous solution)
From 0.5% to 3.0% BWOC Solubility Very soluble in water
Boiling Point 1600°C (2912°F)

Safety & Handling

WHMIS Classification Health Hazards Protective Equipment

Calcium Chloride Skin, Eye Contact,

(CaCl2) Ingestion, Inhalation

Accelerators
 Calfrac Cement Materials & Additives | 2-3

DCP-AC1
DCP-AC1 is blended with cements to shorten thickening time. DCP-AC1 improves the expansion of Portland cement, as well as
provides thixotropic properties to cement slurries. Thixotropic cements are used primarily in shallow wells where an economical
fast setting blend is required, especially where gas migration is an issue.

Benefits
• Accelerates cement thickening time and compressive strength development.
• Improves bond due to expansive properties
• NaCl can be used to accelerate the set of DCP-AC1
• Helps to accelerate the slurry at very low temperatures

Technical Information
Specific Bulk Bulk
Water Required Absolute Volume Gravity Volume Density
(m 3/t) (gal/lb) (m 3/t) (gal/lb) (m 3/t) (ft 3/lb) (t/m 3) (lb/ft 3)

DCP-AC1 0.700 0.084 0.363 0.043 2.752 1.093 0.018 0.915 55.5

Thickening Time (Class G Cement + Additives) (Hr:min)

DCP-AC1 (%BWOC) 4.4°C (40°F) 15°C (60°F) 27°C (80°F)

5 3:40 2:50 2:30

10 1:20 0:44 0:11
25 1:07 0:35 0:10
40 0:50 0:31 0:09

Secondary Effect on Slurry Physical Data

Produces rapid initial cement set at low temperatures Chemical Family Inorganic salt (calcium sulphate)
Physical State Solid
Temperature Range
Color Whitish, grey or buff
4°C to 70°C (39°F to 158°F)
Odor Little odor

Loading pH 6.0 to 8.0

0.5% to 40.0% BWOC Solubility 0.2% – 1.0% @ 22°C (71.6°F)

Safety & Handling

WHMIS Classification Health Hazards Protective Equipment

Skin, Eye Contact,

DCP-AC1
Ingestion, Inhalation

Accelerators
2-4 | Calfrac Cement Materials & Additives

DCP-AC2
DCP-AC2 is a calcium oxide accelerator, also known as processed lime, burnt lime, quick lime or lime. Calcium oxide is usually
made by the thermal decomposition of materials such as limestone that contain calcium carbonate (CaCO3 or calcite) in a lime
kiln.

Benefits
• Accelerates cement thickening time and compressive strength development
• Minimizes waiting-on-cement (WOC) time
• Makes cement slurry more cohesive and adhesive

Technical Information
Specific Bulk Bulk
Water Required Absolute Volume Gravity Volume Density
(m 3/t) (gal/lb) (m 3/t) (gal/lb) (m 3/t) (ft 3/lb) (t/m 3) (lb/ft 3)

DCP-AC2 0.306 0.036 3.272 1.108 0.018 0.902 56.3

Secondary Effect on Slurry Physical Data

Does not viscosify the slurry as much as CaCl2 Chemical Family Calcium oxide
Physical State Solid
Temperature Range
Color White crystalline
0°C to 80°C (32°F to 176°F)
Odor Slight earthy odor

Loading pH 12.5 (saturated solution)

0.5% to 6.0% BWOC 0.125 g/100mL @ 25°C (1.043 lb/100gal @

Solubility
77°F)
Melting Point 2580°C (4662°F)
Boiling Point 2850°C (5162°F)
Flash Point Not flammable

Safety & Handling

WHMIS Classification Health Hazards Protective Equipment

Skin, Eye Contact,

DCP-AC2
Ingestion, Inhalation

Accelerators
 Calfrac Cement Materials & Additives | 2-5

DCP-EX1 (Accelerator and Extender)

DCP-EX1 is an extender used to create economical, low-density cement slurry, using sodium metasilicate (metso beads). The
use of these lightweight cements lower the hydrostatic pressure of the cement column in deep wells and in wells with weak
formations. It also low fracture gradients or prevents lost circulation across pressure sensitive zones. Extenders work via two
means, by either allowing the use of extra water in the slurry or by substituting lightweight fillers for cement.
Benefits
• Produces high yield, low cost cement blends
• Reduces slurry density and as a result lowers hydrostatic pressure
• Higher strength cement is produced with DCP-EX1 in comparison to other extenders
• Reduces free water
• Compatible with API cements
Technical Information
Specific Bulk Bulk
Water Required Absolute Volume Gravity Volume Density
(m 3/t) (gal/lb) (m 3/t) (gal/lb) (m 3/t) (ft 3/lb) (t/m 3) (lb/ft 3)

DCP-EX1 0.424 0.051 2.361 0.837 0.013 1.195 74.6

Effect of DCP-EX1 on Cement Slurry Thickening Time (Class G Standard Blend)

DCP-EX1 % Slurry Weight Free Water TT @ 35°C (95°F)
kg/m 3 ppg % h:min

0 1965 16.4 2.5% 3:50

0 1870 15.6 8.0% 4:30
2 1720 14.4 0.5% 1:10
2 1500 12.5 1.0% 2:30
3 1380 11.5 0.5% 4:30

Secondary Effect on Slurry Physical Data

• Gelation that accelerates thickening time Chemical Family Silicates
• D
 ue to gelation & mixability issues, DCP-EX1 is not recommended for
use with Calcium Chloride or high concentrations of Sodium Chloride Physical State Solid
Color White granule powder
Temperature Range Odor Odorless or musty odor
20°C to 100°C (68°F to 212°F) pH ~14.0
Solubility Soluble in water
Loading
Typically added at 0.5% to 3.0% BWOC, depending on the slurry
weight needed: from 1200 kg/m3 to 1700 kg/m3 (10.0 ppg to 14.2
ppg). DCP-EX1 can be dry-blended or pre-hydrated in the cement mix
water prior to use.

Safety & Handling

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DCP-EX1
Ingestion, Inhalation

Accelerators
2-6 | Calfrac Cement Materials & Additives

Potassium Chloride (KCl) (Accelerator and Clay Control)

Potassium Chloride (KCl or Potash) can be added to cement slurries for application in water-sensitive shales and clays. It may
also be used as an accelerator if no other accelerators are available.

Benefits
• Slightly decreases thickening time and increases rate of compressive strength development
• Helps improve the cement/formation bond

Technical Information
Specific Bulk Bulk
Water Required Absolute Volume Gravity Volume Density
(m 3/t) (gal/lb) (m 3/t) (gal/lb) (m 3/t) (ft 3/lb) (t/m 3) (lb/ft 3)

KCl 0.511 0.061 1.958 0.843 0.014 1.186 74.0

Secondary Effect on Slurry Physical Data

Slightly decreases the effectiveness of fluid-loss additives and Chemical KCl
dispersants
Chemical Family Inorganic salt

Temperature Range Physical State Solid crystals

10°C to 200°C (50°F to 392°F) Color White to reddish brown

Odor Odorless
Loading pH 8.0 to 9.0 (5% solution)
2.0% to 5.0% BWOC
Solubility In water: 342 g/L @ 20°C
Melting Point 773°C (1423°F)
Boiling Point 1500°C (2732°F) (sublimes)
Flash Point Not flammable

Safety & Handling

WHMIS Classification Health Hazards Protective Equipment

Potassium Chloride Skin, Eye Contact,

Not WHMIS Regulated
(KCl) Ingestion, Inhalation

Accelerators
 Calfrac Cement Materials & Additives | 2-7

Sodium Chloride (NaCl) (Accelerator and Clay Control)

Sodium Chloride (NaCl or salt) is a cement additive that, depending on its concentration will either accelerate or retard the
cement slurry. For formations containing clay, NaCl will prevent clay swelling when water is lost from the cement slurry and
comes into contact with the producing formation.
NaCl is a good replacement for CaCl2, but will not accelerate as well as CaCl2.

Benefits
• Reduces washouts in salt formations
• Minimizes damage of fresh water sensitive zones
• Improves bonding of cement to shales

Technical Information
Specific Bulk Bulk
Water Required Absolute Volume Gravity Volume Density
(m 3/t) (gal/lb) (m 3/t) (gal/lb) (m 3/t) (ft 3/lb) (t/m 3) (lb/ft 3)

NaCl 0.462 0.055 2.166 0.771 0.012 1.297 81.0

NaCl is commonly dry-blended with the cement but can be pre-hydrated in the mix water.

Effect of NaCl on Thickening Time and Compressive Strength: Class G slurry @ 1870 kg/m3 (15.6 ppg)
Thickening Time (hr:min)
Depth, m (ft)
NaCl, % (BWOC) 300 (984) 700 (2,297) 1,000 (3,281) 1,500 (4,921)

0 4:30 4:10 2:45 2:35

2 3:00 2:15 1:55 1:30
4 3:00 2:30 1:20 1:30

Secondary Effect on Slurry Physical Data

• Decreases density and thickening time Chemical NaCl
• Increases early strength
• Improves cement bonding to shales Chemical Family Sodium Chloride
Physical State Solid (granules)
Temperature Range Color White
10°C to 70°C (50°F to 158°F) Odor Odorless
pH 6.0 to 8.0
Loading
Solubility 36 g/100 mL H2O @ 20°C
3.0% to 15.0% BWOW (1.5% to 5.0% BWOC)
Melting Point 804°C (2732°F)
Boiling Point 1413°C (2575°F)
Flash Point Not flammable

Safety & Handling

WHMIS Classification Health Hazards Protective Equipment

Skin, Eye Contact,

Sodium Chloride (NaCl) Not WHMIS Regulated
Ingestion, Inhalation

Accelerators
2-8 | Calfrac Cement Materials & Additives

Notes

Accelerators
Section 3
Extenders

Bentonite . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-2
DCP-EX1 (Extender and
Accelerator) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-3
DCP-EX2 (Extender and
Gas Migration) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-4
Pozzolan F . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-5
Pozzolan C . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-6

3 Extenders
 Calfrac Cement Materials & Additives | 3-1

Extenders

Extenders lower the density of the cement slurry and increase the cement slurry yield
(and sometimes reduce fluid-loss), allowing weak formations to be cemented without
exceeding the fracture pressure gradient by the cement column.

Extended slurries can be obtained by adding a material like bentonite, sodium metasilicates,
pozzolanic materials, and nitrogen or ceramic/glass microspheres.
These extended slurries require large amounts of mixing water, but is a more economical
approach, because water is the least expensive component of cement slurries.
Some extenders (Pozzolan F or DCP-EX2) also help to lower the resistance to chemical attack
by formation water.
Often the combination of a lightweight, granular material (ceramic or glass microspheres as
example) and a water-increasing agent is more effective and economical than either additive
used alone.
Extenders can be used with API cements.

Extenders
3-2 | Calfrac Cement Materials & Additives

Bentonite
Bentonite is a clay mineral formed from the weathering of volcanic or igneous rock and is used as an extender, or filler in
cementing operations. It is generally added to extend slurry yield, provide lower density, and reduce cost. Proper slurry designs
will provide suitable compressive strengths.
Extenders work via two means, by either allowing the use of extra water in the slurry or by substituting lightweight fillers for
cement. In the case of bentonite, it effectively ties up, or absorbs the additional water.
Bentonite slurries are useful in controlling the hydrostatic pressure of a long column of slurry.

Benefits
• Lowers free water and improves fluid-loss control
• Provides lower slurry density
• Lowers the cost of the cement blend

Technical Information
Specific Bulk Bulk
Water Required Absolute Volume Gravity Volume Density
(m 3/t) (gal/lb) (m 3/t) (gal/lb) (m 3/t) (ft 3/lb) (t/m 3) (lb/ft 3)

Bentonite 5.300 0.636 0.445 0.048 2.248 1.295 0.021 0.772 48.2

Bentonite swells to about eight times its original dry volume

If the concentration of Bentonite is more than 8%, use of dispersants is required

Secondary Effect on Slurry Physical Data

• Increases slurry viscosity Chemical Family Natural occurring mineral
• Decreases early strength
Physical State Solid

Temperature Range Color Light tan to grey

15°C to 300°C (59°F to 570°F) Odor Odorless

pH 8.0 to 10.0
Loading Solubility Insoluble in water
0.1% to 12.0 % BWOC (see chart below)
Melting Point ~1450°C (2640°F)
Flash Point Not flammable
Bentonite % Slurry Weight Slurry Yield
kg/m 3 ppg m 3/ton ft 3/sk

0 1870 15.6 0.785 1.18

2 1760 14.7 0.903 1.36
4 1690 14.1 1.029 1.55
8 1570 13.1 1.275 1.92
12 1500 12.5 1.521 2.29

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Skin, Eye Contact,

Bentonite
Ingestion, Inhalation

Extenders
 Calfrac Cement Materials & Additives | 3-3

DCP-EX1 (Extender and Accelerator)

DCP-EX1 is an extender used to create economical, low density cement slurry, using sodium metasilicate (metso beads). The
use of these lightweight cements lower the hydrostatic pressure of the cement column in deep wells and in wells with weak
formations. It also low fracture gradients or prevents lost circulation across pressure sensitive zones.
Extenders work via two means, by either allowing the use of extra water in the slurry or by substituting lightweight fillers for
cement. In the case of DCP-EX1, light weight slurries can be made by blending with the lime present in the cement or by the
addition of CaCl2 to produce a silicate gel. This gel has enough viscosity to allow for additional mix water without the problem of
excess free water separation, thus it effectively ties up, or absorbs the additional water.
Benefits
• Produces high yield, low cost cement blends
• Reduces slurry density and as a result lowers hydrostatic pressure
• Higher strength cement is produced with DCP-EX1 in comparison to other extenders
• Reduces free water
• Compatible with API cements
Technical Information
Specific Bulk Bulk
Water Required Absolute Volume Gravity Volume Density
(m 3/t) (gal/lb) (m 3/t) (gal/lb) (m 3/t) (ft 3/lb) (t/m 3) (lb/ft 3)

DCP-EX1 0.424 0.051 2.361 0.837 0.013 1.195 74.6

Effect of DCP-EX1 on Cement Slurry, Thickening Time (Class G Standard Blend)

DCP-EX1 % Slurry Weight Free Water TT @ 35°C & 1,000m
kg/m 3 ppg % h:min

0 1965 16.4 2.5% 3:50

0 1870 15.6 8.0% 4:30
2 1720 14.4 0.5% 1:10
2 1500 12.5 1.0% 2:30
3 1380 11.5 0.5% 4:30

Secondary Effect on Slurry Physical Data

• Gelation, accelerates thickening time Chemical Family Silicates
• Due to gelation and mixability issues, DCP-EX1 is not recommended for
use with Calcium Chloride or high concentrations of Sodium Chloride Physical State Solid
Color White granule powder
Temperature Range Odor Odorless or musty odor
20°C to 100°C (68°F to 212°F) pH ~14.0
Solubility Soluble in water
Loading
Typically added at 0.5% to 3.0% BWOC, depending on the slurry weight
needed: from 1200 kg/m3 to 1700 kg/m3 (10.0 ppg to 14.2 ppg),
DCP-EX1 can be dry-blended or pre-dissolved in the cement mix
water prior to use

Safety & Handling

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Skin, Eye Contact,

DCP-EX1
Ingestion, Inhalation

Extenders
3-4 | Calfrac Cement Materials & Additives

DCP-EX2 (Extender and Gas Migration)

DCP-EX2 is a pozzolanic material used to produce high compressive strength, low density cement slurries, and prevent annular
gas migration by reducing the permeability of the cement slurry. DCP-EX2 consists primarily of non-crystalline silicon dioxide
(SiO2). The particles are very small, approximately 1/100th the size of an average cement particle.
DCP-EX2 reacts with the hydration products of Portland cement, forming calcium silicate hydrate gel, which enhances strength,
durability and impermeability by consuming the weaker calcium hydroxide.

Benefits
• Improves compressive strength
• Improves free water control and solids suspension
• Reduces the inherent permeability of the cement slurry to prevent gas migration
• Compatible with API cements

Technical Information
Specific Bulk Bulk
Water Required Absolute Volume Gravity Volume Density
(m 3/t) (gal/lb) (m 3/t) (gal/lb) (m 3/t) (ft 3/lb) (t/m 3) (lb/ft 3)

DCP-EX2 3.600 0.431 0.443 0.053 2.256 3.861 0.062 0.259 16.2

Secondary Effect on Slurry Physical Data

• Accelerates cement slurry at low temperature Chemical Family Silicon Dioxide (SiO2)
• Provides minor fluid-loss control
• Slightly viscosifies cement slurry Ultrafine amorphous powder, dust forms
Physical State
• Improves sulfate resistance to cement slurries agglomerates
Color Light to dark grey
Temperature Range Odor Odorless
10°C to 200°C (50°F to 390°F) pH 5.9 to 7.6 (20°C)
Solubility Insoluble to slightly soluble in water
Loading
Melting Point ~1230ºC (2246ºF)
1.0% to 15.0% BWOC

Safety & Handling

WHMIS Classification Health Hazards Protective Equipment

Skin, Eye Contact,

DCP-EX2
Ingestion, Inhalation

Extenders
 Calfrac Cement Materials & Additives | 3-5

Pozzolan F
Pozzolan F is the noncombustible residue from the burning of pulverized coal and is widely used in the oil industry. It is a
siliceous or a siliceous and aluminous material that possesses little of no cementitious value.
In a finely divided form and in the presence of moisture, Pozzolan F reacts chemically with calcium hydroxide to form compounds
possessing cementitious properties, contributing to both strength and water tightness.
Pozzolan F is frequently used to replace a portion of the cement in a blend and reduce its density and enhance its pumpability.

Benefits
• Reduces the density of the cement to decrease the hydrostatic pressure of the cement column
• Reduces the cost of the cement blend
• Increases the sulphate resistance of the cement
• Contributes to the compressive strength of the cement
• Reduces the permeability of set cements

Technical Information
Specific Bulk Bulk
Water Required Absolute Volume Gravity Volume Density
(m 3/t) (gal/lb) (m 3/t) (gal/lb) (m 3/t) (ft 3/lb) (t/m 3) (lb/ft 3)

Pozzolan F 0.460 0.055 0.491 0.059 2.035 1.073 0.017 0.932 58.1

Secondary Effect on Slurry Physical Data

Set cement with Pozzolan F exhibits increased expansion compared Chemical Family Combustion of coal
to neat cement
• Decreases slurry viscosity and density Physical State Solid
• Increase the resilience of cement to attack by sulfate and acid Gray/black to brown/tan powder of which may
Color
contain solidified masses
Temperature Range Odor Odorless
27°C to 160°C (80°F to 320°F) pH 4.0 to 12.0 in water
Solubility Slightly (<5%)
Loading
Melting Point >1000°C (1832°F)
Canada – Pozzolan F is normally added to a blend from 400 kg to over
600 kg per one tonne of cement; the volume of the Pozzolan F plus the
volume of the cement in the blend will always equal 1000 kg

US – Normally added to a blend on a percentage basis of the Pozzolan

F sack weight; the percentage of the Pozzolan F plus the percentage
of the cement will always equal 100%; the weight of the Pozzolan F
plus the weight of the cement per sack is the sack blend weight

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Skin, Eye Contact,

Pozzolan F
Ingestion, Inhalation

Extenders
3-6 | Calfrac Cement Materials & Additives

Pozzolan C
Pozzolan C is produced by burning lignite or subbituminous coals contain more than 10% lime, this type of pozzolanic material
exhibits cementations properties itself. In the presence of water, Pozzolan C will harden and gain strength over time.
Pozzolan C is frequently used to replace a portion of the cement in a blend and reduce its density and enhance its pumpability.
Pozzolan C must replace at least 25% of the Portland cement to mitigate the effects of alkali silica reaction. If using any organic
admixtures such as air entrainment, the amount added must be modified since the carbon (LOI) in the Pozzolan C adsorbs
organic compounds.
Pozzolan C should not be used in sulfate exposure applications, because it is not strictly fit the ASTM definition of pozzolanic
material.

Benefits
• Reduces the density of the cement to decrease the hydrostatic pressure of the cement column
• Reduces the cost of the cement blend
• Contributes to the compressive strength of the cement
• Reduces the permeability of set cements

Technical Information
Specific Bulk Bulk
Water Required Absolute Volume Gravity Volume Density
(m 3/t) (gal/lb) (m 3/t) (gal/lb) (m 3/t) (ft 3/lb) (t/m 3) (lb/ft 3)

Pozzolan C 0.460 0.055 0.374 0.045 2.674 1.073 0.017 1.350 84.2

Secondary Effect on Slurry Physical Data

Set cement with Pozzolan C exhibits increased expansion compared Chemical Family Combustion of coal
to neat cement
• Decreases slurry viscosity and density Physical State Solid
Gray/black to brown/tan powder (may contain
Color
Temperature Range solidified masses)

27°C to 160°C (80°F to 320°F) Odor Odorless

pH 4.0 to 12.0 in water
Loading Solubility Slightly (<5%)
Canada – Pozzolan C is normally added to a blend from 400 kg to
Melting Point >1000°C (1832°F)
over 600 kg per one tonne of cement; the volume of the Pozzolan C
plus the volume of the cement in the blend will always equal 1000 kg

US – Normally added to a blend on a percentage basis of the Pozzolan

C sack weight; the percentage of the Pozzolan C plus the percentage
of the cement will always equal 100%; the weight of the Pozzolan C
plus the weight of the cement per sack is the sack blend weight

Safety & Handling

WHMIS Classification Health Hazards Protective Equipment

Skin, Eye Contact,

Pozzolan C
Ingestion, Inhalation

Extenders
Section 4
Fluid-Loss Additives

DCP-FL1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-2
DCP-FL3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-3
DCP-FL5 (Fluid-Loss and
Gas Migration) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-4
DCP-FL6 (Fluid-Loss and
Gas Migration) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-5
DCP-FL7 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-7
DCP-SA1 (Fluid-Loss and
Suspension Agent) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-9

4 Fluid-Loss
Additives
 Calfrac Cement Materials & Additives | 4-1

Fluid-Loss Additives

Fluid-losses from the cement slurry to the formation can affect the setting time and
compressive strength of cement.

Fluid-loss additives are used to prevent slurry dehydration and reduce fluid-loss to the formation
(against the porous zones).
Examples of fluid-loss additives include: cationic polymer, non-ionic synthetic polymer, anionic
synthetic polymer and cellulose derivative.
The principal functions of fluid-loss control additives are to form a film or micelles to control the
flow of water from the cement slurry and prevent rapid dehydration.
Fluid-loss control additives improve particle-size distribution, which determines how mixing fluid
is held or trapped in the slurry.
Fluid-loss additive can be in the form of organic polymer (cellulose) or synthetic polymer. In
some cases friction reducers can be used as fluid-loss additives.
They disperse and pack cement particles, thus they densify the slurry. This is especially effective
when using cement blends with lower amount of mixing water.
Fluid-loss additives can be used with API cements.

Fluid-Loss Additives
4-2 | Calfrac Cement Materials & Additives

DCP-FL1
DCP-FL1 is Calfrac’s low temperature polymer type fluid-loss additive.
DCP-FL1 performs by forming a film around the cement particle which controls the flow of water from the slurry and prevents
rapid dehydration and by improving the particle size distribution, which determines how the water is held or trapped in the slurry.
At low temperatures it has no retarding effect and is compatible with most of Calfrac accelerators.

Benefits
Provides excellent fluid-loss control without adversely slowing thickening time or compressive strength development. Essentially
has no retardation effect to cement slurries at low temperatures.
• Compatible with API cements
• Minimizes formation damage and sloughing caused by cement filtrate loss
• Maintains cement properties, in particular thickening time and rheology
• Helps minimize pressure and volume losses in the annulus after cement placement by reducing filter cake bridging

Technical Information
Specific Bulk Bulk
Water Required Absolute Volume Gravity Volume Density
(m 3/t) (gal/lb) (m 3/t) (gal/lb) (m 3/t) (ft 3/lb) (t/m 3) (lb/ft 3)

DCP-FL1 0.803 0.096 1.246 1.573 0.025 0.636 39.7

Secondary Effect on Slurry Physical Data

Decreased performance of PVA based fluid-loss caused by higher Chemical Family Polyvinyl alcohol
temperature and not the result of thermal degradation of chemical, but
is owed to its increasing water solubility. Physical State Solid
• Slightly shortens thickening time Color White
• Increases slurry viscosity
Odor Mild odor
Temperature Range pH 5.5 to 6.6
15°C to 80°C (59°F to 176°F) Solubility Soluble in water

Loading
0.1% to 1.0% BWOC

Safety & Handling

WHMIS Classification Health Hazards Protective Equipment

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DCP-FL1 Not WHMIS Regulated
Ingestion, Inhalation

Fluid-Loss Additives
 Calfrac Cement Materials & Additives | 4-3

DCP-FL3
DCP-FL3 is Calfrac’s mid temperature fluid-loss additive.
DCP-FL3 controls the rheological properties when placing the cement and ensures a good cement bond to formation and pipe.
Benefits
DCP-FL3 provides excellent fluid-loss control with minimum effect on thickening time or compressive strength development.
• Compatible with API cements
• Minimizes formation damage and sloughing caused by cement filtrate loss
• Maintains cement properties (avoids premature dehydration of the slurry)
Technical Information
Specific Bulk Bulk
Water Required Absolute Volume Gravity Volume Density
(m 3/t) (gal/lb) (m 3/t) (gal/lb) (m 3/t) (ft 3/lb) (t/m 3) (lb/ft 3)

DCP-FL3 0.771 0.092 1.297 1.600 0.026 0.625 39.0

Secondary Effect on Slurry Physical Data

Decreased performance of PVA based fluid-loss caused by higher Chemical Family Polyvinyl alcohol
temperature and not the result of thermal degradation of chemical, but is
owed to its increasing water solubility. Physical State Solid
• Increases slurry viscosity Color White
• Slightly shortens thickening time
Odor Mild odor
Temperature Range Solubility Partially soluble in water
30°C to 95°C (86°F to 203°F)
At these temperatures DCP-FL3 has no retarding effect

Loading
0.1% to 1.1% BWOC

Safety & Handling

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DCP-FL3
Ingestion, Inhalation

Fluid-Loss Additives
4-4 | Calfrac Cement Materials & Additives

DCP-FL5 (Fluid-Loss and Gas Migration)

DCP-FL5 is a Calfrac synthetic copolymer used to control fluid-loss in low to high temperature applications.
Very useful in lightweight cementing compositions that often have long thickening time.
• Excellent fluid-loss control even at very low concentrations
Benefits
• Effective in high water to cement ratio slurries
• Ideally suited for shallow well cementing
• Shortens SGS transition time
• Compatible with API cements
Technical Information
Specific Bulk Bulk
Water Required Absolute Volume Gravity Volume Density
(m 3/t) (gal/lb) (m 3/t) (gal/lb) (m 3/t) (ft 3/lb) (t/m 3) (lb/ft 3)

DCP-FL5 0.711 0.084 1.406 3.086 0.049 0.324 20.2

Secondary Effect on Slurry Physical Data

Increases zero gel time Physical State Solid
Color White
Temperature Range
Odor Odorless
16°C to 121°C (60°F to 250°F)
pH Neutral

Loading Solubility Limited by viscosity

0.3% to 1.0% BWOC

Safety & Handling

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DCP-FL5
Ingestion, Inhalation

Fluid-Loss Additives
 Calfrac Cement Materials & Additives | 4-5

DCP-FL6 (Fluid-Loss and Gas Migration)

DCP-FL6 is a Calfrac universal fluid-loss and gas migration control additive.
Benefits
Maintains cement properties, viscosity, density, compressive strength, static gel strength and in particular thickening time and
rheology.
• Shortens SGS Transition Time
• Helps to avoid premature dehydration of the slurry
• Recommended for remedial cementing operations with coil-tubing, due to its non-gelation properties
• Provides exceptional fluid-loss control properties at higher BHCT
• Compatible with API cements
Technical Information
Specific Bulk Bulk
Water Required Absolute Volume Gravity Volume Density
(m 3/t) (gal/lb) (m 3/t) (gal/lb) (m 3/t) (ft 3/lb) (t/m 3) (lb/ft 3)

DCP-FL6 0.680 0.081 1.470 1.575 0.026 0.635 38.5

The effect of DCP-FL6 on the cement slurry SGS Transition Time and ZGT
Slurry Design Rheology Data
Class H Cement 300 126
Density 1917 kg/m³ (16.0 ppg) 200 90
100 50
DCP-FL6 0.6% BWOC
6 6
DCP-FR2 0.25% BWOC
3 4
DCP-EX2 3.0% BWOC

BHCT: 55°C (131°F)

Thickening time@70 Bc: 4 h:17 min

Fluid-Loss Additives
4-6 | Calfrac Cement Materials & Additives

DCP-FL6 (Fluid-Loss and Gas Migration) (con’t)

Fluid-Loss: 32 cc/30 min
Transition Time: 18 min ZGT: 38 min

The effect of DCP-FL6 on the cement slurry properties.

Blend: Class A cement @ 1845 kg/m³ (15.4 ppg) + additives
Temperature DCP-FL6 Rheology @ Mix temp Rheology @ BHCT API Fluid-Loss
ºC ( ºF ) % BWOC 300-200-100-6-3 300-200-100-6-3 (cc/30 min)

55 (131) 0.5 - - 64
68 (155) 0.5 - - 76
60 (140) 0.6 55-40-22-3-2 93-66-37-4-3 52
68 (155) 0.6 55-40-22-3-2 89-63-35-4-3 56
68 (155) 0.8 90-65-36-4-3 135-98-55-6-4 32
77 (170) 0.8 - - 36

Secondary Effect on Slurry Physical Data

Functions as a gas migration control additive, because of its non-gelation Chemical Family Organic polymer
characteristics
Physical State Solid

Temperature Range Color Brown

27°C to 204°C (80°F to 400°F) Odor Mild odor

• At these temperatures DCP-FL6 has no retarding effect and is pH Neutral
compatible with most Calfrac accelerators
Solubility Partially soluble in water
Loading
0.2% to 3.0% BWOC

Safety & Handling

WHMIS Classification Health Hazards Protective Equipment

Skin, Eye Contact,

DCP-FL6 Not WHMIS Regulated
Ingestion, Inhalation

Fluid-Loss Additives
 Calfrac Cement Materials & Additives | 4-7

DCP-FL7
DCP-FL7 is a Calfrac polymer used to control filtrate loss in low, moderate and high temperature applications. It has a linear
Fluid-Loss effect on the slurry.
Benefits
• Effective in high water to cement ratio slurries
• Ideally suited for shallow well cementing
• Compatible with API cements
• Compatible with DCP-EX1
Technical Information
Specific Bulk Bulk
Water Required Absolute Volume Gravity Volume Density
(m 3/t) (gal/lb) (m 3/t) (gal/lb) (m 3/t) (ft 3/lb) (t/m 3) (lb/ft 3)

DCP-FL7 0.680 0.080 1.470 2.604 0.041 0.384 23.9

The effect of DCP-FL7 on the cement slurry Fluid-Loss

Slurry Design
Base Blend: Class A Cement
Density 1717 kg/m³ (14.3 ppg)

DCP-EX1 0.5% BWOB

DCP-RT3 0.6% BWOC

The effect of DCP-FL7 on the cement slurry Thickening Time

Base Blend: Class H cement + DCP-FR2 + DCP-RT1 @ 1965 kg/m³ (16.4 ppg)
Blend / Test Temperature 40 Bc 70 Bc 100 Bc
Base Blend @ 25 ºC (77 ºF) 4h:20 min 5h:09 min 5h:41 min
Base Blend + 0.4% DCP-FL7 @ 25 ºC (77 ºF) 4h:27 min 5h:19 min 5h:49 min
Base Blend @ 50 ºC(122 ºF) 4h:18 min 4h:39 min 4h:57 min
Base Blend + 0.4% DCP-FL7@ 50 ºC (122 ºF) 5h:01 min 5h:16 min 5h:23 min
Base Blend @ 70 ºC (159 ºF) 3h:35 min 3h:42 min 3h:46 min
Base Blend + 0.4% DCP-FL7 @ 70 ºC (159 ºF) 4h:08 min 4h:21 min 4h:27 min

Fluid-Loss Additives
4-8 | Calfrac Cement Materials & Additives

DCP-FL7 (con’t)
Secondary Effect on Slurry Physical Data
Slightly increase viscosity Chemical Family Synthetic polymer
Function as a slight cement retarder at mid to high temperatures
(over 50 ºC (122 ºF)) Physical State Solid
Color White
Temperature Range
Odor Odorless
16°C to 104°C (60°F to 220°F)
pH Neutral
Loading Solubility Limited by viscosity
0.1% to 1.2% BWOC

Safety & Handling

WHMIS Classification Health Hazards Protective Equipment

Skin, Eye Contact,

DCP-FL7
Ingestion, Inhalation

Fluid-Loss Additives
 Calfrac Cement Materials & Additives | 4-9

DCP-SA1 (Fluid-Loss and Suspension Agent)

DCP-SA1 is a nonionic, water soluble high molecular weight polymer that is designed to prevent solids from settling and control
free water.
Benefits
• Induces rapid viscosity development
• Provides fluid-loss control
• Nontoxic, Biodegradable
Technical Information
Specific Bulk Bulk
Water Required Absolute Volume Gravity Volume Density
(m 3/t) (gal/lb) (m 3/t) (gal/lb) (m 3/t) (ft 3/lb) (t/m 3) (lb/ft 3)

DCP-SA1 0.724 0.087 1.380 1.429 0.023 0.700 43.7

Effect of DCP-SA1 on the cement slurry solids settling

Base Slurry: Class H cement + DCP-EX1 + DCP-EX2 + DCP-FL5 + DCP-RT4
Test Temperature Density
90ºC (194ºF) 1885 kg/m³ (15.7 ppg)

Test Temperature Density kg/m3 (ppg)

Top Middle Bottom
Base Slurry 1750 kg/m (14.6 ppg)
3
1750 kg/m (14.6 ppg)
3
1941 kg/m3(16.2 ppg)
Base Slurry +0.15% (BWOC) DCP-SA1 1857 kg/m (15.5 ppg)
3
1869 kg/m (15.6 ppg)
3
1893 kg/m3(15.8 ppg)

Effect of DCP-SA1 on the cement slurry free water

Base Slurry: Class A cement + DCP-RT1 + DCP-FR2
Test Temperature Density
60ºC (140ºF) 1750 kg/m³ (14.6 ppg)

Test Temperature API Free Water, %

Vertical 45 deg
Base Slurry 1.0 % 2.5 %
Base Slurry +0.3% (BWOC) DCP-SA1 0.2 % 0.4 %
Base Slurry +0.5% (BWOC) DCP-SA1 0.0 % 0.0 %

Secondary Effect on Slurry Physical Data

• Slightly retards cement slurries Chemical Family Cellulose ethers
• Increases slurry viscosity
Physical State Solid

Temperature Range Color White to light tan

25°C to 107°C (77°F to 225°F) Odor Odorless

Solubility Soluble in water
Loading Flash Point 400°C
0.1% to 1.0% BWOC

Safety & Handling

WHMIS Classification Health Hazards Protective Equipment

Skin, Eye Contact,

DCP-SA1
Ingestion, Inhalation

Fluid-Loss Additives
4-10 | Calfrac Cement Materials & Additives

Notes

Fluid-Loss Additives
Section 5
Friction Reducers

DCP-FR1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-2
DCP-FR2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-3
DCP-FR3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-4

5 Friction Reducers
 Calfrac Cement Materials & Additives | 5-1

Friction Reducers

Friction reducers are chemicals which function as dispersants and lower the slurry
viscosity and increase free water by dispersing the solids in the cement slurry.

Reducing of the apparent viscosity of cement slurry affects the rheology of the slurry and the
subsequent flow properties.
Friction reducers (in cement slurries) are used primarily to lower frictional pressure while
pumping and to reduce the pumping rate necessary to obtain turbulent flow for specific
conditions.
Designing a cement slurry with excessively high free-water or slurry segregation problems
should be avoided when using cement friction reducers.
Friction reducers commonly added to cement blends are polymers for lower temperatures,
because they retard slightly or Calcium Lignosulfonates (organic acid blends) for higher
temperatures, because they retard substantially.
Friction reducers can be used with API cements.

Friction Reducers
5-2 | Calfrac Cement Materials & Additives

DCP-FR1
DCP-FR1 is a highly effective dispersant and thinning agent added to cement slurries to reduce the apparent viscosity.
With reduced water, higher compressive strengths can be realized without affecting the cement viscosity.

Benefits
Disperses cement particles and thereby lowers slurry viscosity, reduces friction pressures and promotes better cement bonding.
• Lowers pumping pressures
• Provides turbulent flow properties to improve displacement efficiency
• Lowers water requirements
• Compatible with API cements

Technical Information
Specific Bulk Bulk
Water Required Absolute Volume Gravity Volume Density
(m 3/t) (gal/lb) (m 3/t) (gal/lb) (m 3/t) (ft 3/lb) (t/m 3) (lb/ft 3)

DCP-FR1 0.722 0.087 1.386 1.555 0.025 0.643 40.1

Excessive concentrations and improper slurry design can result in excessive free water and cement settling out.

Secondary Effect on Slurry Physical Data

Retards the cement slurry Chemical Family Naphthalene sulphonate, sodium salt
Physical State Solid
Temperature Range
Color Amber
Over 15°C (59°F)
Odor Faint mothball odor
pH 7.0 to 10.5 (1.0% solution)
Loading
Solubility Miscible in water
0.2% to 1.0 % BWOC

Safety & Handling

WHMIS Classification Health Hazards Protective Equipment

Skin, Eye Contact,

DCP-FR1 Not WHMIS Regulated
Ingestion, Inhalation

Friction Reducers
 Calfrac Cement Materials & Additives | 5-3

DCP-FR2
DCP-FR2 is a highly effective third generation dispersant and thinning agent added to cement slurries to reduce apparent
viscosity and improve the rheological properties.
With reduced water, higher compressive strengths can be realized without affecting the cement viscosity.
DCP-FR2 can be used in slurries with salt concentrations greater than 18%.

Benefits
Disperses cement particles and lowers slurry viscosity, reduces friction pressures and promotes better cement bonding.
• Lowers water requirements
• Compatible with API cements
• Can be used as a gel modifier and gas migration control additive if used in conjunction with certain fluid-loss additives

Technical Information
Specific Bulk Bulk
Water Required Absolute Volume Gravity Volume Density
(m 3/t) (gal/lb) (m 3/t) (gal/lb) (m 3/t) (ft 3/lb) (t/m 3) (lb/ft 3)

DCP-FR2 0.817 0.098 1.224 1.473 0.024 0.679 42.4

Excessive concentrations and improper slurry design can result in excessive free water and cement settling out.

Secondary Effect on Slurry Physical Data

Increase thickening time and density (by using reduced mixing water) Chemical Family Polymer
Physical State Solid
Temperature Range
Color Red/brown
Over 15°C (59°F)
Odor Characteristic

Loading pH 8.0 to 11.4 @ 20%

0.2% to 1.0% BWOC Solubility 1000 g/L in water

Melting Point 370°C (>698°F)
Flash Point Non-flammable

Safety & Handling

WHMIS Classification Health Hazards Protective Equipment

Skin, Eye Contact,

DCP-FR2 Not WHMIS Regulated
Ingestion, Inhalation

Friction Reducers
5-4 | Calfrac Cement Materials & Additives

DCP-FR3
DCP-FR3 is a highly effective dispersant and thinning agent added to cement slurries to reduce apparent viscosity and improve
the rheological properties.
With reduced water, higher compressive strengths can be realized without affecting the cement viscosity.
DCP-FR3 is not recommended for use in slurries with salt concentrations of 18% by weight of water or higher.

Benefits
Disperses cement particles and lowers slurry viscosity, reduces friction pressures and promotes better cement bonding.
• Lowers water requirements
• Compatible with API cements

Technical Information
Specific Bulk Bulk
Water Required Absolute Volume Gravity Volume Density
(m 3/t) (gal/lb) (m 3/t) (gal/lb) (m 3/t) (ft 3/lb) (t/m 3) (lb/ft 3)

DCP-FR3 0.732 0.087 1.367 1.403 0.023 0.713 43.0

Excessive concentrations and improper slurry design can result in excessive free water and cement settling out.

Secondary Effect on Slurry Physical Data

Increase thickening time and density (by using reduced mixing water) Chemical Family Polymer
Physical State Solid
Temperature Range
Color Brown powder
Over 15°C (59°F)
Odor Characteristic

Loading pH 8.0 to 11.4 @ 20%

0.2% to 1.0% BWOC Solubility 1000 g/L in water

Melting Point 370°C (>698°F)
Flash Point Non-flammable

Safety & Handling

WHMIS Classification Health Hazards Protective Equipment

Skin, Eye Contact,

DCP-FR3 Not WHMIS Regulated
Ingestion, Inhalation

Friction Reducers
Section 6
Gas Migration

DCP-EX2 (Gas Migration

and Extender) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-2
DCP-FL5 (Gas Migration
and Fluid-Loss) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-3
DCP-FL6 (Gas Migration
and Fluid-Loss) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-4
DCP-GC1 (Gas Migration
and Expansion) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-6
DCP-GC3 (Gas Control and
Bonding Agent) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-7

6 Gas Migration
 Calfrac Cement Materials & Additives | 6-1

Gas Migration

Gas migration control additives are used to reduce and mitigate the effect of gas
invading the cement slurry.

The most common cause of gas migration through the unset cement column is the inability
to maintain overbalance pressure while the cement slurry is in a gellation phase, allowing gas
percolation to form a gas channel.
Depending on the calculated gas flow potential factor (Calfrac GFP Calculator), different
additives are available to control or reduce gas migration.
Gas migration control additives should be considered when the transition time can’t be adjusted
due to density changes or dispersants to accommodate for the gas flow problem.
Some of theses additives are: Fluid-Loss control, Thixotropic or Expansive additives.
For the severe conditions of potential gas flow, combinations of different gas migration additives
are often employed to give the most effective and economical control of problem.
Gas migration additives can be used with API cements.

Gas Migration
6-2 | Calfrac Cement Materials & Additives

DCP-EX2 (Gas Migration and Extender)

DCP-EX2 is a pozzolanic material used to produce high compressive strength, low density cement slurries, and prevent annular
gas migration by reducing the permeability of the cement slurry.
DCP-EX2 consists primarily of non-crystalline silicon dioxide (SiO2). The particles are very small, approximately 1/100th the size
of an average cement particle.
DCP-EX2 reacts with the hydration products of Portland cement, forming calcium silicate hydrate gel, which enhances strength,
durability and impermeability by consuming the weaker calcium hydroxide.

Benefits
• Improves compressive strength
• Improves free water control and solids suspension
• Reduces the inherent permeability of the cement slurry to prevent gas migration
• Compatible with API cements

Technical Information
Specific Bulk Bulk
Water Required Absolute Volume Gravity Volume Density
(m 3/t) (gal/lb) (m 3/t) (gal/lb) (m 3/t) (ft 3/lb) (t/m 3) (lb/ft 3)

DCP-EX2 3.600 0.431 0.443 0.053 2.256 3.861 0.062 0.259 16.2

Secondary Effect on Slurry Physical Data

• Accelerates cement slurry at low temperature Chemical Family Silicon Dioxide (SiO2)
• Provides minor fluid-loss control
• Slightly viscosify cement slurry Ultrafine amorphous powder, dust forms
Physical State
• Improves sulfate resistance to cement slurries agglomerates
Color Light to dark grey
Temperature Range Odor Odorless
10°C to 200°C (50°F to 390°F) pH 5.9 to 7.6 (20°C)
Solubility Insoluble to slightly soluble in water
Loading
Melting Point ~1230ºC (2246ºF)
1.0% to 15.0% BWOC

Safety & Handling

WHMIS Classification Health Hazards Protective Equipment

Skin, Eye Contact,

DCP-EX2
Ingestion, Inhalation

Gas Migration
 Calfrac Cement Materials & Additives | 6-3

DCP-FL5 (Gas Migration and Fluid-Loss)

DCP-FL5 is a Calfrac synthetic copolymer used to control fluid-loss in low to high temperature applications.
• Very useful in lightweight cementing compositions that often have long thickening time
• Excellent fluid-loss control even at very low concentrations

Benefits
• Effective in high water to cement ratio slurries
• Ideally suited for shallow well cementing
• Shortens SGS transition time
• Compatible with API cements

Technical Information
Specific Bulk Bulk
Water Required Absolute Volume Gravity Volume Density
(m 3/t) (gal/lb) (m 3/t) (gal/lb) (m 3/t) (ft 3/lb) (t/m 3) (lb/ft 3)

DCP-FL5 0.711 0.084 1.406 3.086 0.049 0.324 20.2

Excessive concentrations and improper slurry design can result in excessive free water and cement settling out.

Secondary Effect on Slurry Physical Data

Increases zero gel time Physical State Solid
Color White powder
Temperature Range
Odor Odorless
16°C to 121°C (60°F to 250°F)
pH Neutral

Loading Solubility Limited by viscosity

0.3% to 1.0% BWOC

Safety & Handling

WHMIS Classification Health Hazards Protective Equipment

Skin, Eye Contact,

DCP-FL5
Ingestion, Inhalation

Gas Migration
6-4 | Calfrac Cement Materials & Additives

DCP-FL6 (Gas Migration and Fluid-Loss)

DCP-FL6 is a Calfrac universal fluid-loss and gas migration control additive.
Benefits
Maintains cement properties, viscosity, density, compressive strength, static gel strength and in particular thickening time and
rheology.
• Shortens SGS Transition Time
• Helps to avoid premature dehydration of the slurry
• Recommended for remedial cementing operations with coil-tubing, due to its non-gelation properties
• Provides exceptional fluid-loss control properties at higher BHCT
• Compatible with API cements
Technical Information
Specific Bulk Bulk
Water Required Absolute Volume Gravity Volume Density
(m 3/t) (gal/lb) (m 3/t) (gal/lb) (m 3/t) (ft 3/lb) (t/m 3) (lb/ft 3)

DCP-FL6 0.680 0.081 1.470 1.575 0.026 0.635 38.5

The effect of DCP-FL6 on the cement slurry SGS Transition Time and ZGT
Slurry Design Rheology Data
Class H Cement 300 126
Density 1917 kg/m³ (16.0 ppg) 200 90
100 50
DCP-FL6 0.6% BWOC
6 6
DCP-FR2 0.25% BWOC
3 4
DCP-EX2 3.0% BWOC

BHCT: 55°C (131°F)

Thickening time@70 Bc: 4 h:17 min

Gas Migration
 Calfrac Cement Materials & Additives | 6-5

DCP-FL6 (Gas Migration and Fluid-Loss) (con’t)

Fluid-Loss: 32 cc/30 min
Transition Time: 18 min ZGT: 38 min

The effect of DCP-FL6 on the cement slurry properties.

Blend: Class A cement @ 1845 kg/m³ (15.4 ppg) + additives
Temperature DCP-FL6 Rheology @ Mix temp Rheology @ BHCT API Fluid-Loss
ºC ( ºF ) % BWOC 300-200-100-6-3 300-200-100-6-3 (cc/30 min)

55 (131) 0.5 - - 64
68 (155) 0.5 - - 76
60 (140) 0.6 55-40-22-3-2 93-66-37-4-3 52
68 (155) 0.6 55-40-22-3-2 89-63-35-4-3 56
68 (155) 0.8 90-65-36-4-3 135-98-55-6-4 32
77 (170) 0.8 - - 36

Secondary Effect on Slurry Physical Data

Functions as a gas migration control additive, because of its non-gelation Chemical Family Organic polymer
characteristics
Physical State Solid

Temperature Range Color Brown

27°C to 204°C (80°F to 400°F) Odor Mild odor

• At these temperatures DCP-FL6 has no retarding effect and is pH Neutral
compatible with most Calfrac accelerators
Solubility Partially soluble in water
Loading
0.2% to 3.0% BWOC

Safety & Handling

WHMIS Classification Health Hazards Protective Equipment

Skin, Eye Contact,

DCP-FL6 Not WHMIS Regulated
Ingestion, Inhalation

Gas Migration
6-6 | Calfrac Cement Materials & Additives

DCP-GC1 (Gas Migration and Expansion)

DCP-GC1 liberates a hydrogen gas on reacting with the cement slurry. This reaction and the degree of expansion are dependent
on several factors of which include pressure, temperature, particle size and concentration.

Benefits
DCP-GC1 reacts with the cement slurry, creating fine gas bubbles, which maintain slurry pressure and volume during the
transition period.
• DCP-GC1 helps control gas invasion, thus improving cement-formation bonds
• DCP-GC1 expands the cement slurry
• Fine dispersion of gas bubbles created from DCP-GC1 results in low permeability cements

Technical Information
Specific Bulk Bulk
Water Required Absolute Volume Gravity Volume Density
(m 3/t) (gal/lb) (m 3/t) (gal/lb) (m 3/t) (ft 3/lb) (t/m 3) (lb/ft 3)

DCP-GC1 0.370 0.044 2.704 0.915 0.015 1.093 68.2

Do not use DCP-GC1 in slurry that contains more than 18% salt.

Secondary Effect on Slurry Physical Data

Slightly accelerates the slurry, and may cause gelation Chemical Family Elemental aluminum
Physical State Solid
Temperature Range
Color Silver to grey
59°C to 210°C (59°F to 410°F)
Odor Odorless
Solubility Insoluble in water
Loading
Melting Point 660°C (1220°F)
0.05% to 1.0% BWOC
Boiling Point 2467°C (4473°F)

Safety & Handling

WHMIS Classification Health Hazards Protective Equipment

Skin, Eye Contact,

DCP-GC1 Not WHMIS Regulated
Ingestion, Inhalation

Gas Migration
 Calfrac Cement Materials & Additives | 6-7

DCP-GC3 (Gas Control and Bonding Agent)

DCP-GC3 is a dry synthetic copolymer system that is designed to reduce the matrix permeability during the liquid to solid
transition time and in set cement systems. It also improves acid resistance of cement systems.

Benefits
• Significantly reduces the permeability of set cement
• Improves mechanical and cohesive strength of the cement slurry
• Provides fluid-loss control
• Provides particle suspension under a wide temperature variance

Technical Information
Specific Bulk Bulk
Water Required Absolute Volume Gravity Volume Density
(m 3/t) (gal/lb) (m 3/t) (gal/lb) (m 3/t) (ft 3/lb) (t/m 3) (lb/ft 3)

DCP-GC3 0.885 0.106 1.13 1.695 0.027 0.590 36.8

Effect of DCP-GC3 on the permeability of set cement

Base Slurry: Class H cement + DCP-FR2 @ 1953 kg/m³ (16.3 ppg)
Type of Slurry Permeability, mD
Base Slurry 0.2163
Base Slurry +1.0% (BWOC) DCP-GC3 0.1105
Base Slurry +5.0% (BWOC) DCP-GC3 0.0780

Effect of DCP-GC3 on the cement slurry rheology

Base Slurry: Class H cement + DCP-FR2 @ 16.3 ppg
Test Temperature Density Type of Slurry Rheology @ Test Temperature
40° C (104° F) 1953 kg/m (16.3 ppg)
3
Base Slurry 87 74 56 19 15
*Base Slurry +1.0% (BWOC) DCP-GC3 227 125 118 25 17
Base Slurry +5.0% (BWOC) DCP-GC3 65 45 25 11 6
*Increases viscosity at lower concentrations and decreases at higher

Secondary Effect on Slurry Physical Data

• Strong retarder Chemical Family Synthetic Copolymer
• Increases slurry viscosity at lower concentrations
• Controls Fluid-Loss at high concentration Physical State Solid
Color Slightly yellowish
Temperature Range Odor Odorless
15°C to 204°C (59°F to 400°F) Solubility Soluble in water
Flash Point 400°C
Loading
0.5% to 5.0% BWOC

Safety & Handling

WHMIS Classification Health Hazards Protective Equipment

Skin, Eye Contact,

DCP-GC3
Ingestion, Inhalation

Gas Migration
6-8 | Calfrac Cement Materials & Additives

Notes

Gas Migration
Section 7

7 Weighting
Additives
Weighting Additives

Barite . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-2
Hematite . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-3
Micromax . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-4
 Calfrac Cement Materials & Additives | 7-1

Weighting Additives

The addition of weighting additives are necessary in high pressure, high temperature oil
and gas wells.

Weighting materials are necessary to improve mud displacement, to increase slurry density and
for the control of high formation pressures.
There are several characteristics, which determine the effectiveness of weighting additives.
Initially, they should be inert materials that are compatible with other additives used in
cementing.
The specific gravity of weighting materials should preferably be between 4.0 and 5.0.
Weighting additives do not significantly reduce cement strength.
Weighting additives have low water requirements and their affect on the thickening time of
slurries is minimal.
Friction reducers can be used to reduce the water requirement in slurry thus increasing the
weight. Normally 0.75% to 1.0% of friction reducers is used for a slurry weight of 17.0 ppg (2040
kg/m³).
Weighting additives can be used with API cements.

Weighting Additives
7-2 | Calfrac Cement Materials & Additives

Barite
Barite is a dense mineral comprised of barium sulfate (BaSO4). Barite is used as a weighting material to increase the density of
cement slurries and/or spacers, to combat high bottom hole pressures.
Weighting materials do not react with the base slurry and increase the density of the slurry by virtue of their high specific gravity.
Cement slurries with densities up to 2280 kg/m3 (19.0 ppg) can be made with barite to control high pressure wells. Particle sizes
are predominantly in the 3 to 74 micron range.

Benefits
• Increases slurry density or weight to help restrain high formation pressure
• Improves mud displacement
• Chemically inert in fresh water and oil-based fluids and can be used to increase spacer densities

Technical Information
Specific Bulk Bulk
Water Required Absolute Volume Gravity Volume Density
(m 3/t) (gal/lb) (m 3/t) (gal/lb) (m 3/t) (ft 3/lb) (t/m 3) (lb/ft 3)

Barite 0.220 0.023 0.236 0.028 4.231 0.576 0.009 1.736 108.4

Secondary Effect on Slurry Physical Data

• Causes settling and increases slurry viscosity Chemical Family Inorganic barium salt
• Decreases compressive strength
Physical State Solid

Temperature Range Color Grey to white

20°C to 300°C (68°F to 572°F) Odor Dirt – dust like odor

pH 7.0 to 9.5
Solubility Insoluble in water
Melting Point 1580°C (2876°F)
Flash Point Not flammable

Loading
The quantity of Barite needed to increase fluid density:
Metric Unit Calculation: Imperial Unit Calculation:
Barite (kg required per 1 m3 of initial fluid): Barite (lbs required per 1 gal of initial fluid):

SG*1000*(W2-W1) SG*8.33*(W2-W1)
SG*1000 – W2 SG*8.33 – W2
Where: W1 – Initial fluid weight (kg/m3) Where: W1 – Initial fluid weight (ppg)
W2 – Desired fluid weight (kg/m3) W2 – Desired fluid weight (ppg)
SG – Specific gravity of Barite SG – Specific gravity of Barite

Safety & Handling

WHMIS Classification Health Hazards Protective Equipment

Skin, Eye Contact,

Barite Not WHMIS Regulated
Ingestion, Inhalation

Weighting Additives
 Calfrac Cement Materials & Additives | 7-3

Hematite
Hematite is a weighting material that is used to increase slurry weight.
Weighting materials do not react with the base slurry and increase the density of the slurry by virtue of their high specific gravity.
Cement slurries with densities up to 2641 kg/m3 (22.0 ppg) can be made with hematite to control high pressure wells.

Benefits
• Increases slurry density or weight to help restrain high formation pressure
• Improves mud displacement
• Can be used in spacers to increase densities

Technical Information
Specific Bulk Bulk
Water Required Absolute Volume Gravity Volume Density
(m 3/t) (gal/lb) (m 3/t) (gal/lb) (m 3/t) (ft 3/lb) (t/m 3) (lb/ft 3)

Varies with Varies with

Hematite amount used amount used 0.192 0.023 5.200 0.378 0.006 2.643 165.0

Secondary Effect on Slurry Physical Data

• S ettling problems caused by thermal thinning of cement slurries at Chemical Family Ferric Oxide, Iron Sesquioxide
high temperatures
• Increases slurry viscosity Physical State Solid
• Decreases compressive strength Color Brown to Red
Odor Odorless
Temperature Range
pH 7.0 to 8.0
20°C to 300°C (68°F to 572°F)
Solubility Insoluble in water
Melting Point 1565°C (2849°F)
Flash Point Not flammable

Loading
The quantity of Hematite needed to increase fluid density:
Metric Unit Calculation: Imperial Unit Calculation:
Hematite (kg required per 1 m3 of initial fluid): Hematite (lbs required per 1 gal of initial fluid):

SG*1000*(W2-W1) SG*8.33*(W2-W1)
SG*1000 – W2 SG*8.33 – W2
Where: W1 – Initial fluid weight (kg/m3) Where: W1 – Initial fluid weight (ppg)
W2 – Desired fluid weight (kg/m3) W2 – Desired fluid weight (ppg)
SG – Specific gravity of Hematite SG – Specific gravity of Hematite

Safety & Handling

WHMIS Classification Health Hazards Protective Equipment

Skin, Eye Contact,

Hematite Not WHMIS Regulated
Ingestion, Inhalation

Weighting Additives
7-4 | Calfrac Cement Materials & Additives

Micromax
MIcromax is a weighting material that is used to increase slurry weight.
Weighted cement slurries with Micromax have improved performance, rheology and stability.

Benefits
• Remains in suspension when added directly to mixing water.
• Improve slurry stability and rheology
• Logistical and design flexibility
• Reduce abrasion
• Non-magnetic

Technical Information
Specific Bulk Bulk
Water Required Absolute Volume Gravity Volume Density
(m 3/t) (gal/lb) (m 3/t) (gal/lb) (m 3/t) (ft 3/lb) (t/m 3) (lb/ft 3)

Varies with Varies with

Micromax amount used amount used 0.200 0.024 5.0 0.736 0.012 1.359 84.0

Secondary Effect on Slurry Physical Data

• Slightly incenses slurry viscosity Chemical Family Iron sulphate, Dolomite, Manganese sulphate
• Decreases compressive strength
Physical State Solid

Temperature Range Color Tan

27°C to 260°C (80°F to 500°F) Odor Odorless

Solubility Slightly soluble in water
Loading Flash Point Not flammable
Based on required density of the cement slurry

Safety & Handling

WHMIS Classification Health Hazards Protective Equipment

Skin, Eye Contact,

Micromax Not WHMIS Regulated
Ingestion, Inhalation

Weighting Additives
Section 8
Lost Circulation

8 Lost Circulation
Celloflake . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-2
DCP-LC1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-3
DCP-LC2 (Lost Circulation
and Durability Agent) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-4
DCP-LC3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-5
DCP-LC4 (Lost Circulation
and Durability Agent) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-6
 Calfrac Cement Materials & Additives | 8-1

Lost Circulation

Lost circulation is a condition that occurs when drilling fluid or cement slurry escapes
into crevices or porous sidewalls of a borehole and does not return.

There are three main groups of inert bridging lost circulation materials at Calfrac:
1. Fibrous
2. Coarse particles
3. Flake materials
As an alternative, thixotropic cements or flash setting cement blends can be used to combat a
lost circulation problem.
Often the most effective approaches to correct a lost circulation problem is to combine bridging
materials with quick-setting, flash-setting, thixotropic, or lightweight slurries or fluids.
Lost circulation materials can be pre-blended in the cement or incorporated directly into the
cement slurry during pumping stage on site.
Lost circulation materials can be used with API cements.

Lost Circulation
8-2 | Calfrac Cement Materials & Additives

Celloflake
Celloflake is a lost circulation material made from small pieces of cellophane film.
Lost circulation during drilling and primary cementing can be a significant problem if not effectively controlled.
Circulation losses tend to occur in vugular, porous formations, low pressure, highly fractured or incompetent zones. Lost
circulation materials help to prevent loss of slurry to these zones by physically bridging or plugging. Celloflake is widely accepted
in the well service industry as a lost circulation material in cementing operations.

Benefits
The low density celloflake provides excellent bridging properties to help seal off lost circulation zones.
• Does not affect cement slurry properties, as it is inert
• Compatible with API cements

Technical Information
Specific Bulk Bulk
Water Required Absolute Volume Gravity Volume Density
(m 3/t) (gal/lb) (m 3/t) (gal/lb) (m 3/t) (ft 3/lb) (t/m 3) (lb/ft 3)

Celloflake 1.000 0.119 1.000 7.142 0.115 0.140 8.7

Secondary Effect on Slurry Physical Data

None Chemical Family Organic polymer
Physical State Solid (flakes)
Temperature Range
Color Transparent flakes
16°C to 127°C (60°F to 260°F)
Odor Odorless
Solubility Insoluble in water
Loading
• A pplication varies between 1.0 kg/m3 to 10.0 kg/m3 of cement
(0.35 lb/bbl to 3.5 lb/bbl) with normal loading at around 5.0 kg/m3
of cement
• At higher concentrations, bulk loading and mixing of the cement
slurry becomes very difficult
• When batch mixing or adding Celloflake by hand, disperse product
by pausing the addition as needed to allow for proper mixing
• Rapid addition will cause clumps of Celloflake, which can cause
line jacking to occur and compromise the cement slurry

Safety & Handling

WHMIS Classification Health Hazards Protective Equipment

Skin, Eye Contact,

Celloflake Not WHMIS Regulated
Ingestion, Inhalation

Lost Circulation
 Calfrac Cement Materials & Additives | 8-3

DCP-LC1
DCP-LC1 is a lost circulation material of calcium carbonate that comes in a fine (LC1F) or coarse (LC1C) grain.
• It forms two types of bridges – one at the formation face and one within the formation matrix
• Generally, using a blend of coarse and fine-grained products creates the most effective bridge

Benefits
• Provides bridging properties to help seal off lost circulation zones
• Compatible with API cements

Technical Information
Specific Bulk Bulk
Water Required Absolute Volume Gravity Volume Density
(m 3/t) (gal/lb) (m 3/t) (gal/lb) (m 3/t) (ft 3/lb) (t/m 3) (lb/ft 3)

DCP-LC1F 0.376 0.045 2.657 0.829 0.013 1.206 75.0

DCP-LC1C 0.369 0.044 2.709 0.620 0.010 1.613 100.0

Secondary Effect on Slurry Physical Data

Does not affect cement slurry properties, as it is inert Chemical Family Inorganic salt
Physical State Solid (powder or granular)
Temperature Range
Color White to grey
No limitations
Odor Odorless
pH 9.4 (saturated solution)
Loading
Solubility 0.001% @ 20°C in water
0.3% to 2.0% BWOC

Safety & Handling

WHMIS Classification Health Hazards Protective Equipment

Skin, Eye Contact,

DCP-LC1
Ingestion, Inhalation

Lost Circulation
8-4 | Calfrac Cement Materials & Additives

DCP-LC2 (Lost Circulation and Durability Agent)

DCP-LC2 is a lost circulation material made of polyester fibres. These microfibers are designed to disperse quickly and easily.
Once dispersed in the fluid these fibers quickly seal and bridge across thief zones.

Benefits
• Provides excellent bridging properties to help seal off lost circulation zones
• Compatible with API cements

Technical Information
Specific Bulk Bulk
Water Required Absolute Volume Gravity Volume Density
(m 3/t) (gal/lb) (m 3/t) (gal/lb) (m 3/t) (ft 3/lb) (t/m 3) (lb/ft 3)

DCP-LC2 1.099 0.132 0.910

Secondary Effect on Slurry Physical Data

Increases tensile strength of cement slurries Chemical Family Ester functional group
Physical State Solid
Temperature Range
Color White to tan
10°C to 130°C (50°F to 266°F)
Odor Odorless
Solubility Insoluble in water
Loading
Melting Point 165°C (329°F)
0.1% to 1.0% BWOC.
• DCP-LC2 is usually added directly to the slurry during the mixing
operations

Safety & Handling

WHMIS Classification Health Hazards Protective Equipment

Skin, Eye Contact,

DCP-LC2 Not WHMIS Regulated
Ingestion, Inhalation

Lost Circulation
 Calfrac Cement Materials & Additives | 8-5

DCP-LC3
DCP-LC3 is a vulcanized rubber product ground to a fine (LC3F) and medium (LC3M) mesh size.
This product will deform under pressure to enter fractures or void/vuggy spaces and then reverts back to its original shape
providing an effective seal.

Benefits
• Provides bridging properties to help seal off lost circulation zones
• Does not affect cement slurry properties, as it is inert
• Compatible with API cements

Technical Information
Specific Bulk Bulk
Water Required Absolute Volume Gravity Volume Density
(m 3/t) (gal/lb) (m 3/t) (gal/lb) (m 3/t) (ft 3/lb) (t/m 3) (lb/ft 3)

DCP-LC3F 0.857 0.102 1.167 2.755 0.044 0.363 22.7

DCP-LC3M 0.890 0.107 1.124 2.028 0.032 0.493 30.8

High concentrations can cause pumping problems.

Secondary Effect on Slurry Physical Data

None Chemical Family Rubber
Physical State Solid (granular)
Temperature Range
Color Black
Up to 220°C (428°F)
Odor Rubber odor
Solubility Insoluble in water
Loading
Flash Point 320°C (608°F)
DCP-LC3 can be pre-blended or added directly into the slurry from
0.3% to up to 1.5% BWOC Mesh Size < 20 mesh

Safety & Handling

WHMIS Classification Health Hazards Protective Equipment

Skin, Eye Contact,

DCP-LC3 Not WHMIS Regulated
Ingestion, Inhalation

Lost Circulation
8-6 | Calfrac Cement Materials & Additives

DCP-LC4 (Lost Circulation and Durability Agent)

DCP-LC4 is a lost circulation material made of polyester fibres. These microfibers are designed to disperse quickly and easily.
Once dispersed in the fluid these fibers quickly seal and bridge across thief zones.
DCP-LC4 is very similar to DCP-LC2, but slightly coarser.

Benefits
• Provides excellent bridging properties to help seal off lost circulation zones
• Compatible with API cements

Technical Information
Specific Bulk Bulk
Water Required Absolute Volume Gravity Volume Density
(m 3/t) (gal/lb) (m 3/t) (gal/lb) (m 3/t) (ft 3/lb) (t/m 3) (lb/ft 3)

DCP-LC4 1.107 0.133 0.903 3.676 0.059 0.272 16.9

High concentrations can cause pumping problems.

Secondary Effect on Slurry Physical Data

Increases tensile strength of cement slurries Chemical Family Ester functional group
Physical State Solid (fiber)
Temperature Range
Color White
10°C to 130°C (50°F to 266°F)
Odor Odorless
Solubility Insoluble in water
Loading
Melting Point 325ºF to 335ºF (163ºC to 168ºC)
0.1% to 1.0% BWOC.
• DCP-LC4 is usually added directly to the slurry during the mixing
operations

Safety & Handling

WHMIS Classification Health Hazards Protective Equipment

Skin, Eye Contact,

DCP-LC4 Not WHMIS Regulated
Ingestion, Inhalation

Lost Circulation
Section 9
Retarders

DCP-RT1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-2
DCP-RT3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-3
DCP-RT31 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-4
DCP-RT4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-5
DCP-RT5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-6

9 Retarders
 Calfrac Cement Materials & Additives | 9-1

Retarders

Retarders are chemicals that retard the setting time (extend the thickening time) of the
cement slurry to aid cement placement before it hardens.

These additives are usually added to counter the effects of high temperature. They are used in
cement slurries for intermediate and production casings, squeeze and cement plugs and high
temperature wells. Typical retarders include: sugar; lignosulphonates, hydroxycarboxylic acids
and cellulose derivatives.
In general, most organic compounds retard the setting of cement and inorganic compounds
accelerate it. Some compounds like sodium chloride or calcium chloride accelerate when used
in low concentrations, and retard in higher concentrations.
Retarders work mainly by adsorption on the cement surface to inhibit contact with water and
prolong the hydration process; although there are other chemical mechanisms involved.
Cement slurries with high water ratios require additional retarder to achieve desirable thickening
time. This is because materials with large surface areas, which generally have high water
requirements, will adsorb part of the retarder, leaving less to retard the cement while additional
water dilutes the retarder and reduces its effectiveness.
Retarders can be used with API cements.

Retarders
9-2 | Calfrac Cement Materials & Additives

DCP-RT1
DCP-RT1 is a low to moderate cement retarder which is used to extend the thickening time of cement slurries.

Benefits
• Compatible with API cements
• Provides very reproducible retardation results at lower temperatures
• Environmentally friendly additive

Technical Information
Specific Bulk Bulk
Water Required Absolute Volume Gravity Volume Density
(m 3/t) (gal/lb) (m 3/t) (gal/lb) (m 3/t) (ft 3/lb) (t/m 3) (lb/ft 3)

DCP-RT1 0.767 0.092 1.303 1.695 0.027 0.590 36.8

Thickening Time
Blend: 0:1:0 Class G + 4.0% DCP-AC1 + 0.5% DCP-FL1 @ 1700 kg/m3 (14.2ppg)
DCP-RT1 (%) 60°C (140°F) 65°C (149°F) 80°C (176°F)

0 2:39 - -
0.2 4:03 3:15 -
0.3 - 3:36 -
0.4 - - 4:37

Secondary Effect on Slurry Physical Data

Tends to lower viscosities and early compressive strengths Chemical Family Amorphous Polymer
Physical State Solid
Temperature Range
Color Brown
Up to 80°C (176°F)
Odor Slight odor
pH 3.5 – 5.0 (3% solution)
Loading
Solubility 100% Soluble in water
0.1% to 1.5% (BWOC)
Flash Point Non-flammable

Safety & Handling

WHMIS Classification Health Hazards Protective Equipment

Skin, Eye Contact,

DCP-RT1 Not WHMIS Regulated
Ingestion, Inhalation

Retarders
 Calfrac Cement Materials & Additives | 9-3

DCP-RT3
A moderate to high temperature cement retarder used to extend the thickening time of cement slurries. The high temperature
typically associated with deep wellbores requires the use of such performance-enhancing additives to allow for adequate
placement of cement without premature setting.

Benefits
• Compatible with API cements
• Provides very reproducible retardation results at higher temperatures

Technical Information
Specific Bulk Bulk
Water Required Absolute Volume Gravity Volume Density
(m 3/t) (gal/lb) (m 3/t) (gal/lb) (m 3/t) (ft 3/lb) (t/m 3) (lb/ft 3)

DCP-RT3 0.654 0.078 1.529 1.397 0.022 0.716 44.7

Secondary Effect on Slurry Physical Data

Tends to lower viscosities and early compressive strengths Chemical Family Mixture or organic salts
Physical State Solid
Temperature Range
Color Light brown to red
30°C to 110°C (86°F to 230°F)
Odor Odorless
Solubility Partially soluble in water
Loading
0.1% to 2.5% BWOC.
• Most effective at BHCT of 60°C to 90°C (140°F to 195°F)

Safety & Handling

WHMIS Classification Health Hazards Protective Equipment

Skin, Eye Contact,

DCP-RT3
Ingestion, Inhalation

Retarders
9-4 | Calfrac Cement Materials & Additives

DCP-RT31
A moderate to high temperature synthetic cement retarder used to extend the thickening time of cement slurries.
Can provide more stable and consistent thickening times than lignosulfonate based retarders.
Suitable for cement jobs with wide temperature ranges.

Benefits
• Compatible with API cements
• Provides very reproducible retardation results at wide temperature ranges
• Reduces early gelation of cement slurries

Technical Information
Specific Bulk Bulk
Water Required Absolute Volume Gravity Volume Density
(m 3/t) (gal/lb) (m 3/t) (gal/lb) (m 3/t) (ft 3/lb) (t/m 3) (lb/ft 3)

DCP-RT31 0.477 0.057 2.097 1.019 0.016 0.981 62.5

Secondary Effect on Slurry Physical Data

Tends to increase viscosities Chemical Family Synthetic Polymer
Use of dispersant is recommended
Physical State Solid

Temperature Range Color White to grey

35°C to 110°C (95°F to 230°F) Odor Odorless

pH 7.0 (10% solution)
Loading Solubility Partially soluble in water
0.1% to 1.5% BWOC
• Most effective with Calfrac DynaPro Lite systems

Safety & Handling

WHMIS Classification Health Hazards Protective Equipment

Skin, Eye Contact,

DCP-RT31 Not WHMIS regulated
Ingestion, Inhalation

Retarders
 Calfrac Cement Materials & Additives | 9-5

DCP-RT4
DCP-RT4 is a synthetic cement retarder, which is used to extend the thickening time of cement slurries.

Benefits
• Application over a wide temperature range
• Provides reproducible retardation results
• Compatible with API cements
• Provides very reproducible retardation results

Technical Information
Specific Bulk Bulk
Water Required Absolute Volume Gravity Volume Density
(m 3/t) (gal/lb) (m 3/t) (gal/lb) (m 3/t) (ft 3/lb) (t/m 3) (lb/ft 3)

DCP-RT4 0.704 0.084 1.420 1.794 0.029 0.557 34.5

Effect of DCP-RT4 on cement slurry Thickening Time

Joppa Class H cement + DCP-EX1 + DCP-FL6 + DCP-RT4 @ 1845 kg/m³ (15.4 ppg)
DCP-RT4 Thickening Time @ 70 Bc, h:mm
% BWOC 55°C (131°F) 60°C (140°F) 68°C (155°F) 77°C (170°F)

0.2 2:44 - - -
0.4 5:38 - 4:03 -
0.5 6:43 5:44 5:27 -
0.6 - 6:43 6:41 6:53

Secondary Effect on Slurry Physical Data

Can cause a slight dispersing effect on the cement slurry Chemical Family Acrylic Polymer
Physical State Solid (granules)
Temperature Range
Color White
30°C to 121°C (86°F to 250°F)
• In saturated salt slurries it may be used to 177°C (350°F) Odor Mild
pH 6.0 to 8.0
Loading Solubility Soluble in water
0.2% to 1.5% BWOC

Safety & Handling

WHMIS Classification Health Hazards Protective Equipment

Skin, Eye Contact,

DCP-RT4 Not WHMIS regulated
Ingestion, Inhalation

Retarders
9-6 | Calfrac Cement Materials & Additives

DCP-RT5
DCP-RT5 is a powerful single component high temperature retarder.

Benefits
• Organic, environmental friendly
• Provides extreme right-angle set thickening time
• Provides linear thickening time response with both temperature and concentration
• Does not require a retarder intensifier even at elevated temperatures
• Provides no early or mid test viscosity increases

Technical Information
Specific Bulk Bulk
Water Required Absolute Volume Gravity Volume Density
(m 3/t) (gal/lb) (m 3/t) (gal/lb) (m 3/t) (ft 3/lb) (t/m 3) (lb/ft 3)

DCP-RT5 0.775 0.093 1.290 1.773 0.028 0.564 35.7

DCP-RT5 Effectiveness
Base Slurry: Class H cement + 35% Silica Flour + DCP-FR2 + DCP-GL2 + DCP-FL6 + DCP-RT5
Test Temperature Density Concentration of Thickening Time, Bc
105 ºC (221ºF) 1893 kg/m³ (15.8 ppg) DCP-RT5 (%BWOC) 40 70 100

0.05 2:32 2:39 2:53

0.08 3:26 3:32 3:45
0.10 4:47 4:53 4:57

Thickening time test with right angle set at 105 ºC (221 ºF)

Retarders
 Calfrac Cement Materials & Additives | 9-7

DCP-RT5 (con’t)
Secondary Effect on Slurry Physical Data
Slightly inhibits early compressive strength development Chemical Family Organic salts/complex sugar derivatives
Physical State Solid
Temperature Range
Color Off-white to yellowish
70°C to 204°C (158°F to 400°F)
Odor Odorless
pH 9.0
Loading
Solubility Soluble in water
0.05% to 3.0% BWOC
Flash Point Not determined

Safety & Handling

WHMIS Classification Health Hazards Protective Equipment

Skin, Eye Contact,

DCP-RT5
Ingestion, Inhalation

Retarders
9-8 | Calfrac Cement Materials & Additives

Notes

Retarders
Section 10
Spacers and Flushes

Sodium Acid Pyrophosphate (SAPP) . 10-2

DynaSpacer LP . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-3
DynaSpacer YP-2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-4

and
10 Spacers
Flushes
 Calfrac Cement Materials & Additives | 10-1

Spacers and Flushes

Spacers and flushes are liquids used to separate the cement slurry from well fluid
(mud and brine) while displacing this fluid with cement slurry, which allows for a better
cement bond to the formation and casing.

Spacers and flushes must be compatible with both fluids. The cheapest and most common
available spacer is water, and chemicals are usually added to enhance its performance.
For proper performance and to prevent unanticipated problems, the spacer should be tested
with each fluid for compatibility.
Ideally, a spacer should have a very good rheology for turbulent flow to efficiently displace well
fluid.
Spacers are generally thickened, weighted fluids used to aid in mud removal and to separate
the mud from the cement to prevent any compatibility problems, while flushes are thin fluids
with surfactants to aid in mud removal and to separate the mud from the cement to prevent any
compatibility problems.
Surfactants are commonly used in spacers when displacing oil-based muds. They help to
reduce interfacial tension, improve water-wetting of the pipe  and  promote better cement
bonding. Adding de-foamers helps combat the foaming tendencies of a surfactant-laden fluid.
The spacer volume should provide a minimum of 10 minutes contact time or 1,000 ft (300
meters) of annular length.

Spacers and Flushes

10-2 | Calfrac Cement Materials & Additives

Sodium Acid Pyrophosphate (SAPP)

SAPP is an economical, rapid acting dispersant for low weight freshwater muds. It is a multi-functional additive.

Benefits
• SAPP can be used as preflush and it is easily pumped in turbulent flow.
• SAPP preflush has a thinning effect on bentonite muds, which helps to increase displacement efficiency

Technical Information
Specific Bulk Bulk
Water Required Absolute Volume Gravity Volume Density
(m 3/t) (gal/lb) (m 3/t) (gal/lb) (m 3/t) (ft 3/lb) (t/m 3) (lb/ft 3)

SAPP 0.406 0.049 2.462 1.040 0.017 0.962 60.1

Compatible with most of CWS blends.

Secondary Effect on Slurry Physical Data

Causes gelations of cement slurries containing DCP-EX1 Chemical Family Sodium phosphates
Physical State Solid
Temperature Range
Color White
15°C to 300°C (59°F to 572°F)
Odor Odorless
pH 4.0 to 5.0 (1% solution)
Loading
Solubility 12.5 gm/100mL @ 25°C (77°F)
Normal concentration 25.0 kg/m3 (0.2 lbs/gal) of water
Melting Point Decomposes between 250°C to 275°C

Safety & Handling

WHMIS Classification Health Hazards Protective Equipment

Sodium Acid Skin, Eye Contact,

Pyrophosphate (SAPP) Ingestion, Inhalation

Spacers and Flushes

 Calfrac Cement Materials & Additives | 10-3

DynaSpacer LP
DynaSpacer LP is a Calfrac specially formulated spacer that can help to prevent or eliminate losses in high permeability
formations or in formations with low fracture gradient. It is compatible with most water based drilling fluids and with oil-based
drilling fluids when formulated using Calfrac surfactants and defoamers.
DynaSpacer LP forms an impermeable film that functions as a barrier to reduce permeation from fluids in the annulus into the
formation.
DynaSpacer LP is organic and highly biodegradable material.

Benefits
• Reduces the risk of formation break down and improve ECD due to immediate formed seal
• Minimizes cement filtrate damage to the formation
• Provides excellent fluid-loss control
• Can be utilized as an un-weighted or as a weighted spacer from 9.0 ppg -19.0 ppg (1080 kg/m³ – 2280 kg/m³)
• Improves cement bond
• Compatible with most drilling fluids and cements

Technical Information
Batch mixing method is preferable when mixing DynaSpacer LP in the field.
Mixing and sequence procedure:
• Add the DynaSpacer LP polymer powder into the mix water and shear at low speed
• After 15 minutes of constant mixing, begin to add the weighting material with bulk pressure not more than 0.7 atm (10 psi)
• Add surfactants, if required

Temperature Range Physical Data

Up to 204°C (400°F) Chemical Family Proprietary Blend
Physical State Solid
Loading
Color Tan
• T ypical Concentration:
15.0 lbs/bbl – 30.0 lbs/gal (43.0 kg/m³ – 86.0 kg/m³) Odor Slight odor
• For oil based mud systems use of DAP-401 surfactant is required Solubility Partially soluble
Typical loading of DAP-401 is
1.0 gal/bbl – 2.0 gal/bbl (25.0 Lit/m³ – 50.0 Lit/m³)

Specific Gravity
2.021

Safety & Handling

WHMIS Classification Health Hazards Protective Equipment

Skin, Eye Contact,

DynaSpacer LP
Ingestion, Inhalation

Spacers and Flushes

10-4 | Calfrac Cement Materials & Additives

DynaSpacer YP-2
DynaSpacer YP-2 is a Calfrac water based spacer that has adjustable rheology. It is compatible with most water based drilling
fluids and with oil-based drilling fluids when formulated using Calfrac surfactants and defoamers.

Benefits
• Maintains constant yield point during the course of the pumping operations
• Provides excellent fluid-loss control
• Leaves the formation and casing water-wet even when used with oil-based drilling fluids
• Can be utilized as an un-weighted or as a weighted spacer

Technical Information
Addition sequence and mixing procedure is responsible for the constant Yield Point.
Do not use water containing sodium chloride or other salts. The chlorides in the mix water must be less than 1000 ppm.
Minimum agitation required when mixing spacer in mix water.
Batch mixing method is preferable when mixing DynaSpacer YP-2 in the field.
The mixing “on the fly” method tends to have a less constant yield point and causes discrepancies in the measuring results.
Mixing and sequence procedure:
• Add de-foamer into the mixing water - 6.0 L/m3 (0.25 gal/bbl)
• Mix for 10 minutes while agitating and recirculating
• Add the DynaSpacer YP-2 and mix for a minimum of 30 minutes
• Begin to add the weighting material with bulk pressure not more than 0.7 atm (10 psi)
• Continue mixing at a high rate for a minimum of 5 minutes
• Reduce mixing rate to a minimum and add surfactant when ready to pump

Temperature Range Physical Data

Up to 177°C (350°F) Chemical Family Blend of biopolymers and polysaccharide gums
Physical State Solid
Loading
Color Tan
Based on required density and yield point:
• 1 0.0 kg/m³ to 58 kg/m³ (3.5 lbs/bbl to 20.3 lbs/bbl) of dry powder Odor Slight odor
added to mixing water. At high concentrations and low temperatures, Solubility Partially soluble
the spacer may become lumpy when in static conditions
• For oil based mud systems use of DAP-401 surfactant is required.
Typical loading of DAP-401 is 2.0 L/m3 - 25.0 L/m3 (0.08 gal/bbl -
1.0 gal/bbl) of mixing water

Specific Gravity
1.81

Spacers and Flushes

 Calfrac Cement Materials & Additives | 10-5

DynaSpacer YP-2 (con’t)

Safety & Handling

WHMIS Classification Health Hazards Protective Equipment

Skin, Eye Contact,

DynaSpacer YP-2
Ingestion, Inhalation

Spacers and Flushes

10-6 | Calfrac Cement Materials & Additives

Notes

Spacers and Flushes

Section 11
Miscellaneous

DCP-DF1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11-2
DCP-DF6 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11-3
DCP-DF7 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11-4
DCP-GC1 (Expansion and
Gas Migration) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11-5
DCP-GC3 (Bonding and
Gas Control Agent) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11-6
DCP-GL2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11-7
DCP-LC2 (Durability and
Lost Circulation Agent) . . . . . . . . . . 11-8
DCP-LC4 (Durability and
Lost Circulation Agent) . . . . . . . . . . . 11-9
DCP-NS150 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11-10
DCP-SA1 (Fluid-Loss and
Suspension Agent) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11-11
CalCarb 200 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11-12
Dye . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11-13
Glow Beads (Tracer) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11-14
Potassium Chloride (KCI)
(Clay Control and Accelerator) . . . 11-15

11 Miscellaneous
Sodium Chloride (NaCl)
(Clay Control and Accelerator) . . . 11-16
Silica Flour 325 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11-17
 Calfrac Cement Materials & Additives | 11-1

Miscellaneous

There are number of additives that do not fit neatly into functional groupings.

This section includes the following secondary additives to cement blends:

1. Defoamers
2. Expansive additives
3. Bonding agents
4. Durability agents
5. Suspension agents
6. Acid solubility enhancers
7. Dyes
8. Tracers
9. Clay control additives
10. Strength retrogression additives

Miscellaneous
11-2 | Calfrac Cement Materials & Additives

DCP-DF1
DCP-DF1 is a cement defoamer. It is common for cement slurries to froth, foam, and entrain air; chemical defoamers help to
controls and prevent this. During cementing operations, any type of foam is typically detrimental to a good cement job.
• Froth – can make it difficult to see the slurry and take good samples for density
• Entrapped air – prevents accurate measurements of slurry weight and hence difficult to mix the slurry to the desired
density

Benefits
• Does not affect thickening time or compressive strength development
• Effective in controlling slurry air entrapment and reducing surface foam
• Compatible with API cements

Technical Information
Specific Bulk Bulk
Water Required Absolute Volume Gravity Volume Density
(m 3/t) (gal/lb) (m 3/t) (gal/lb) (m 3/t) (ft 3/lb) (t/m 3) (lb/ft 3)

DCP-DF1 1.064 0.127 0.940

Secondary Effect on Slurry Physical Data

By reducing the foaming effect, it is easier to mix slurries at designed Chemical Family Tributyl Phosphate
density
Physical State Liquid

Temperature Range Color Clear

15°C to 200°C (59°F to 392°F) Odor Sweet odor

pH 7.0 to 8.0
Loading Solubility Dispersible in water
3.0 L/m3 to 20.0 L/m (gpt)
3
Melting Point <-25°C (<-13°F)
Flash Point 73.3°C (TCC) (164°F)

Safety & Handling

WHMIS Classification Health Hazards Protective Equipment

Skin, Eye Contact,

DCP-DF1
Ingestion, Inhalation

Miscellaneous
 Calfrac Cement Materials & Additives | 11-3

DCP-DF6
DCP-DF6 is a Calfrac level 1 “Green” product (with respect to no hazardous components on the MSDS)

Benefits
• Effective in controlling cement slurry and spacer air entrapment
• Excellent dilution stability
• Effective at low concentrations
• Effective at low and high temperatures

Technical Information
Specific Bulk Bulk
Water Required Absolute Volume Gravity Volume Density
(m 3/t) (gal/lb) (m 3/t) (gal/lb) (m 3/t) (ft 3/lb) (t/m 3) (lb/ft 3)

DCP-DF6 1.075 0.128 0.930

Secondary Effect on Slurry Physical Data

By reducing the foaming effect, it is easier to mix slurries to designed Chemical Family Oxygenated polyalkyl
densities
Physical State Liquid

Temperature Range Color Clear

-15°C to 185°C (5°F to 365°F) Odor Slightly sweet odor

Solubility Insoluble
Loading
0.025 L/m3 to 5.0 L/m3 (gpt)

Safety & Handling

WHMIS Classification Health Hazards Protective Equipment

Skin, Eye Contact,

DCP-DF6 No hazardous components
Ingestion, Inhalation

Miscellaneous
11-4 | Calfrac Cement Materials & Additives

DCP-DF7
DCP-DF7 is a Calfrac dry defoamer.

Benefits
• Effective in controlling cement slurry and spacer air entrapment
• Effective at low concentrations
• Effective at low and high temperatures

Technical Information
Specific Bulk Bulk
Water Required Absolute Volume Gravity Volume Density
(m 3/t) (gal/lb) (m 3/t) (gal/lb) (m 3/t) (ft 3/lb) (t/m 3) (lb/ft 3)

DCP-DF7 0.741 0.088 1.350 3.401 0.056 0.294 17.9

Secondary Effect on Slurry Physical Data

• B
 y reducing the foaming effect, it is easier to mix slurries to Chemical Family Polymer
designed densities
• Adding salt or surfactants to the cement slurry can cause Physical State Solid
increased foaming Color Tan
Odor Mild odor
Temperature Range
Solubility Partially soluble
up to 204°C (400°F)

Loading
0.1% - 1.0% BWOC

Safety & Handling

WHMIS Classification Health Hazards Protective Equipment

Skin, Eye Contact,

DCP-DF7
Ingestion, Inhalation

Miscellaneous
 Calfrac Cement Materials & Additives | 11-5

DCP-GC1 (Expansion and Gas Migration)

DCP-GC1 reacts with the alkalis in the cement slurry to produce small bubbles of hydrogen gas. This reaction and the degree of
expansion are dependent on several factors of which include pressure, temperature, particle size and concentration.

Benefits
DCP-GC1 reacts with the cement slurry, creating fine gas bubbles, which maintain slurry pressure and volume during the
transition period.
• DCP-GC1 helps control gas invasion, thus improving cement-formation bonds
• Fine dispersion of gas bubbles created from DCP-GC1 results in low permeability cements

Technical Information
Specific Bulk Bulk
Water Required Absolute Volume Gravity Volume Density
(m 3/t) (gal/lb) (m 3/t) (gal/lb) (m 3/t) (ft 3/lb) (t/m 3) (lb/ft 3)

DCP-GC1 0.370 0.044 2.704 0.915 0.015 1.093 68.2

Do not use DCP-GC1 in slurry that contains more than 18% salt.

Secondary Effect on Slurry Physical Data

• Slightly accelerates the slurry, and may cause gelation Chemical Family Elemental aluminum
• DCP-GC1 expands the cement slurry
Physical State Solid

Temperature Range Color Silver to grey

59°C to 210°C (59°F to 410°F) Odor Odorless

Solubility Insoluble in water
Loading Melting Point 660°C (1220°F)
0.05% to 1.0% BWOC Boiling Point 2467°C (4473°F)

Safety & Handling

WHMIS Classification Health Hazards Protective Equipment

Skin, Eye Contact,

DCP-GC1 Not WHMIS Regulated
Ingestion, Inhalation

Miscellaneous
11-6 | Calfrac Cement Materials & Additives

DCP-GC3 (Bonding and Gas Control Agent)

DCP-GC3 is a dry synthetic copolymer system that is designed to reduce the matrix permeability during the liquid to solid
transition time and in set cement systems. It also improves acid resistance of cement systems.

Benefits
• Significantly reduces the permeability of set cement
• Improves mechanical and cohesive strength of the cement slurry
• Provides fluid-loss control
• Provides particle suspension under a wide temperature variance

Technical Information
Specific Bulk Bulk
Water Required Absolute Volume Gravity Volume Density
(m 3/t) (gal/lb) (m 3/t) (gal/lb) (m 3/t) (ft 3/lb) (t/m 3) (lb/ft 3)

DCP-GC3 0.885 0.106 1.13 1.695 0.027 0.590 36.8

Effect of DCP-GC3 on the permeability of set cement

Base Slurry: Class H cement + DCP-FR2 @ 1953 kg/m³ (16.3 ppg)
Type of Slurry Permeability, mD
Base Slurry 0.2163
Base Slurry +1.0% (BWOC) DCP-GC3 0.1105
Base Slurry +5.0% (BWOC) DCP-GC3 0.0780

Effect of DCP-GC3 on the cement slurry rheology

Base Slurry: Class H cement + DCP-FR2 @ 16.3 ppg
Test Temperature Density Type of Slurry Rheology @ Test Temperature
40° C (104° F) 1953 kg/m (16.3 ppg)
3
Base Slurry 87 74 56 19 15
*Base Slurry +1.0% (BWOC) DCP-GC3 227 125 118 25 17
Base Slurry +5.0% (BWOC) DCP-GC3 65 45 25 11 6
*Increases viscosity at lower concentrations and decreases at higher

Secondary Effect on Slurry Physical Data

• Strong retarder Chemical Family Synthetic Copolymer
• Increases slurry viscosity at lower concentrations
• Controls Fluid-Loss at high concentration Physical State Solid
Color Slightly yellowish
Temperature Range Odor Odorless
15°C to 204°C (59°F to 400°F) Solubility Soluble in water
Flash Point 400°C
Loading
0.5% to 5.0% BWOC

Safety & Handling

WHMIS Classification Health Hazards Protective Equipment

Skin, Eye Contact,

DCP-GC3
Ingestion, Inhalation

Miscellaneous
 Calfrac Cement Materials & Additives | 11-7

DCP-GL2
DCP-GL2 provides effective viscosity for solids transport and solids suspension. It allows for optimum rheology though superior
low shear rate, to pump Calfrac Well Services preflushes.
This additive can be used in fresh water, or in low salinity monovalent brines where a total salt content is <15%.
DCP-GL2 is compatible in high pH, lime treated systems, or cement contaminated drilling fluids.

Benefits
• Improves wellbore cleaning and suspension properties in preflushes
• Provides high viscosity over a wide temperature range
• Compatible with high pH, calcium systems (or conventional drilling fluids)
• Resists thermal thinning
• Minimizes the hydration of shales and clays, thus reducing formation damage

Technical Information
• Has Visco-elastic properties, thus exhibits excellent shear and thermal stability, unlike cellulosic viscosifiers or
polyacrylamides
• For optimum polymer stablility, chloride content should not exceed 100,000 mg/L
• Using DCP-GL2 helps stabilize viscosity and can be used to replace prehydrated bentonite to increase rheology
Specific Bulk Bulk
Water Required Absolute Volume Gravity Volume Density
(m 3/t) (gal/lb) (m 3/t) (gal/lb) (m 3/t) (ft 3/lb) (t/m 3) (lb/ft 3)

DCP-GL2 0.680 0.081 1.470 1.788 0.029 0.549 34.3

Secondary Effect on Slurry Physical Data

Slightly retard the cement slurry Chemical Family Diutan gum
Physical State Solid
Temperature Range
Color White to tan
20°C to 150°C (68°F to 300°F)
Odor Slight odor
pH ~7.0
Loading
Solubility Soluble in water
0.70 kg/m³ to 3.60 kg/m³ (0.25 lb/bbl to 1.25 lb/bbl)

Safety & Handling

WHMIS Classification Health Hazards Protective Equipment

Skin, Eye Contact,

DCP-GL2
Ingestion, Inhalation

Miscellaneous
11-8 | Calfrac Cement Materials & Additives

DCP-LC2 (Durability and Lost Circulation Agent)

DCP-LC2 is a lost circulation material made of polyester fibres. These microfibers are designed to disperse quickly and easily.
Once dispersed in the fluid these fibers quickly seal and bridge across thief zones.

Benefits
• Provides excellent bridging properties to help seal off lost circulation zones
• Compatible with API cements

Technical Information
Specific Bulk Bulk
Water Required Absolute Volume Gravity Volume Density
(m 3/t) (gal/lb) (m 3/t) (gal/lb) (m 3/t) (ft 3/lb) (t/m 3) (lb/ft 3)

DCP-LC2 1.099 0.132 0.910

Secondary Effect on Slurry Physical Data

Increases tensile strength of cement slurries Chemical Family Ester functional group
Physical State Solid
Temperature Range
Color White to tan
10°C to 130°C (50°F to 266°F)
Odor Odorless
Solubility Insoluble in water
Loading
Melting Point 165°C (329°F)
0.1% to 1.0% BWOC.
• DCP-LC2 is usually added directly to the slurry during the mixing
operations

Safety & Handling

WHMIS Classification Health Hazards Protective Equipment

Skin, Eye Contact,

DCP-LC2 Not WHMIS Regulated
Ingestion, Inhalation

Miscellaneous
 Calfrac Cement Materials & Additives | 11-9

DCP-LC4 (Durability and Lost Circulation Agent)

DCP-LC4 is a lost circulation material made of polyester fibres. These microfibers are designed to disperse quickly and easily.
Once dispersed in the fluid these fibers quickly seal and bridge across thief zones.
DCP-LC4 is very similar to DCP-LC2, but slightly coarser.

Benefits
• Provides excellent bridging properties to help seal off lost circulation zones
• Compatible with API cements

Technical Information
Specific Bulk Bulk
Water Required Absolute Volume Gravity Volume Density
(m 3/t) (gal/lb) (m 3/t) (gal/lb) (m 3/t) (ft 3/lb) (t/m 3) (lb/ft 3)

DCP-LC4 1.107 0.133 0.903 3.676 0.059 0.272 16.9

High concentrations can cause pumping problems.

Secondary Effect on Slurry Physical Data

Increases tensile strength of cement slurries Chemical Family Ester functional group
Physical State Solid (fiber)
Temperature Range
Color White
10°C to 130°C (50°F to 266°F)
Odor Odorless
Solubility Insoluble in water
Loading
Melting Point 325ºF to 335ºF (163ºC to 168ºC)
0.1% to 1.0% BWOC.
• DCP-LC4 is usually added directly to the slurry during the mixing
operations

Safety & Handling

WHMIS Classification Health Hazards Protective Equipment

Skin, Eye Contact,

DCP-LC4 Not WHMIS Regulated
Ingestion, Inhalation

Miscellaneous
11-10 | Calfrac Cement Materials & Additives

DCP-NS150
DCP-NS150 is a universal additive that helps cement slurry maintain better properties.
Addition of DCP-NS150 results in improved cement mechanical properties and time dependent properties.
It also helps to achieve slurries with lower density and improve free water control in cement systems.

Benefits
• Improves compressive strength development
• Shortens thickening time at lower temperatures
• Improves cement slurry rheology
• Reduces free water separation
• Effective in preventing strength retrogression
• Compatible with API cements

Technical Information
Specific Bulk Bulk
Water Required Absolute Volume Gravity Volume Density
(m 3/t) (gal/lb) (m 3/t) (gal/lb) (m 3/t) (ft 3/lb) (t/m 3) (lb/ft 3)

DCP-NS150 0.455 0.055 2.200 0.643 0.320 0.050 3.121

Secondary Effect on Slurry Physical Data

Shortens thickening time Chemical Family Inorganic silica compound
Excess concentration can cause severe gelation
Physical State Solid

Temperature Range Color White

Up to 371°C (700°F) Odor Odorless

pH 3.7 to 4.5 (40g/l) (20°C) (suspension)
Loading Solubility Insoluble in water
0.5% to 15.0% BWOC (normally 2%-6% BWOC for strength
improvement)

Safety & Handling

WHMIS Classification Health Hazards Protective Equipment

Skin, Eye Contact,

DCP-NS150
Ingestion, Inhalation

Miscellaneous
 Calfrac Cement Materials & Additives | 11-11

DCP-SA1 (Fluid-Loss and Suspension Agent)

DCP-SA1 is a nonionic, water soluble high molecular weight polymer that is designed to prevent solids from settling and control
free water.
Benefits
• Induces rapid viscosity development
• Provides fluid-loss control
• Nontoxic, Biodegradable
Technical Information
Specific Bulk Bulk
Water Required Absolute Volume Gravity Volume Density
(m 3/t) (gal/lb) (m 3/t) (gal/lb) (m 3/t) (ft 3/lb) (t/m 3) (lb/ft 3)

DCP-SA1 0.724 0.087 1.380 1.429 0.023 0.700 43.7

Effect of DCP-SA1 on the cement slurry solids settling

Base Slurry: Class H cement + DCP-EX1 + DCP-EX2 + DCP-FL5 + DCP-RT4
Test Temperature Density
90ºC (194ºF) 1885 kg/m³ (15.7 ppg)

Test Temperature Density kg/m3 (ppg)

Top Middle Bottom
Base Slurry 1750 kg/m (14.6 ppg)
3
1750 kg/m (14.6 ppg)
3
1941 kg/m3(16.2 ppg)
Base Slurry +0.15% (BWOC) DCP-SA1 1857 kg/m (15.5 ppg)
3
1869 kg/m (15.6 ppg)
3
1893 kg/m3(15.8 ppg)

Effect of DCP-SA1 on the cement slurry free water

Base Slurry: Class A cement + DCP-RT1 + DCP-FR2
Test Temperature Density
60ºC (140ºF) 1750 kg/m³ (14.6 ppg)

Test Temperature API Free Water, %

Vertical 45 deg
Base Slurry 1.0 % 2.5 %
Base Slurry +0.3% (BWOC) DCP-SA1 0.2 % 0.4 %
Base Slurry +0.5% (BWOC) DCP-SA1 0.0 % 0.0 %

Secondary Effect on Slurry Physical Data

• Slightly retards cement slurries Chemical Family Cellulose ethers
• Increases slurry viscosity
Physical State Solid

Temperature Range Color White to light tan

25°C to 107°C (77°F to 225°F) Odor Odorless

Solubility Soluble in water
Loading Flash Point 400°C
0.1% to 1.0% BWOC

Safety & Handling

WHMIS Classification Health Hazards Protective Equipment

Skin, Eye Contact,

DCP-SA1
Ingestion, Inhalation

Miscellaneous
11-12 | Calfrac Cement Materials & Additives

CalCarb 200
CalCarb 200 is a component for acid soluble cement systems; it is a calcium carbonate that comes in a 200 mesh form.
• Cement systems made of CalCarb 200 can be easily dissolved or removed with Hydrochloric acid, resulting in less potential
formation damage.

Benefits
• Provides temporary isolation when required
• Compatible with API cements

Technical Information
Specific Bulk Bulk
Water Required Absolute Volume Gravity Volume Density
(m 3/t) (gal/lb) (m 3/t) (gal/lb) (m 3/t) (ft 3/lb) (t/m 3) (lb/ft 3)

CalCarb 200 0.376 0.045 2.657 0.829 0.013 1.206 75.0

Secondary Effect on Slurry Physical Data

Does not affect cement slurry properties, as it is inert Chemical Family Inorganic salt
Physical State Solid (powder or granular)
Temperature Range
Color White to grey
No limitations
Odor Odorless
pH 8.0 to 9.5 (saturated solution)
Loading
Solubility 0.001% @ 20°C in water
20% to 300% BWOC

Safety & Handling

WHMIS Classification Health Hazards Protective Equipment

Skin, Eye Contact,

CalCarb 200
Ingestion, Inhalation

Miscellaneous
 Calfrac Cement Materials & Additives | 11-13

Dye
Dye is a water dispersible pigment. It is used as an indicator when displacing one fluid with another and is inert and will not
affect either fluid.

Benefits
Can visibly be observed on surface when returns are circulated to surface.

Technical Information

Temperature Range Physical Data

15°C to 100°C (59°F to 212°F) Chemical Family Inorganic metal oxide
Physical State Solid
Loading
Color Red granules (may vary)
Dye is added to fresh water at 2.0 kg/m3 (0.7 lbs/bbl) and to
DynaFlush fluids or to Cement Slurry at 4.0 kg/m3 (1.4 lbs/bbl) Odor Odorless
pH 3.0 to 7.0
Solubility Insoluble in water
Melting Point 1000ºC (1832ºF)

Safety & Handling

WHMIS Classification Health Hazards Protective Equipment

Skin, Eye Contact,

Dye Not WHMIS Regulated
Ingestion, Inhalation

Miscellaneous
11-14 | Calfrac Cement Materials & Additives

Glow Beads (Tracer)

Glow Beads are inert and environmentally safe. They are macro porous, non-abrasive, translucent micro-spheres that are added
to cement jobs as markers to identify the location of the lead marker for cement. The micro-spheres reflect ultraviolet light and
aids in the identification of returns to the surface.

Benefits
• Visible with ultraviolet light
• Environmentally safe and assurance of cementing effectiveness

Technical Information
Reflects ultraviolet light - Avoid storing Glow Beads with oxidizing agents

Temperature Range Physical Data

Up to 250°C (482°F) Physical State Solid
Color Translucent
Loading
Odor Odorless
11.4 kg/m3 to 28.5 kg/m3 (4.0 lbs/bbl to 10.0 lbs/bbl)
pH Not determined
Solubility Insoluble in water
Specific Gravity
1.09

Safety & Handling

WHMIS Classification Health Hazards Protective Equipment

Skin, Eye Contact,

Glow Beads (Tracer) Not WHMIS Regulated
Ingestion, Inhalation

Miscellaneous
 Calfrac Cement Materials & Additives | 11-15

Potassium Chloride (KCI) (Clay Control and Accelerator)

Potassium Chloride (KCl or Potash) can be added to cement slurries for application in water-sensitive shales and clays. It may
also be used as an accelerator if no other accelerators are available.

Benefits
• Slightly decreases thickening time and increases rate of compressive strength development
• Helps improve the cement/formation bond

Technical Information
Specific Bulk Bulk
Water Required Absolute Volume Gravity Volume Density
(m 3/t) (gal/lb) (m 3/t) (gal/lb) (m 3/t) (ft 3/lb) (t/m 3) (lb/ft 3)

KCl 0.511 0.061 1.958 0.843 0.014 1.186 74.0

Secondary Effect on Slurry Physical Data

Slightly decreases the effectiveness of fluid-loss additives and Chemical KCl
dispersants
Chemical Family Inorganic salt

Temperature Range Physical State Solid crystals

10°C to 200°C (50°F to 392°F) Color White to reddish brown

Odor Odorless
Loading pH 8.0 to 9.0 (5% solution)
2.0% to 5.0% BWOC
Solubility In water: 342 g/L @ 20°C
Melting Point 773°C (1423°F)
Boiling Point 1500°C (2732°F) (sublimes)
Flash Point Not flammable

Safety & Handling

WHMIS Classification Health Hazards Protective Equipment

Potassium Chloride Skin, Eye Contact,

Not WHMIS Regulated
(KCl) Ingestion, Inhalation

Miscellaneous
11-16 | Calfrac Cement Materials & Additives

Sodium Chloride (NaCl) (Clay Control and Accelerator)

Sodium Chloride (NaCl or salt) is a cement additive that, depending on its concentration will either accelerate or retard the
cement slurry. For formations containing clay, NaCl will prevent clay swelling when water is lost from the cement slurry and
comes into contact with the producing formation.
NaCl is a good replacement for CaCl2, but will not accelerate as well as CaCl2.

Benefits
• Reduces washouts in salt formations
• Minimizes damage of fresh water sensitive zones
• Improves bonding of cement to shales

Technical Information
Specific Bulk Bulk
Water Required Absolute Volume Gravity Volume Density
(m 3/t) (gal/lb) (m 3/t) (gal/lb) (m 3/t) (ft 3/lb) (t/m 3) (lb/ft 3)

NaCl 0.462 0.055 2.166 0.771 0.012 1.297 81.0

NaCl is commonly dry-blended with the cement but can be pre-hydrated in the mix water.

Effect of NaCl on Thickening Time and Compressive Strength: Class G slurry @ 1870 kg/m3 (15.6 ppg)
Thickening Time (hr:min)
Depth, m (ft)
NaCl, % (BWOC) 300 (984) 700 (2,297) 1,000 (3,281) 1,500 (4,921)

0 4:30 4:10 2:45 2:35

2 3:00 2:15 1:55 1:30
4 3:00 2:30 1:20 1:30

Secondary Effect on Slurry Physical Data

• Decreases density and thickening time Chemical NaCl
• Increases early strength
• Improves cement bonding to shales Chemical Family Sodium Chloride
Physical State Solid (granules)
Temperature Range Color White
10°C to 70°C (50°F to 158°F) Odor Odorless
pH 6.0 to 8.0
Loading
Solubility 36 g/100 mL H2O @ 20°C
3.0% to 15.0% BWOW (1.5% to 5.0% BWOC)
Melting Point 804°C (2732°F)
Boiling Point 1413°C (2575°F)
Flash Point Not flammable

Safety & Handling

WHMIS Classification Health Hazards Protective Equipment

Skin, Eye Contact,

Sodium Chloride (NaCl) Not WHMIS Regulated
Ingestion, Inhalation

Miscellaneous
 Calfrac Cement Materials & Additives | 11-17

Silica Flour 325

Silica Flour 325 is powdered sand that helps cement slurry maintain low permeability and prevent strength retrogression.

Benefits
• Silica Flour 325 is compatible with all Calfrac cementing materials
• Compatible with API cements
• Effective in preventing strength retrogression

Technical Information
Specific Bulk Bulk
Water Required Absolute Volume Gravity Volume Density
(m 3/t) (gal/lb) (m 3/t) (gal/lb) (m 3/t) (ft 3/lb) (t/m 3) (lb/ft 3)

Silica Flour 0.350 0.042 0.373 2.676 0.892 0.014 1.121 70.0

Secondary Effect on Slurry Physical Data

Can cause slurry viscosity to increase without required water Chemical Family Inorganic silica compound
Physical State Solid
Temperature Range
Color White
110°C to 371°C (230°F to 700°F)
Odor Odorless
pH 7.3
Loading
Solubility Insoluble in water
35% to 100% BWOC
Melting Point ~1710°C (3100°F)
Flash Point Not flammable

Safety & Handling

WHMIS Classification Health Hazards Protective Equipment

Skin, Eye Contact,

Silica Flour 325
Ingestion, Inhalation

Miscellaneous
11-18 | Calfrac Cement Materials & Additives

Notes

Miscellaneous
 Calfrac Well Services World Headquarters
Calgary, Alberta Canada

1-866-770-FRAC (3722) : : www.Calfrac.com