Sychronous Condenser System

Requirement and Solutions

POWERING GOOD FOR SUSTAINABLE ENERGY HITACHI ABB POWER GRIDS

2020-07-20 © Hitachi ABB Power Grids 2020. All rights reserved
1
Topics
– Background or change in the market
– Challenges in the network
– Synchronous condenser
– ABB concept for SCS installations
– SCS single, multi, Hybrid, high inertia solution
– References

HITACHI ABB POWER GRIDS

© Hitachi ABB Power Grids 2020. All rights reserved 2
Renewable energy sources

Characteristics

Strong environmental concerns

Becoming competitive
They are stochastic = intermittent, accidental, random,
variable
Power quality often questionable.
Consequences:
– Decommissioning of traditional coal-fired stations
– Networks loose high reliability, large capacity, rotating power
generators (system inertia)
– Small, quick-to-start generators are needed (spot prices in NEM)
– Power conditioning may be needed

© Hitachi ABB Power Grids 2020. All rights reserved

Slide
3
Synchronous condenser

Reborn technology
Traditionally used for power factor correction;
– Mainly to generate reactive power

Dormant for 30 years

Replaced by new static technologies

– Static Var Compensation (SVC)
– STATCOM

Reborn as conventional rotating power generation is replaced by

renewable energy sources

Reborn because of its benefits of

– Inertia contribution
– Short circuit current contribution,
which are not satisfied by static technologies

© Hitachi ABB Power Grids 2020. All rights reserved

Slide
4
 —
Challenges in the network

Slide August 3, 2020

5
Network Challenges

Traditional and Future Grid

Traditional Grid Future Grid

• Centralized Generation • Distributed Generation

• Generation by Spinning Mass • Less Generation by Spinning Mass
• Few Power Electronics Based Generators • Inreased Amount of Power Electronics Based Generators
• Strong Grid • Weaker Grid
• One way Communication • Two Way Communication
• Few Sensors • Smart Sensors
• Manual Monitoring and Manual Restoration • Self Monitoring and Self Healing

Strong Weak Very Weak

© Hitachi ABB Power Grids 2020. All rights reserved

Network Challenges – Weak Network

SCR – Short Circuit Ratio

Power electronics based generators require an AC voltage source to be

synchronized with via a Phase-Locked Loop
Short-Circuit Power indicates the electrical distance to an equivalent AC voltage
source.
Low values of SCR indicate risk of insufficient system strength for reliable operation
of connected generation.

𝑆ℎ𝑜𝑟𝑡 𝐶𝑖𝑟𝑐𝑢𝑖𝑡 𝑃𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 𝑎𝑡 𝑃𝐶𝐶

𝑆ℎ𝑜𝑟𝑡 𝑐𝑖𝑟𝑐𝑢𝑖𝑡 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜 𝑆𝐶𝑅 =
𝑁𝑜𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑃𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑒.𝑔. 𝑤𝑖𝑛𝑑 𝑓𝑎𝑟𝑚, 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑒𝑡𝑐.

Strong Weak Very Weak

SCR>5 SCR<5 SCR<3

Source. Cigre TB 671 Connection of wind farms to weak AC networks,

P. Kundur, “Power System Stability and Control”, McGraw-Hill, 1994.

© Hitachi ABB Power Grids 2020. All rights reserved

Network Challenges – Weak Network

RoCoF – Ratio of Change of Frequency

Inertia is provided by spinning mass of generators and motors synchronized to the system.
Inertia indicates system frequency deviation in response to sudden imbalance of supply and
demand.
Inertia indicates how stable the frequency is and decreases frequency variations in the area.
Low system inertia leads to a high Rate of Change of Frequency (RoCoF)

∆𝑃 𝑓 1 (Contingency size)
𝑅𝑜𝐶𝑜𝐹 = = f⋅ ⋅
2 ∑𝑖 (𝑆𝐺𝑖 𝐻𝑖 ) 2 (Energy in system rotating mass)
P is infeed power loss, loss of generation or loss of load [MW]
f is network frequency [Hz]
SGi is the synchronous condenser/generator nominal power rating [MVA]
Hi is the synchronous condenser/generator inertia constant [s]

Strong Weak Very Weak

RoCoF<1 Hz/s RoCoF>1 Hz/s RoCoF>2 Hz/s
Source. Cigre TB 671 Connection of wind farms to weak AC networks

© Hitachi ABB Power Grids 2020. All rights reserved

Network Challenges – Weak Network

How to Improve the System?

How to Improve the System?
Example of issues with a weak network
– Synchronous Condenser
– Frequency Control
• Contributes to system fault level.
– Fault Ride Through
• Inreases the inertia.
– Stability • Provides a stable AC voltage source
– Reactive Power Balance – STATCOM
– Larger Impact of Regional Faults • Provides fast response reactive power following
– Fault Clearance and Selectivity contingencies
• Detecting and damping of active power oscillations.
• Steady state voltage control under normal conditions.

Strong Weak Very Weak

© Hitachi ABB Power Grids 2020. All rights reserved

Synchronous condenser

How does SC support the network?

Example Voltage profile on HV bus — V_HQ(pu)_LVRT

– Increase of the short-circuit capacity (=“strength”)
1.00

Voltage (p.u.)
of the supply network seen by other electrical
0.75
equipment
0.50
• E.g. A synchronous condenser rated 15 MVA, 0 p.u. voltage dip
0.25
contribute with Ik (short-time withstand
0.00
current) about 100 MVA 0 10 20 30 40 50
Cycles
– Mitigated voltage profiles during contingencies
on the high voltage network Voltage profile on MV bus with SC is connected — V_SC(pu)
Voltage (p.u.)

1.00
0.80
0.60
0.40 0.3 p.u. voltage dip
0.20
0.00
0 10 20 30 40 50
Cycles

© Hitachi ABB Power Grids 2020. All rights reserved

Slide
10
Frequency control issues

Markets may change but the need to control a power system remains essential

FFR arrest frequency…. buy time till PFC

© Hitachi ABB Power Grids 2020. All rights reserved

Slide
11
 —
SCS – Synchronous Condenser System
Concepts for SCS installations

Slide
August 3, 2020
12
Synchronous Condenser System
SCS – Synchronous Condenser System

Consists of a number of parallel synchronous condensers

that are started with pony motors and synchronized to the
power system.

Building up a station based on standardized modules

increase redundancy and reduce lead time to first
possible start.

Redundancy is build up with n+1 concept instead of 1+1

large machine.

Typical module size 50 - 70 MVA

© Hitachi ABB Power Grids 2020. All rights reserved

Slide
13
From Engineering Package to turn key

Single unit Multi unit Hybrid deliveries

– Typical small MVA ( <70 MVAr)
– No redundancy
– No need for load sharing and fall over
functionality
– Lead time challenge

All variants can be in High inertia version!

© Hitachi ABB Power Grids 2020. All rights reserved

Slide
14
Single unit concept

Modularized concept

Challenges Solution
Create a standardized solution Outdoor based solution
Possible to change power size (different Air/air cooled machine aprox 62 MVAr
machines)
High level of prefabrication to site work and Advantage
reduce lead time
– Require no external pump(s)
– NO External fin fan cooler
Clearly defined customer interface
– Smaller footprint
– Easier control function
– Lower total cost

© Hitachi ABB Power Grids 2020. All rights reserved

Slide
15
Single unit concept

Standard machine

Electrical performance
One air/ air cooled machined
String Inertia
Prepared data for largest single unit rating at 45 degree ambient
Smaller machine will follow MVAr inertia H
1 unit 61,7 8 083 1,62

Short circuit contribution

Short circuit contribution 1 machine
kA at 11 kV MVA MVAr
Peak current 11 kV 66
Sub-transient short circuit current Ik'' 23,3 443
Sustained short circuit current for 10 s 8,4 160

© Hitachi ABB Power Grids 2020. All rights reserved

Slide
16
Single unit concept
Outline

© Hitachi ABB Power Grids 2020. All rights reserved

Slide
17
Condenser control panel (CCP)

• Excitation Control function (AVR)

Perform control of the excitation current so that the machine
only operates under specified and safe operating conditions

• Excitation supply
Excitation equipment supply the synchronous machine with
needed excitation power for the different power requirement
(MVAr)

• Synchronization device
To allow closing of the circuit breaker when the synchronization
criteria are fulfilled

• Protection functions
In case of a fault, minimize the risk for damage of condenser or
other equipment and to secure optimized operation

• Operation control and communication

Communication between Control System, Operator and Plant
Control System

© Hitachi ABB Power Grids 2020. All rights reserved

Slide
18
Protection Functions

Overload protection
Bearing current protection
Under-excitation protection
Negative phase-sequence protection
Overcurrent/excitation protection
Earth-fault protection for Transformer Tertiary winding
Over-voltage protection
Stator earth fault protection
Under-frequency protection
Field earth fault indication
Condenser differential protection
Pole-slip/out of step protection
Transformer differential protection
Other protection for starting equipment

© Hitachi ABB Power Grids 2020. All rights reserved

Slide
19
Voltage regulator Unitrol

- Automatic voltage regulator (Auto mode)

- Field current regulator (Manual mode)
- Reactive power regulator (MVAr mode)
- Reactive power regulation on the grid, incoming feeder
- Reactive current compensation
- Over-excitation limiter
- Under-excitation limiter
- V/Hz limiter
- Loss of sensing voltage monitor
- Line voltage matching
- Automatic follow-up for bumpless transfer between control modes
- Bus-communication between the two regulators for bumpless (null balance) switch over
to redundant excitation channel
- Soft start
- Watchdog
- Diode monitoring (58) with digital output to protection system

- Modbus communication via RS485 (Modbus RTU) or TCP/IP (Modbus TCP)

© Hitachi ABB Power Grids 2020. All rights reserved

Slide
20
Single unit concept
SLD

© Hitachi ABB Power Grids 2020. All rights reserved

Slide
21
Smart cooler – innovative new design

Integrated closed water circulation with fin-fan cooler

• Fin-fan cooler section is optimised precisely for the SC

• One, separable unit with the machine cooler

• Less footprint is needed, simpler installation

• Required redundancy incorporated

• Blowers can be temperature controlled to save energy at low load

periods

• Less water and water treatment needed

© Hitachi ABB Power Grids 2020. All rights reserved

Slide
22
Synchronous Condenser System
Typical layout of SC with air/ water cooler and pony motor

© Hitachi ABB Power Grids 2020. All rights reserved

Slide
23
Synchronous Condenser System
High level single diagram

Components HV Grid

– Ex = Exciter
– SC = Synchronous Condenser Step-up trafo
– PM = Pony Motor
– PL = Pump for lube oil unit Wind farm
– ML = Motor for lube oil unit
– MC = Motor for fin fan cooler MV CB Aux. transformer
– PC = Pump for cooling water (should be
Ex SC
revised as below D1) SC Ex

PM
– MV CB = Medium voltage circuit breaker
PM
VSD

– VSD = Frequency converter for pony motor PL PL

ML ML

Fin-fan blowers
MC MC MC MC PC

© Hitachi ABB Power Grids 2020. All rights reserved

Slide
24
Possible delivery setup

From Engineering Package to turn key

Single unit Multi unit Hybrid deliveries

All variants can be in High inertia version!

© Hitachi ABB Power Grids 2020. All rights reserved

Slide
25
Hybrid Synchronous Condenser

General
Hybrid Synchronous Condenser will combine the advantages of
Synchronous Condenser and STATCOM technologies, having an
optimized design due to performance and losses.
The Synchronous Condenser System (SCS) consists of a number of
parallel operating synchronous generators that are started with pony
motors and then synchronized to the power system. Contributes to
– System fault level
– Decreases frequency variations in the area
– Provides slow voltage regulation.
– Low voltage fault ride-through capability.
– Short time overload capacity for 15 to 30 min to prevent voltage collapse.
STATCOM Contributes to
– Regulation and control of a defined voltage to the required set point.
– Fault ride-through capability.
– Provides fast response reactive power following contingencies.
– Provides dynamic fast response reactive power needed to mitigate voltage
collapse, under- and overvoltage.
– Detecting and damping of active power oscillations.

© Hitachi ABB Power Grids 2020. All rights reserved

Hybrid Synchronous Condenser

Single Line Diagram

 Power Transformer
 Connects the Hybrid Synchronous Condenser
to the HV bus.
 STATCOM
 VSC reactor
 VSC - voltage source converter
 Synchronous Condenser
 Excitation System
 Pony Motor
 Control System
 MACH™, regulates and controls the hybrid
synchronous condenser.

PM SC Excitation
~ ~3 System
Pony
Motor
VSC Synchronous
Condenser

© Hitachi ABB Power Grids 2020. All rights reserved

Phoenix - Hybrid Synchronous Condenser

Innovation combining two technologies

Hybrid Synchronous Condenser – Project Data

– Minimisation of overall system losses – Synchronous
Condenser and STATCOM
– Maximisation of compensation of fast transients
– Maximisation of inertia contribution
– Maximization of low-medium-high frequency oscillations
damping
– Damping of sub-synchronous control interaction (SSCI)
– Negative sequence control – rebalance grid system voltage
– Active filtering – injection of current and voltage
– Master control of the hybrid system will coordinate the
operation between the two technologies.
– The project will demonstrate technical and economic
advantages of deploying H-SC over similar technologies with
the aim of encouraging future rollout across the GB Network.

© Hitachi ABB Power Grids 2020. All rights reserved

Slide
28
Phoenix - Hybrid Synchronous Condenser

Innovation combining two technologies

Hybrid Synchronous Condenser – Project Data

275 kV

– SVC Light HP: ±70 Mvar

– Synchronous Condenser: -35/+70 Mvar
– Transformer: Three winding, separate windings for SVC Light
and Synchronous Condenser
– Control and Protection: MACH®
– Simulation Models and System Studies PM SC Excitation
~ ~3 System
– Civil Works Pony
Motor
– Installation, Testing and Commissioning VSC Synchronous
Condenser
– In service: January 2020

Hybrid Synchronous Condenser – Best of both technologies, STATCOM and Synchronous Condenser

© Hitachi ABB Power Grids 2020. All rights reserved

Slide
29
Hybrid Synchronous Condenser

Layout Synchronous
Cooling Condenser

Control &
Protection
~40 m

Transformer
VSC Valve
VSC
Reactors

~70 m
© Hitachi ABB Power Grids 2020. All rights reserved
The importance of inertia & H constant

Some background

Network perspective Physics perspective

– You can’t store electricity in the network • J is Moment of inertia for whole shaft system [kgm2]

– Changes in demand/ supply must be balanced asap • ri is radius [m]

– The stability of a network depends on stored energy in the system • mi is mass [kg]
(spinning energy)
• J = ∑𝑛𝑖=1 𝑟𝑖2 ⋅mi
• Mainly from rotating machinery
• H is inertia constant [s], a theoretical value of available energy
Typical H-constant for different energy types
• m is angular velocity [rad/s]
– Steam turbine H = 4
0.5⋅J⋅m
• H=
– Diesel engine H = 1 Ssync cond nominal

– Wind and Solar almost Zero since no direct link to network • W m is stored energy in rotating mass

• All is feed via converters with limitations • Ssync cond nominal is synchronous condenser nominal rating [VA]

• Wm = H ⋅ Ssync cond nominal = 0.5 ⋅ J ⋅ m2

1[ ] © Hitachi ABB Power Grids 2020. All rights reserved

Slide
31
High inertia solution

Synchronous condenser systems high inertia setup

To combine a mid size SC with a flywheel (FW) will increase the inertia
several times and the losses will be much lower comparing to install
the whole inertia as SC. Example:
– Unit data: 70 MVA base
• H = 1.3 s, inertia constant
• J = 7500 kgm², moment of inertia
• W m = 91 MWs, stored energy
– SC + Flywheel
• H > 6 s, inertia constant
• J = 7500+30000 =37500 kgm², moment of inertia
• W m = 450 MWs stored, energy
• Losses 130% compared with only 70 MVA SC
– One large unit 300 MVA gives approximate same stored energy as
SC + flywheel above
• Losses (98, 4% eff) 4800 kW compared to 1300>3,5 times
higher losses than 70 MVA SC + FW

Preliminary data

© Hitachi ABB Power Grids 2020. All rights reserved

Slide
32
SCS Control System
Customer office Customer SAS ABB
support
Possible setup Remote HMI
Engineering/
Maintenance

Station Level
Station Operation
and Monitoring NTS FTS/AV FW Station 4G
GPS clock
S
File transfer IPsec VPN
Time sync Anti-virus
HMI/SCADA Remote access

MicroSCADA
SYS600C

WCF IEC61850 bus

SCS Main
Bay Level C&P control
Sequence
Supplementary control PS700
SVC Control (master)
Local SC auxiliary functions
HMI
(MACH™) IO REG 670 IO REG 670

Process Level
I/O, valve, main circ

SC#1 SC#2

© Hitachi ABB Power Grids 2020. All rights reserved

Slide
33
System delivery

Grid code requirements Impact on SCS

Following parameters can be defined in the grid code

– Voltage & frequency variation
– Power factors (under excitation demands)
– LVRT (low voltage ride trough)
– Short circuit demand
– Response time

Documentation of simulations model

– In many grid code the system owner must be able to simulate
different cases
– ABB can provide simulation model parameters for condenser and
AVR

© Hitachi ABB Power Grids 2020. All rights reserved

Slide
34
System delivery

Simulation and models

Model setup Outcome

• ABB can include steady state model • PSS/E model

• PSS/E • Simulation with project parameters

• ABB can include transient model • Simulation report

• PCSCAD • PCSCAD model (Compiled)

• These models will cover ABB scope of supply

• Condenser • Measurement on site

• Excitation system • Step response measurement on site

• Step up transformers
• Optional
• Model adjustment for test result depending on impact
from external network

© Hitachi ABB Power Grids 2020. All rights reserved

Slide
35
Synchronous condenser
References (1)
Copper Mountain
– Customer: Hydro Quebec, Canada
(2008)
– Condenser: 2 x AMS 1250A , 25MVAr (45MVAr 30 min)
– Driver behind project: Voltage stability required for integration of large wind farms
Musselroe
– Customer: Hydro Tasmania, Australia
– Condenser: 2 x AMS 900 , 14MVAr
(2011)
– Driver behind project: Transient faults expected from large wind farm integrations
– The distance between the wind farms to be integrated was of particular issue

Rainbow Lake
– Customer: ATCO, Canada
– Condenser: 1 x AMS 1250A , 50MVAr (2012)
– Driver behind project: Voltage collapse expected from heavy load peaks
– Synchronous Condenser short-circuit capacity is able to strengthen the network and remedy
voltage collapse
Cadillac
– Customer: Hydro Quebec, Canada
– Condenser: 3 x AMS 1250A , 25MVAr (45MVAr 30 min) (2012)
– Driver behind project: Successful execution of project “Copper Mountain”
– Need for synchronous condenser due to voltage stability issues caused by heavy mining
industries in conjunction with phase-out of existing fossil-fueled generators

© Hitachi ABB Power Grids 2020. All rights reserved

Slide
36
Synchronous condenser
References (2)
Kennedy Energy Park
– Customer: Quanta Solar, Australia
– Condenser: 1 x AMS 900 , 5MVAr (high inertia requirement)
– First synchronous condenser with CAWA cooler (2017)
– New requirements in Australia for wind- & PV-farms to provide inertia to the grid corresponding
to the installed power generated by the farms
Phoenix Hybrid SC
– Customer: ABB FACTS / Scottish Power, UK
– Condenser: 1 x AMS 1400 , 70MVAr (2017)
– First Hybrid project with Synchronous Condenser and STATCOM
– A pilot project that will be installed in Neilston in East Renfrewshire, UK

Finley Solar Farm

– Customer: ESCO pacific
(2018)
– Condenser: 1 x AMS 1400 , 60MVAr
– New PV solar plant 175 MW with approx. 500,000 solar panels, generating power equivalent of 59,000 homes

Darlington Point Solar Farm

– Customer: Edify Energy
– Condenser: 2 x AMS 1250 , 42MVAr (2018)
– PV solar farm 275MW with provision for 100MW battery storage at later stage

© Hitachi ABB Power Grids 2020. All rights reserved

Slide
37
POWERING GOOD FOR SUSTAINABLE ENERGY HITACHI ABB POWER GRIDS
© Hitachi ABB Power Grids 2020. All rights reserved 38
Our team

Speakers

Fahd Hashiesh Arunav Jha Ranfeng Situ

Global Market Development Regional Sales Manager Regional Sales Manager &
Manager, Power Quality, Power Quality, Hitachi ABB Hub Segment Lead for
Hitachi ABB Power Grids Power Grids India Renewables, Hitachi ABB
fahd.hashiesh@hitachi- arunav.jha@hitachi- Power Grids Singapore
powergrids.com powergrids.com ranfeng.situ@hitachi-
powergrids.com

Organizers

Ikhlas Nurdin Dhanny Wijaya Frisna Priscilla Ririn Andriyani

Strategic Account Manager Power Quality Country Sales Communications Manager Marketing Communications
Grid Integration, Hitachi ABB Champion, Hitachi ABB Power Hitachi ABB Power Grids & Administration Specialist
Power Grids Indonesia Grids Indonesia Indonesia Hitachi ABB Power Grids
ikhlas.nurdin@hitachi- Dhanny.Wijaya@hitachi- Frisna.Priscilla@hitachi- Indonesia
powergrids.com powergrids.com powergrids.com ririn.andriyani@hitachi-
powergrids.com

HITACHI ABB POWER GRIDS

© Hitachi ABB Power Grids 2020. All rights reserved
Synchronous condenser
New condensers vs refurbish of old generator

– Grid short-circuit capacity is reduced when traditional power is replaced by wind and solar

– To maintain short-circuit capacity SC capacity need to be installed

– A pre-systems study for the HV grid will find out where in the distribution network the connection point for the SC is most useful

Existing large generators can be refurbished as SC, but New SC can be optimized for the performance required

– Old equipment not up-to-date to optimize the performance – Connected to the grid close to the problem areas where it will do
best use
– Located normally far from the problem area with long distribution
distance that reduce the performance where it is needed – Can be designed and optimized as required

– Large refurbished equipment that need much service and – Up to date technology for both machine and control equipment
maintenance
– Modern design with minimum of maintenance required
– The equipment will not add any performance to solve existing
problems in the grid – Two or three smaller units are more practical than 1 larger unit for
redundancy during shut down for service and maintenance

© Hitachi ABB Power Grids 2020. All rights reserved

Slide
48