CONCEPTS AND OBJECTIVES IN PHYSICS VOLUME | - PART B (Mechanics Part 2) VARSITY® EMPOWERING EDUCATION * ENABLING DREAMS. Central Ottice : Working Office : 4” Floor, Plot # 80, Sri Sai Plaza, D.No. §4-20/9-6, Floor 1,Timmarusu Street, Ayyappa Society, ‘Srinagar Colony, VIJAYAWADA - 520 008. Madhapur, HYDERABAD - 500 081 Ph: 0866-2544369 120, V.V., Professor, Collage of Technology, ‘Osmania University, Hyderabad Sri Srinivas, G., Executive Dean, ‘Sri Chaitanya Educational Institutions, Vijayawada, Sri Syam Sundar, K., Lecturer in Physics, Sri Chaitanya Educational Institutions, Tiupathi. Printed at Hanu Graphics Maruthi Nagar, VIJAYAWADA - 520 004 Ph: 0866-2437501CONCEPTS AND OBJECTIVES IN PHYSICS VOLUME-| : PART-B (Number of pages : 368 + 4) © VeMIL, Hyderabad All rights reserved (nusive of al taxes) First Edition: April 2012 Revised Edition : March 2020 | CONTENTS ee WORK, POWER & ENERGY SYSTEM OF PARTICLES AND ROTATIONAL MOTION OSCILLATIONS GRAVITATIONGRAVITATION ample is PL dee Cambri a ser of 198. a stb 1983, Ae tes led to Price Fellows ot Ty Coleg forthe period 193837 Ho teh known for hs dsc ovr of Channa Lm He showed ha hr {sg masa ma ach can Be sapped at san by pensar mae ‘flcrone dates mae The a of asl i oat 1 mer lar ‘mow The Choiraetbr Lit plas areal rain wrangell ‘elton Spot rom dacowry Wf Chanasehar Li major work dan bythe (Introduction 1 Keplaer's Laws 1 Universal law of gravitation J The gravitational constant 7 Acceleration due to gravity of the earth Acceleration due to gravity below and above the surface of earth Bantropucrion From the earliest time, dency of most bodies things that leaped upwards like flames offre, were said 10 have “Levity”. “Aristotle” was the first writer to attempt a quantitative description of falling motion, he wrote that, frely falling object attained a constant speed shortly after being released, and heavier things fll fasterin proportion Aristotle” mos likely slower motion of things falling through water, here buoyancy and fluid resistance dominate, and sumed that to be a slowed-down version of falling through air-which itisn’t Galeleo was the first, to get it right. He realized that a falling body picked up speed at a constant rate, in other words, it had constant acceleration. He also made the crucial observation that, if air resistance and buoyancy can be neglected al bodies fall withthe same acceleration, bodies of different weights dropped together reach ts gravity” means the (fall o earth. In contrast, totheir mass ‘observed the ound at the same time, “Gravitation” is one ofthe fundamental forces ‘of nature. [tis a common experience that when a stone is thrown up it returns to the earth instead of NEO SERIES for Sri CI ‘mathematical theory of Mack holes (0974 1983), Ho war awarded the Nobel Prize IEON Students Gravitational potential energy Escape speed Barth statellite Energy of an orbiting statellite Energy of an orbiting satel and polar satellites ‘Weightlessness Geoslationat just going up and up. Newton, who first revealed that both terrestrial bodies like stote and celestial bodies like moon towards the centre of the earth because of the earth's gravitational force. At the earth but the moon doesn’t hit the earth, why ? ‘Aryabhat studied the motion of the moon and the planets, suggested that the cart isa solid sphere andit spins fall with certain accelerations, er some time the stone hits 4 famous Indian astronomer around itself. According to Rigveda paths of the planets in solar sytem were suggested to be elliptical. The earliest recorded model for planetory ‘motions proposed by Greck astronomer ptolemy about 2000 years ago was a“geocentrore model” planets, all evolved around the earth in circular orbits, In 16% century, an astronomer Nicolas copernicus( 1473-1543) suggested that all the planets move around the sun ineireular orbits and proposed Heliocentric theory. It was already joned by Aryabhatta (5* centrury A.D). His theory was discredited by the Church, but notable amongst its supporters was Galeleo who had to[GRAVITATION je ——____________sis PHYSIC5:IB] face prosecution from the state fr is belies. Tycho Brahe( 1546-1601) a Danish astronomer made very careful and accurate measurements of the motion of the planets. His compiled data were analysed Later by his assistant Keplen( 1571-1640). Kepler formulated three laws of planetory motion which accurately described the motion of planets around the sun. These laws were known, to Newton and enabled him to make a great scientific leap in proposing his universal law of gravitation. This law of universal gravitation has, helped to understand the universe in general and solarsystemin particular Albert Einstein proposed that gravitation is a consequence of the curvature in space - time continuum produced by the presence of matter. In this chapter, we discuss gravitation atthe terrestrial level by considering Newton's law of gravitation, A very brief idea of kepler's planetory motion, gravitational potential encrgy is discussed. We conclude this chapter with explanations about escape speed, polar and Geostationary satellites and weighlessness Bay pasicrorc TURE, We know that there exits a gravitational field around mass. Similarly an electric field exists ge and magnetic field around a ugnetic pole. It is in these fields, that, there developsan interaction (force) between two bodies. ‘Thus we have the gravitational force, electro- magnetic force etc, in nature. These forces come into play duc tothe exchange of field particles such as gravitons, photons, leptons, etc. Various types, of intraction, in nature, can be classified into following four categories L Gravitational foree (F,): This force has the following important properties i) This forceis always attractive fi) It isa conservative force (i.e., work done is independent of path follwed) iil). This force forms action reaction pair (ie, Fy=- Fy) NEO SERIES for Sti Chaitanya Jr. NEON Students. iv) This force isindependent of medium ¥) Thisis the weakest of al the forces vi). Tthas the longest range (i.e. it ean a infinite distances) vil) This fore gravitons operates by the exchat n gravitational field) viii) This force can provide radial acceleration ix) This force can provide tangemtial acceleration x) The force between two masses is independent of the presence of other masses TL, Electro-magnetic force (F,): ‘The electromagnetic force is dominant on the atomic level and is responsible for holding the toms together that make up the molecules. Ialso binds the electrons of an atom tothe nucleus. Apart from determining the properties of atoms and molecules electromag: responsible for other kind of Forces suchas friction, air resistance, elasticity tic forces are also ) Te may be attractive or repulsive depending upon the type of charge of the interacting particles, ii) Itisa tong range force iii) Ttis communicated through photons IIL. Strong force (F,) or Nuclear force : [tis the strongest force in nature and it exists between different nucleons inside a nucleus. This force is responsible to keep the protons and neutrons bound in the nucleus, Ithas following characteristics: ') Tt is hasically attractive in nature, However when the distance between two nucleons is of the order of 4 fim, then ii) Itischarge independent iii) This spindependent iw) Itisa very shor range force becomes repulsive, ¥) It is about clectromay 100 times stronger than tie Force. vi) Itis communicated through 7 -mesons.IV. Weak Nuclear Force Weak nuclear force is responsible fora type of radioactive decay known as beta decay and other similar decay processes involving fundamental particles. The forcesacting between leptons(®) and hhardrons(?*) are called as weak nuclear forces, 1) The force is responsible for beta de radio activity. 2) lis short range force. 3) Ibis communicated through weak bosons, ony Table 1 Relative Strengths of Basic Forees between. protons Basic Force [Relative] Range strength Gravitational | 1 | Long Range, Infinite ‘Weak Nuclear | 10°! Extremely short ange < Range of electro ‘magnetic force>Range of nuclear force ength of nuclear force> strength of ecto magnetic force>srength of weak nuclear forces > sucngth of gravitational force Eee bre, mom aad netrion. mn changing into a proton emiting electron and antineusino, The basi force involved is weak nuclear force |) The gravitational force of at moon and the arth causes the tides in the oceans KEPLER'S LAWS A heavenly body revolving around a planet {nan orbitis called natural satellite. For example, ‘moon revolves around the planet earth, So moon ion between the NEO SERIES for Sri CI ae |EON Students isthe satelite of earth. Their motions can be studied with the help of Kepler's laws, as stated in the following, L. Law of orbits : “All planets revolve around sun in elliptical orbits with the sun at one of the focii of the ellipse”. Fig ‘As shown in the fig, the sun may be at F, of F,, Here a and b denote lengths of semimajor and semiminor axes. Forircular orbits F, and F, merge into one and the semimajor axes becomes the raditss of the circle. The closest point A is called the perihelion and the farthest point B is called aphelion Note 9.2 |) Thedistance of closest approach with he sun at AS. Tis distance i called “Pergee” i) The greatest distance (BS) of the plnet fom the sun iscalled “Apogee” ii) Perigce (AS) scemtcity DB + 0 iw) Apogee BS) alte) TL Law of areas: “The line joining the plan sweeps out equal areas in equal (oR) of radius vector is to the sun tervels of This law comes from the observations that planets appear to move slower when they are farther from the sun than when they are nearer. As shown in fig, a planet takes the same time to wavel from A to B as from C to D. (Shaded areas are equal), Naturally the planet has to move faster from,[GRAVITATION jj PHYSICS:1B] to D. This law is identical with the law of ‘conservation of angular momentum, which is valid for any central force. _ B (lls, axel» Ws 7 Let the sun be at the origin and the positio of the planet be denoted by ¢ and P then the area sweep out by the planet of mass m erval dtis “dA’, given by and mom <0 2" dt aa Hence, areal velocity # (==) an Ady (ov dt ¢ and as angular momentum (L) = mvt an so 8 ‘The gravitational force is a central force. is the angular momentum equal to (x). The gravitational force which is directed along # due tothe sun does not create any torque on the planet. In the absence of torque, angular momentum is emsen ace cota nl eee west 4) Let Vp and V, be the magnitudes ofthe velocity of the planct a the perihelion and aphelion, S denotes the postion ofthe sun, SP=r, and SA mse mass of the planet, from conservation of angular moment, Fig 294) NEO SERIES for Sti Chaitanya Jr. NEON Students. Angular momentum at P= Angular momentum aA Ly, means that Vp>Vq a8, >fp Hence out of aphelion and perielion the speed of Planet more at perteion ecause the pact has to cover beater linear distance 1o hep the arel velocity constant. 1) Atel velocity vera time graph ii) The direction of areal velocity of the earth around the sun ie normal othe plane containing the earth andthe iv) The rate of change of areal velecty is 8 measure of normal velocity which is zero cccentricaty of the eliza path similarly r=a+e=asea=a(l4e) using conservation of angular momentum at perigee and apogee By using conversation of mechanical energy wwe can prove thatNate: 1) Met andtetalne (K.E4P EDO, the patho the satellite fs hyperbole and it escapes fom its orbit ii) ect and total energy is negative, t moves in an elliptical path =) ef and total rey is negative it moves in ceca path 18) Me=Oandtotatenergy is 210i wll ke parabolic path Y) The path ofthe projectiles sown o lower heights is tabolc and Uvown wo greater height i lpia viv Kepler’ las may be ppl to natural and arti cial satelite a well, mM. aw of period: “The square of the time period of revolution of a planet is proportional to the cube of the semi-major axis of the ellipse traced out by the planet (or) the average distance between the sun and the planet.” IFT is the time period of revolution of the planct and 2a is the length of major axis of the ellipse traced out by the planet, then 7 = Note 9.5: As the planet revolves around the sun Centipetal force = Gravitational force nn" _ GM _, OM ROR OR Now, pod oft T on R (2k) _ 4 TIF Since (4m! (GM) is constant, therefore, 1 (oo) Fe =comsant Table 2 major axes and time periods of the planets revolve around the sua, ‘The semi Planet ‘Semi-major axis | Time Period! aGdo'm) | Tiyears) [Mercury | 5.79) 024 INenus los ois arth Iso 1 Mars 2s 188 lrupiter 718 119 [Saturn 143 295 Uranus | 287 84 Neptune | 450 16s Plu 590) 248 DEDUCTION OF NEWTON'S LAW) OF GRAVITATION FROM KEPLER’S LAW Letus considera planet of mass ‘m revolving around the sun of mass M’ in an orbit of radius with a constant angular velocity «. Let T be the time period of revolution of the planet around the sun The centripetal force acting on the planet F = me rte a) “(2) = ‘Aeconding to Kepler's thind law Par (oo =Ke = ay Where K is proportiona — ) constant — a) This centripetal force is provided by the Wvitational attraction exerted by the sun on the planet, According to Newton, the gravitational attraction between the sun and the planets mutual If foree Fis directly proportional the mass ofthe planet, (mm), it should also be directly proportional tothe mass ofthe sun, (M), Hence the factor, which is Newton's aw of gravitation,Note 96: i) Both earth and moon are subjected to the rivitational force of the sun As observed from the sn, {he obit ofthe mon wil Act be tity elliptical esas the total gravitational force oni is no cena ii) nour solar system, the interplanetary region has chunks of matter (much smaller size compared to planets) called asteroids, They will move in orbits like planets and bey Kepler's laws. 4) If the sn and the plants carried hage amounts of ‘oppoite charges then the second I will ot change and the first la wil il be vali iv) According to Newton's third law of motion, if the auth pulls the sone, stone must also pull the eth with the same force a the earth pl the stone, but de 4 the large mass of the crt is aceleraton foward the sone is quite nepligble and we just can't noice i Hence, only the stone appears to fall towards the cath ‘Problem -9.1:A satelite isan eliptc orbit around the ‘arth with aphclion of 6R and perikelion of 2 wherer R= 6400 KM is the radius of the earth. Find the of the orbit Sol We know tat Pergce =k wo Apogee e)=al +0) living (1) and 2) ‘Problem «9.2 > \ planet revolves around sun in an ‘liptical orbit of eccentricity 'e'- IFT isthe time period ofthe pla then show thatthe time spent by the planet between the end ofthe minor axis and close tosamie af an ae tay (Area)SAB T " (reneline Problem -9.3: The mean distance of mass rom the sun 4s 1S24simes that of earth from the sun Find he number of years required for mass to make one revolution about thes, Sol Given that R= 1524 R, and T,=1 year Acconling 1o Kepler’sthid Ia, we ean write = =G)-(8) =F Praten 9 tae pedo epee We potion Phe Vocab acon doce SPS Tents Vb componente heres Vs Wi Nene rea ae tomene BAC acre? Sol According to law of conservation of angular momentum Angular momentum of the planet at P= A ular momentum ofthe planet at = ay, WV grlO0) Yom Sacer, >FE VERN, Hero area SBAC i greater han te area SCPB. According to Kepler's second laws the areal ve lecty ofthe planet is constant around he su, eal areas are swept on equal times, hence the planet will take longer time to waverse BAC dan CPB. Problem -9.5 A satellite sin eliptical orbit about the earth (radius =6400 km), At perigee it has an atid (of 1100 kn and atthe apogee its atte is 4100 kom The major axis of the orbit i Sol: Given SE Porigce = 1100 km SE=Apogee =4100km From Fig-(b) a! 9. Fig-) Fig-() major axis 23-5 E 42R6S = 1100424610044100 = 18000 km NEO SERIES for Sti Chaitanya Jr. NEON StudentsProblem 9.6: The accenticty of earth's orbit is 0.067. Find the ratio of ts maximum speed in is orbit tie minimum speed. Sol. Given ect ()=0.0167 Problem 9.7 : The largest and the shortest distance of the earth from the sun are r, and r, respective. Calculate the distance from the sun when itis at perpendicular distance to major axl of the orbitdrawes ‘rom he sun weknow that sP-+5' ‘on simplification, Lead-e wena BEV niversar raw oF GRaviTaTion Gravitation isthe name given tothe force of traction between any two bodies of the universe It was discovered by Newton in 1665, when he saw an apple falling down from the tree. Gravitational forces the weakest force among the four fundamental forces in nature, but is the Important force because it played an important role in initiating the birth of star and controlling the entire struct (1c) 1+) ost ‘ofthe universe Newton's law of universal gravitation can be tated as follows. NEO SERIES for Sri CI IEON Students “Every pai every other particle with a force that is directly proportional to the product of their masses and. is inversely proportional to the square of distance between them and this force acts along, theline joing the two particles.” Consider 1wo particles A and B of masses m and m;, Let r be the distance between their centres and F be the force of attraction between them, my m as B Fig According to universal law of gravitation emi 1mm Gmm, (on) ee) Here G is constant called the universal gravitational constant. The value of G = 6.6710" N-m2/kg? Unit of G : SLunit: Nok? CGS unit: dynes em*/g? Dimensional formula of G : G=—" E “Thus universal gravitational constant is equal to the force of attraction acting between two bodies cach of unit mass, whose centres are placed unit ai nce apart.” It is a scalar quantity, Its value is same throughout the universe and is independent of the nature and the bodies as well as nature of the ‘medium between the bodies. Note 9.7: Newton's law of gravitation holds good for jects ying at very large distances and also very short distances. falls when the distance between the objects less than 10", of te orderofmermolecuar distances)Note 948 : IF we havea collection of point masses, the ravitational force on any one of them isthe vector sum ff the gravitational frees exerted bythe ober pont masses as shown in fig (principle of soperpositon) Gravitational force om point mass mi the vector tational forces exerted by m,, and nm sum of th nit vector from A to B Let fs nit vector from B10 A, ‘gravitational force exerted on body A. ty body B F, = gravitational force exerted on body B by body A. According to Newton’s law of gravitation, (Gm, Gn, Characteristics of gravitational force GMM, (1) 1. Misalways tractive r Ikisindependentof the medium betweenthe particles. “The negative sign shows that the gravitational fore itractve innate. . F-P graphisarcetangular hyperbola as shown Force WR OF Ftance? F, 4. Iisanaction-reaction pair. ie, the force with Which one body (say earth) attracts the second body (say moon) is equal to the force with which the ‘moon attracts the earth, (However, the accelerations will note equal. Tis force is mutual and internal Sam; 53) 5. It isa central force. This force exhibits no Til angular dependence. Its magnitude depends on ff y that gravitational force posseses spheri ys 2) and), we hve F ohn sata 3 ate positon eo fink nl fre etch alles ds mss man to pot depend upon ke propre the medium 1 Risa cmereatve force ie work done yi ispahindpendane 4. Inampving. th Newton's tw of gravitation fothocncofetnddeas nites nea Of point mass cr should te takeninassming thatthe whe mans bay ene eet Gm, 9. ‘The Law of gravitat holds for point masses 298: NEO SERIES for Sti Chaitanya Jr. NEON Students.PHYSICS-B| Note 9: The law docs tot directly appicible forthe sravitational force between extended object (like the cart) and a point mass. Each point mass in the extended object will exert force on the given point mass, So all these forces due to various point masses of extended objected the given polar object, PER] svete tHrorew The force of attraction between a hollow spherical shell /Sphere of uniform density anda point mass situated outside is just as ifthe entire ‘mass of the shell / Sphere were concentrated at the centre. the net force be added vectoraly 10 1, If a point mass lies out side the shell, the Gravitational force caused by the various region ofthe shell have components along the line joining the point mass to the centre as well as along a traction perpendicular to this line. When summing the gravitational forces overall the regions of the shell the perpendicular components cancel out an Teaving only a resultant force along the line joining the point to the centre. M where R isthe radius of the spherical shell 2. The force of attraction due to a hollow spherical shell / Sphere of uniform density, on a point mass situated inside it is zero, Ifa point mass lis inside the shell, vatious regions ofthe spherical shell attract the point mass, inside it in various directions. These forces cancel cach other completely M Hence F=0(Ifr@) in equilibrium, thisis equal to restoring torque, and hence Mm « L 050) By measuring the value of angle of twist (8) , and substituting the values of M,m,d..Land @ in the above equation, G is calculated and it was found 10 be 6.67%10-"!Ne ke Note 9.10: If gravitational force & proportional to then tine period ofa planet P Noted. ')Athinod of mass M and length 1 hoot in sr cite gravitational force om a particle with mass"m” is placed at centr of curvature is i) A thin rod of mass M and length Ls bent into a compet cicle.thon esultent iti) Cavendish is credited with weighing the earth Cavendish determined experimentally the value of cM 6. Then he wsedthe equation ¢ = ag determine the mass M of the cath Problem - 9.27: tn Cavendish's experiment let ach small mass be 20g and eack large mass be 5 kg. The rod connecting the small masses 0 cm Tong, while the small a the large speres are separated by 10.0 em. The orsion constantis 4810 *kgm?s * andthe resulting angular deflection i 0.1". Calculate he value of wnirerial gravtational constant G from this deta 02g .M=Ske (= 04" =04°) (24/360 k=48x10 kgm’ ke Mai 0m substitution = 67210" Nmeky? Ths, fom NEO SERIES for Sri CI "ACCELERATION DUE TO GRAVITY OF THE EARTH (g) “Ifthe force on the body is due to gravity of earth, then acceleration in the body is called acceleration due to gravity, whiel denoted by ang. Then F = mg (or) g=Fim E lem= 1 then g= > Thus, acceleration due to gravity is defined asthe force of gravity acting on a unit mass of the body placed on or near the surface of the earth, ‘Acceleration due t ravity is the acceler tion setup in the body when it falls freely under the effectof gravity alone. The SI unit of acceleration due to gravity is ms” or N/kg.Itisa vector. Itsdireetionis towards the centre ofthe earth. Ata given place, the value of gis constant, However, it differs from place to place on the surface ofthe earth, [also varies with altitude, depth and rotation of the earth. On the surface of the earth the value of g is taken to be 9.8ms- forall practical purposes. The dimensional formula for gis [M°LT 2) The value size, mass etc, of the body bu radius ofthe earth or planet due to which there isa gravity pull AND ACCELERATION DUE TO GRAVITY (x): Fig. The mass m is located at a depth d below the surfe of the Earth[GRAVITATION kj —_________________-fxf PHYSICS-1B] Letus consider the earth tobe made of large ‘number of concentric spherical shells. The total _mass ofthe shells is just the mass ofthe earth. ‘The gravitational force due to any shell on a point as situated outside is just s if the entire mass of the shellis concentrated atthe centre of the shell. But the force of atraction due to any shell on a point Consider point mass ‘m’ situated inside the cath, ata distance ‘from the centre. The point p lies outside the sphere of radius ‘r'. For certain sells, whose radius greater than ‘', the point pis, inside point and these shells exert no gravitational force on the mass ‘m’ at p. But, the shells with radius are less than or equal tor" are assumed to bea sphere of radius ‘', for which the point p lies fon the surface. Hence a gra ‘on the mass ‘m’ at py the earth of radius IM, is the mass ofthe assumed sphere then, GmM, jonal force exert the force on the mass‘ atpis given by TER, (oF) Ris the radius ofthe earth and mass ‘of the earth is Mg (or) M, then density p is given pe Me by PF yy Agpd 3 Similarly the mass of the sphere of is given by Sipe gpg Me Mex M,=tnr'p= Snr x Me = Mexe yee OR a The gravitational force on the point mass is Gm, Gm Mant Ifthe mass “mis situated on the surface of = Ry then the gravitational force on Gm, AF Re NEO SERIES for Sti Chaitanya Jr. NEON Students. ‘The force acting on the body due to gravitational pull ofthe earth is Famgy from (4) and (5) GM, Re ‘This relation is valid for any planet including the earth, a) Intermsof Radius (R) and Mean Density () & (on ¢ b) Problem - 9.28 : If the acceleration due to gravity on arth ix 981 mi? and the radius of the earth is {6370 bon fd the mass of the earth ? (= 607% 10 Nm?) Soke 7 Osim 6370 x 10m: 370 km 67x 10" Naik 5 Mass ofthe earth M. 981637 ‘667x107Now, let us study the variation of “g with altitude, depth, latitude and the shape of the earth We know that g = Flim. The force (F) exerted by the earth on the body of mass (m) is affected by a ‘number of factors like height depth, latitude and also depends upon these factors, VARIATION OF “2” ABOVE THE SURFACE OF THE EARTH (OR) WITH ALTITUDE : Altitude refers o the height measured from the surface ofthe earth Consider the surface of the body of mass m ata height h from arth of mass Mand radius R. By Newton's law of gravitation, the gravitational force of atraction ofthe earth on the body is p-_oMm (Rhy ay But the gravitational force of attraction of the cath on the body is equal to its weight mg, where 8; is the acceleration due to gravity at that height. mg, = OM , SR ehy “ @) ‘Toexpressitimterms of the acceleration due togravity ‘on the surface ofthe earth (ei) from this expression we can find that acceleration due to gravity g, decreases as height NEO SERIES for Sri CI |EON Students For smaller heights he< R Using bionomial expansion upto first two terms, if veel (3) forhR, From the relation From the above relation Asthe eq the vale of atthe pokes trial adi is grater than polar rads, athe equate isin and cs anim ‘Variation inthe value of () Mero, Note 9.14 ') uhecarth suddenly shrinks, keeping its mas same then the value of “gat that point at a height ht fom its surface before srinking remaine same. Since & M does fot change NEO SERIES for Sri Chal ) Variation af" With Local conditions: The valve of acceleration due to gravity slightly ‘ares from place to place depending on local conditions 11 stightly es in mountain regions and inside the mines. nis sightly more at the lection of mineral deposits. These slight variations catbe detected by the sensitive struments hike gravity meters Isograms Those ate the lines joining the places of same acceleration de to gravity ‘Problem 9.29 : What isthe ime period of ratation of | ‘the earth around its axis 30 thatthe objects at the equator becomes weightless? (99.8, Radius of earth = 6400km) Sol. gat the equator iss, = 2-2, = 2-Ros bodies are to Become weightless tthe equator, =. 2-Ru Ru =e S078 = 84 minute 38s Problem - 9.30: If x on the surface ofthe earth is 98m? finds value ata height of 6400 km. (Radius of the earth = 6800k) Sob Letgatabeighthbes, fT (ot x) = 6400 km, R= 6400km, ¢ = 9:8 mv os os co “sm ‘swo0] Problem - 9.31 : Calculate the height at which the value of acccleration due to gravity ecomes S0% of ‘that atthe surface of the earth (Radius of the earth = 6400 kn) Sol g a height, 309[GRAVITATION kj. PHYSICS-IB] In this problem, = the beige a ree enna range ncns " (3) Sol g sta. dept. 8, 00 and Re 6400 km In this problem, £ =035¢ subsiuing 2, = 02 we getd = 4800km Problem =9.33: Find the value of g(a height of 100 k(t) at height 6800 fom the surface ofthe ‘earth Radius ofthe earth = 6400 km gon the surface ofthe earth = 98s ( with = 100km and Sot) sin iy using ,= —E> with eR g= 2.45 Problem 934: If gon the surface ofthe earth i 98 me, find ts value ata depth of 3200km (radius ofthe cath = 6400km) BEX cRAVTTATIONAL POTENTIAL ENERO) LIMITATIONS OF NEWTON'S THIRD LAW Newton third law has certain limitations and {snot valid strictly inal situations ‘The limitations are: 310) NEO SERIES for Sti Chaitanya Jr. NEON Students. The law does not apply strictly when the ts move with speed close to that of light 2) _Itdoes not hold good where the gravitational ficlds are very strong 3) Italso fails to explain how one body exerts gravitational force on the other though they are not in physical contact 4) The law is not strictly applicable when the gravitational interaction betweer involves vast dist 5) The transmission of gravitational force of one body on another can't be instantaneous as stated by this law Newtons’s third law implies that mutual gravitational forces of one body on the other constitute an action and reaction forces which are mancous. These instantaneous transimissions oof mutual gravitational forces from one body to the other that are separated by vast distances give Fise to some conceptual difficulties. Here the question arises 1s tohhow does two non contacting bodies separated by astrono influence one another instantancously without any intervening signal that can move faster than light or that can move with an infinite velocity. In \Words, the transmission of the gravitational force fof one body to another body can not be instantancous, as given by Newton’s third law, This indicates a limtations of Newton’s third law when applied to transimission of gravit cal distances, 4) Action at adistance b) Field concept Action ata distance concept: Newton’s law of universal gravitation assume that gravitational foree acts directly and instantaneously even when the bodies are not in physical contactor when they are separated by vast distance. This point of view is known as ‘action at distance’ or* force ata distance’ concept.However this theory can not explain how the gravitational force can be transmitted instantan- cously over large dist ‘medium between them, itoutany ld concept: Witational field : cis the space arous ‘mass in which its influence is felt ‘The field concept assumes that the pres body (mass) modifies the space around in someway 1d thus a gravitational field is developed A body pl jonal force of attraction on the other. This cod in this field intura exerts a er gravitational field has both momentum and energy th which two ‘Thus the field is the agent thro bodies exert forces on each other + Propagation of gravitational fed 8) According to Einstein's gener theory of relativity, whenever a body with mass is acelerted, the sravitational field around it undergoes rapid changes. by Just as photon in clctromagnetic ld, quantum of encray is associated with gravitational field called gravitn! © gravitons, lke photons are mass less, electrically uncharged particles, assumed to tavell at he speed ‘of ight and would be emited by highly aceslerating and extremely massive objects such as star. GRAVITATIONAL INTENSITY OR STRENGTH OF GRAVITATIONAL Gravitational intensity, at any point, in a ‘gravitational field is defined as the gravitational force experienced by a unit mass placed at that s the force experienced by a body of ‘mass m, gravitational intensity fis given by towards the source of field. SI Unit» Niky COS Un NEO SERIES for Sri CI Gravitational field intensity is a vector jude ofthe field atany po quant the force acting on a unit mass kept at that poi of the fields the direction in which ed unit mass moves on its own, In order to represent the gravitational field . \We make use ofthe fat thatthe gravitational field intensity is a vector quantity. A vector can be associated with every point in the gravitational field, The magnitude of a vector at any point in the fies equal tothe magnitude of the force acting ‘on a unit mass placed at that point. The di ofthis vector will be the direction in which the test ‘mass placed at that point will move if free todo so. So, a gravitational field can be represented completely with the help of vectors. The gravitational field isa veetor fel. ‘An important way to represent gravitational ficld lines the path traced outby a unit mass when allowed to move freely in the gravitational field ‘The direction ofthe gravitational field, ata point, is given by the tangent tothe field line at that point. In fig, the gravitational field of an isolated spherical body is represented with the help of gravitational field lines. The towards the centre ofthe body. dines are directed tis not necessary thatthe gravitational field lines may be sta ‘masses, the gravitational field lines will be curved. Jn. In the ease of two oF more IEON Students[GRAVITATION jp —__________________-fxf PHYSICS-1B] 1) Field due toa point mass Suppose, a point mass Mis placed at point O. ‘We want to find the intensity of gravitational field E ata point a distance r from O. Magnitude of force Facting on a particle of mass m placed at P Mm, M c 5 _oM p-oM ‘The direction ofthe force Fand hence of from Pt 0 as shown in Field atan external point: A uniform sphere may be treated as a single particle of same mass placed at its centre forcalculating the gravitational field at an external point. Thus, £09 = OM for rR or BLY Here r is the distance of the point from the centre of the sphere and R the radius of sphere. Field at an internal point: The gravitational field due toa uniform sphere at aninternal pointis proportional tothe distance of the point from the centre ofthe phere. At the centre itself itis ze and at surface itis OM. where Ris the radius of the sphere. Thus, B= Ae for rR or Exe R Hence, E versus r graph is as shown in fig. 312) NEO SERIES for Sti Chaitanya Jr. NEON Students. iil) Field due to a uniform shperical shell Atan external the shell m ‘mass placed: theg int: For an exteran! point y be treated as a single particle of same its centre, Thus, ven by anexteral point jonal field is atr=R (the suface of shell) kot and otherwise Ea [At an internal point : The field inside a uniform spherical shell is zero. ‘Thus, E versus r graph is as shown in Fig i) Field dut to a uniform circular ring at a point om its axis Ficld strength at a point P on the axis of a circular ring of radius R and mass Mis given by, E(r) = -d towards the centre of the ring, Itis zero atthe centre of the ring and maximum at 7 aE FTF (cam be obtained by putting =O), ‘Thus, E-r graph is as shown in Fi 20M The, maximum value is E,, Nie¥)_ Field due to Circular Dise: Gravitational field intensity due toa circular dise at any point on the axial line 7 or 26M M 2M 1 -Cox0) in terms of “6 x ( 0) where @ is angle of elivation of edge of the dise with respect to axial point vi). The if wo concentrics shells of masses M. and M, are sistuvated as shown in fig. if foreeon aaparticle of mass M, , when itis at adistance *# . EY }due 19 m, amd m,, Ey, =O & AtcE. on. ALD =, =O, ALA Eg, total field at point A = G+ Ma) ‘The mass of earth is 81 times the moon's mass, distance between them is 8% 10° km then field strength of earth moon systems zero at 7.2 X 10° km from earth, by using above information we conclude that astronaut is going from earth to moon will face ‘weightless when he isatadistance of ) 7.2 X 10 kam from earth engines of space ship is inactive. NEO SERIES for Sri Chaitanya Jr. IEON Students 313. To determine the gravitational intensity on the surface of earth let us imagine a test mass on the surface of earth. Therefore, gravitational intensity ‘on the surface of earth is obtained by putting. F=R (radius of earth) in equation(1) ow, @” ree ‘Where M = mass of earth cM we know ‘Where ‘g" is the acceleration due to gravity E, ‘Thus, gravitational intensity, at any point, on the surface of earth is equal to the value of acceleration due to gravity at that point. 4 saps PERN ror The poitat which the resultant gravitational fet is zero, isknown aml point Let. two objects of masses my and m, re separated by adisunce and nul pots at disance frm mass mas shown nig x (rx) PROPERTIES OF GRAVITATIONAL| ELD: 1) The source of gravitational field is the mass[GRAVITATION fp —______________fxf PHYSICS-1B] 2) Gravitational field of an object indicated by a point is i) vector function of position called gravitational intensity, (or) ii) Scalar function of position called gravitational potential, 3) Gravitational fields are added accord rules of vector addition 4) ‘The direction of gravitational field ata point is indicated by the tangent drawn to the line ‘of force at that point 5) Gravitational fields are supposed to propagate through particles known as gravitons ©) Gravitational fields are supposed to propagate ‘with velocity of light PER Gravitation rorentiat When a body moves in a gravitational field from one point another work is done by the external agent on the body to move it opposite to the field direction wh increases its potential energy. On the other hand if body moves in the direction of field, work is done by the field as a result PE of the body decreases. “The amount of work done in bringing a unit mass from infinity to a point in the gravitational field is called gravitational potential”, (or) The Gravitational potential energy of a particle of unit mass at a point is called Gravitational potential at that poi Its unit, in CG. SLI Ke" isalways negative since gravitational force is always attractive in nature }) Potential due to a point mass Suppose a point mass M is situated ata point (©, We want o find the gravitational potential due tothis mass ata point Pat adistance r from O. For et and in 314) NEO SERIES for Sti Chaitanya Jr. NEON Students. this let us find work done in taking the unit mass from Po infinity. This will be, Mo os ‘Hence, the work done in bringing unit mass M from init to P wit be ~2. thus, tne spaataonsl poral at? wil ow vi Conclusions (Gravitational potential at any pointis a sealar quantity Gi) Withan bovomes less negative ic. it increases as we move away from the source of gravitational field ii) Maximum value of gravitational pou zero und this happens only at infinite distance from the sour ii) Potential due to a uniform solid sphere 8) Potential at an external point : To calculate gravitational potential due toasolid sphere atan external point total mass ofthe sphere is tobe taken atits centre and distance of the extemal point isto be measured from the centre of the sphere. oM ver): reR Atthe surface, ¢=R. and V=: b) Potential at internal point: Atsome internal point P, potential ata distance r from the centee is given byfora point on the surface of spherer = R hence potential on the 7 v hence potential i.e.at the centr ofthe sphere the potential is 1.5 times the potential at surface, The variation of V versus r graph is as shown in Fig, (ii) Potential due to a uniform thin sphe shell ‘8) Potential at an external point : To calculate gravitational potential due to a spherical al point total mass of the shel is re and distance of the external shell at an ext tobe! akenat point is to be measured from the centre ofthe shell Vn) atr=R y b) Potential at an internal point : The potential due toa uniform spherical shells constant throughout at any point inside the shell and this is cM equal to ~o Thus. Ver graph fora shperieal shell is as shown in Fig. v iv) Potential due to a uniform ring at a point onits avi NEO SERIES for Sri Chaitanya Jr. IEON Students Tre gravitational poten the contre on the axis of aring Ris given by, atadistance from nass Mand radius ven) Osrse Atr=0,V) + iat the centre of the 7 tis St vitational potential is —-— ‘The V-r graph is as shown in Fig. Consider gravitational ied in which E is intensity at point phaving position vector 7. Let anunitmass ismoved 7 t0 F +P. The work done by the field = dF. By definition, iis equal to negative chane in potential energy per unit mass cor decrease in potential Edr=-dV or ‘The gravitaional field intensi gravitational potential gradi dy ar av ax function V w.rta.ic., differentiate, V wart. assuming y and z to be constant. Partial derivative of potential 318:[GRAVITATION jj ——_______________fxf PHYSICS:1B] Eq, (i) can be weitten in following different i av «) B= gravitational fll is along ( B= i graviaonl lds shng icon oat) (i) dV =-Eadr, = av=-[6.ar+dy+8 de] Here, df =dvit dy jtdzk and E= Note 21S: 8) AF E is given V can be calulated by the fo ve fan fee 1b) Thencgative ofthe slope of V-rcurve gives E i+, HE, k Problem - 9.35 :A particle of mass Mis placed atthe centre of a uniform spherical shell of equal mas and radius a. Find the grasiational potential at a point P sata distence a/2 from the centre. Sol The gravitational poteatal at the pot P duet the partite athe cene is ¥, = Ga The potential at P duct the sells Vz =—S Problem - 9.36 : The gravitational field in a region is ‘given by B=(4i +3)N/Ke. The gravitational potential at the poims (30m, 0) and (0, 4m). Ifthe ‘potential atthe origin is taken tobe zero Sol Va 4B) AtGm,0) ¥ (4i43)-G)=-120/Ke AU(0,4m) V=-(4i43))-(4))=-123/Kg |GRAVITATIONAL POTENTIAL, ENERGY OF A SYSTEM When two or more Bodies interact with each other due to gravitatinal frees some work has to bbe done in assembling them together in their replaces NEO SERIES for Sti Chaitanya Jr. NEON Students. Total work done against the conservative force in assembling the bodies together, in their respective places, is called potential energy of the system. Case (i)A system of two masses, Potential energy of a system of two masses is defined as the amount of work done in bringing ‘these two masses from infinity to their respective places. a B ‘Consider a space where there is no gravitatinal fleld, In order to bring a body of mass m, from infinity toa point Ain the space no work is done because there is no gravitatinal force on m,. Now 1m, produceses a gravitatinal field inthe space. To bring another body of mass m, from infinity 10a point B at a distance r from m, some work is required. This work is done by the gravitatinal force of atraction of m, acting on mand this work is equal to negative change in potential energy Let Pe the position of ‘m,*( distant x from 1m) at any instance, Gravitational force F acting upon itis Gm 5 p= SMM; ‘eravity todisplace it from through a distance dx from x to x+de. dw =r = OM; gx = SM Gg ‘The total workdone aganinst the field in moving the mi Fox abtained by integrating the above expression between the limits r, and +, 3s from x can be([PHYSICS-18 + —______________.§ GRAVITATION] Gm,m w= Jaw a m(t 4 We know that work done against conserative force Inequal to change poten energy weu, uy, ‘The workdone in moving the mass m, from infinity toa point p can be abtained by substuting x and £, =F, Now -Gm,m, cml ‘This work is equal 10 gravitional potential energy of the system of two point masses, Gm. Conclusions. ') Negative sign of the potential energy is due tothe fact that the gravitational forces are innature. ‘The above equation indicates that with a increase in r the potential energy of the system becomes lesser negative ie. itincreases. ) When distance between two bodies is infinite, gravitational potential energy is zero, This is the ‘maximum value of gravitational potential energy ofthe system iv) Gravitational potential ene mass ‘m’ presenton the surface ofthe Mand radius Ris Gain R y of an abject of arth of mass NEO SERIES for Sri CI IEON Students ¥) Twoboxies of massesm, and m, are separated by a distance r,, Ifthe distance between them is eased tof, the change in PE of the system Inthe above case ifdistance between the two bodies increases the PE of the system also Note 9.16: tn the shove cases 2) Work done by gravitational force change in potential energy. Hau =u,-U, 1) Work done by extemal agent = Change in potential 0828 Wyopgt gaa =AU=U,—U, ©) The gravitational potential due tothe gravitational force of the earth is defined asthe potemialenerzy ‘ofa parle of unit massa that pia Case Gi) A system of three masses, Consider a system comprising of three particles of masses m,, m, and m, located at A, B and Crespectively, 8) When mass m, is brought from inf in free space, no work is done. WA, b)_ When particle of mass m, is brought from nfinity o B inthe gravitational field of m,, work doneis(©), When particle of mass m, is brought fro infinity Cin the combined gravitational field of se m, and m,. Work done inthis ease is W,, + W,, where, Tei amt Naas = «ii) a(n—1) (iy For an particle system thore are pairsand PEs caleulated foreach pair and aided to get the total PE ofthe system, Wate27: 1) Relton among de j Ba foe fe vy = few by pa Bosaventie: jew IK body is moving only under the influence of ‘tavitational fore, law of conservation of mechanical energy is applicable + ‘The velocity required to end an object to height “W above the earth surface. & ® ‘When the boy ison the surface of earth 318) When the body is tits maximum hight Mm Pe KE, Rh Using law of conservationof energy TE, = TE SPE +KE, =PE+KE roblem 9.37: Find the potential energy of asystem of {four particles placed at the vertices of a square of side 1 Als obtain the potential tthe cenre ofthe square. Sol, Consider four masses each of massa the corners ‘of squat of side Ls fig. we have fur ass pais at ‘distance Land two diagonal pur at distance 37 ‘The gravitational potential atthe ceate of the square (r= V3122) is Vine! ‘Problem - 9.38 : The gravitational field in a regioin i “HI2})N/Ke- The change in sravitational potential energy if particle of mass 1 Kin taken from the origin tothe point (12m, Sm) given by B= f 548, pasisus) sot Mmm f Ede sh! 2yf} =-60-60=-1203 NEO SERIES for Sti Chaitanya Jr. NEON Students.‘Problem - 9.39: The graviutional fed ina region siveny by E = (21 43))N/Ke. The workdone bythe field when the particles moved onthe line 3y +23 =5 Sol E=21-+43) The fe is represented as Slope m, = Tan, =3/2 represented as Slope m= Tan, 1 Since the direction ofthe fick! and displacement are perpendicular the workdone by the field on the particle is zero ESCAPE SPI ‘The minimum yelocity with which a body ‘must be projected from the surface of a planet So as to eccape from gravitational influence of planet is called escape velocity of that planet. Expression for escape speed from a height Consider an object of mass m ata height above the surface of the planet. The distance of the object from the centre ofthe planet is (h +R). Letit was thrown with an initial velocity The total energy of the object at that point is 2 GM eR) ‘Where w, isthe Gravitational potential enengy atinfinity (practially w is zero) If; isthe speed of the object at infinity then ‘energy ofthe object at infinity E, Liaw? Amity, 32) From equations (1) and (2) ,aecording to law ‘of conservation of energy, GmM le (h+R) 2 Here the RHS is a positive quantity and i's ‘minimum value is zero. Mm, (h+R) 20 Hence for minimum value of L(x), © asa hee R) 2) |. GMm 2( Ieee 7 The minimum speed requited for an object reach infinity isthe escape velocity h+R) the objects thrown from the surface ofthe plant h=0 and we get pom R In terms of g, the expression for Vg i 76) SR ‘On the surface of earth v,=11.2km/s * escape velocity of an object on earth will be v, = PR Where g = 9.8/5? Ax 1m SV =V2ORKOHAT = 11.2 knls Note 9.19, 1) The eseape velowity des not depend on the mass of the body. Henee fiom a minute atom to mighty rocket, every objec willhave the same eseape velocity iespostive of ts mass, for a particular planet. 2) Misalso independent of angle of projction 3) Ie depends onthe mass ofthe plant, radius of the Planet and of projectionPHYSICS-1B Alternate method Consider a body of mass “m’ placed at rest at height *h ‘Mand radius R then Gravitational Potential energy of the body is —GMm R+h Minimum kinetic energy imparted to the body to escape it from the planetis Mm ‘ hove the surface ofa planet of mass KE in R+h 4 aX. 1 comm NT Jmv? = ae oom Reh @) Consideran object of mass "mi attest om the surface ofa planet of mass M and radius R. The grav Negative sign indicates that the body is attracted by the planet and the body is bound to the planet. [Now the body can be sent out of gravitational field bby making its totale ational potential energy of the body. ergy either zer0 or positive, Supposse the body is projected witha velocity rat kinetic energy imported 10 the bod tial energy ‘Then a total energy of the body becomes zero and body escapes. NEO SERIES for Sti Chaitanya Jr. NEON Students. Earth has atmosphere but on the surface ‘of moon thereis no atmosphere : Gas molecules present in the earths atmosphere move with certain, ‘mean velocities. depe depend upon the nature of the gass and temperature of surroundings. At ordinary temperatures, the root mean square (£m.s.) velocity of hydrogen molecules is around 2 km/s and for oxygen. nitrogen, carbondioxide,and water vapour is around 0.5 to I kin/s. As the escape velocity of earth is 11.2 knvs-! These velocities tare much below the escape velocity of the earth, hence we find oxygen, nitrogen,CO, and water ‘vapour in the earths atmosphere. On the surface of moon there is no atmosphere. ‘The moon's escape velocity is 2.38 kms. In early period of moon's formation, its temperature was so high and due to thermal agit nitrogen molecules acquired speeds greater than 2.38 knv/s resulting in their escape from the moon's surroundings, san density of BEHAVIOUR OF A BODY PROJECTED VERTICALLY UP WITH DIFFERENT VELOCITIES FROM THE SURFACE OF A PLANET Vvev, (Numerically)(PHYSICS-18 + —_______________________{ GRAVITATION] @VV, Consider a body of mass ‘m’ projected with a velocity “V" from the surface of a planet of mass MV" and radius *R’ then Case I: Ifthe velocity of projection V- body fails to escape. It goes to a certa thea Height and then falls back using law of conservation of energy T.E surfave = TE. sine If the velocity of projection V=V, ray of the body just becomes zer0 so then total thatthe body just esaepes fron the planet and goes ‘winiinity v= =n=l ocho As total energy of the body is zero at infinity ~Gtim yy TE . i.e, boxy possess zero velocity at infinity Case If the velocity of projection V>V, ‘of the body becomes positive. Hence the body escapes from the planet and goes inity let V,_ be the velocity of the body at interstller space then using law of conservation of energy Po exenisarencr) ‘The horizontal velocity required for an sect to revolve around a planet in a circular orbitis called orbital velocity. Derivation : Consider a satelite of mass m revolving around. planet of mass M and radius R lar orbit of radius r IFh is the height of the orbit then orbital radiis r=R +h, Let V, be the orbital velocity Centipetal force on the satellite = [py Gravitatinal force of atraction ofthe planet on Mm (Reh) ‘The centripetal force required for the object to revolve ina circular orbit with a constant speed the satelite is supplied by the gravitational force of attraction of the planet on the object = GMm (Reh) RHhy GM__ OM. «sR +n Reh cM _ [ow Reh Vir o¥ does not depend upon the ‘mass ofthe satellite. It depends on the mass of the planet, radius of the planet and height of the orbit from the urface. When h << R, ic, the satelite is revolving very close to the surface of the planet R+h= R TThen the above expression becomes ele (ee) R v, = Jak o Near the surface of earth v, = YER = Y98x6400x10" =7.92km/s Relation between Kscape Velocity and Orbital ‘Velocity for a satellite orbiting very close to the earths surface : from Eas. 2) and (5) vy = J@R Par We also know that vg Sy. 2 KV) Escape Velocity =6f3) (Orbital velocity) ..(6) M=4ar’p 3 ee 3* (arp " 322 NEO SERIES for Sti Chaltanya Jr. NEON Students ii) Forsurface satellite (1.e.,h<- = 2]-[r- F]-[F-2 fF 2) Incase of cath, the time period of surface satllteis T=84.6mi 8) Ifewo planets have same mean density then satlites evolving closet theisurfaces wl hive same Gime periods ©) ANGULAR MOMENTUMOFASATELLITE Janine _ fmt [exer ern {or the surface satelite (h KE () Thetefore total energy of satellite _oMm E=PE+KESE= Note 921: Total onerey E 1 Pn PE TE oo. PE: KE: TE TE=-KEPHYSICS-B| Note 9.22. When a sateite alls rom an lower orbits orbit 1) PE decreases i TE decreases Iv) Speed increases +) Linear momentum increases ii) KE increases i) Angular momentum decreases 23: When a ste higher on i) PE increases iy TEinceases i) KE decreases iv) Speed decreases ©) Linear momentum decreases ©) Angular momentum increases Note 2.24: The apparent weight ofan object in satelite that revolves around the earths zero, Since normal Nate 125 : The moon doesnot hit the earth But 900 also influenced by easth’s gravity Ted the mon falls towards the earth's surface as its surface is curving constantly away from i, 0 that they never get any closer, ‘Trajectaries of a body projected at with different velocities 1) A body revolves around a planet only when itis projected with sufficient velocity ina direction pepenrdicular tothe: ‘of planet on the body oft of projection ce mat ot tips = i hyped mee Ff oy PM cite rvitational fore of parabola If v-< gar body falls on the surface of earth If v= for body revolve ina circular orbit ir far a, -¥,) [See] 16M \je_[lseat oar] 20x soa Vs o-[SSA Be) 2 sony!» m[ SSM 2008 2 =e Problem -9.45 The mars and radivof the carth and ‘moon are M, Rand M, R, respectively. Their centres are at distance d apart. What is the minimum speed with which a particle of mass m should be projected frm 0 pl escape 10 infinity? miday between the two centres 30a te Sol. Potctial energy of m whem itis midway between M, and M, (-20t =O) 20 0 04) U=m(v+¥,)em(—Se 4 OM And as po to shit til energy at infinity is zero, so work require 1m from the given position to infinity, W-=0-U=20nM04, +My As this, work is provided by initial kinetic energy 2Gm(M, #M,)Problem - 9-46 : A space - ship is launched into @ Cireular orbit close to the earth's surface. What ‘addtional velocity should now be imparted othe space “ship inthe orbit o overcome the gravitational pul Radius of earth = 6400 km and g = 9.8m's!] Sol, Additonal velociy to be imparted wo the orbiting lite fr escaping =V,-V, =112-¥=32kavs ‘Problem -9.47 Aw arafiil sacle is revolving ina ‘ireular orbit a a height of 1200km above the surface ‘ofthe earth Ifthe radius of te earth is 6400kon, mass 4s 6x0" bg find the orbital velocity (6=6.67% 10-Nming?) . (ae Sa RR = (1200%105) Oe = e010" = 728ks Problem - 9.48: Express escape velocity in terms of ‘radius and density of planet on [eer ono) (oso) Sob, Bape veociy v= 20 wt RP _ Rags haxt #8? - fan RT YsCRP Problem - 9.49; Find the rato of excape velocities of ‘vo planets if vatues of g om the two planets are 9m? and 33m? and their rai are 600m and 400km respectively. Sol The escape velocity in times of g and R is ‘The ratio of escape velocities ER, eR, Problem - 950 : Find the ratio of escape velocities {from the carth and the moon. (Mass of the earth = 6.0 x 10™ kg, Radius ofthe earth = 6400ku, Mass of ‘the moon =7.4 10" ky Radius ofthe moon = 740k.) 326: NEO SERIES for Sti Chaltanya Jr. NEON Students =f Sol Hint:V, = _ [emai )/1700) _ 400s Problem - 9.51 : Shove that the velocity of an object released from res at infinity reaches the earth witha velocity equal the escape velocity Sol By the principle of object, vation of eneray for the TE at infinity ‘TE atthe surfoce of the earth (KE PE) ainfiniy =(KEAPE) atthe surface ofthe eth Aste bay is eeased frm rs infinity, ts KE at iifiny is ze and As PE at afinity is also ero visits velocity on eachng the earth its KE becomes ang PE MED 1 equal " Problem -9.52: Find te rai ofthe orbital speds to ‘bro satellites ofthe earth f the saeltes are at height (6400 an 19200Kn. Radius ofthe earth = 6:0.) Sol, Orbital sped, Ve ‘The ratio of sound the earth is Nu. [Reh Reh, Where band h are the heights ofthe satlites 1 orbital speeds of two his poblem b= 6400km,| 19200km, foro F930 _ [5600 V2 =Yizs09 “1 300400 R-6400km, 7Problem -9.53: Find the ratio ofthe orbital speeds of ‘vo satelles one of which is rotating round the earth ‘andthe other around Mars cleo their surface. (mass “ofthe cath = 6x10", Masso the Marsad 10" kg, Faadius ofthe earth = 6400Km and Radius of Mars s4onkm) Sol The orbital sped ofa satelite close othe surface ofa planet [ex ® Va ‘The ratio of bial speeds, 2 So (ea). oa src lana] Versor Problem = 9.54. A satelite is ata height of 25, 600km Jrom the surface of the earth. Its orbital sped is 5.536km/s fad its time pariod. (Radius ofthe earth =6400km) Sol, R= 6400km = 6.4 10/m, b= 25, ‘00k = 3536 x 10 mis ‘The time period 7 What isthe work done in taking an ‘object of mass 1hg from the surface ofthe earth to @ eight equal tothe radius ofthe earth? G Sol. The work done in taking an object to ah Gum RR Hy Hereb=R 66710" 610" 5 aa agey 2xba10 Troblem - 9.56 : Two heary spheres each of mass 100 kg and radius 0.10 m ae placed 1.0 m apart on @ Jorizomal table. What isthe gravttional field and potential tthe midpoint ofthe line joining he centres fof the spheres? Is an object placed at that point in equilibrium ? If so, isthe equilibrium stable oF unstable NEO SERIES for Sri Chal NEON Students Sol, Graittional field atthe mid-point of the line joining the centres ofthe two spheres ou Gravina potenti atthe mid point of the tine joining the centes of the two spheres Is 6M 6.67 0100 “ a 710k As the effective force onthe body paced at mi point is zero, so the body i in equilibrium, Ifthe body is displaced a lite towards ether mass body from is quillbeium postion it will ot etum bck ot intial position of equilibrium. Heace, the body is in unstable equilibrium the body is displace in a drctionperpendecula to lin joining of centresit again come back to equilibrium, position and itis in stable equlibeium Problem - 9.37 : Ifa satellite is revolving around a planet of mass M in an elliptic orbit of semismajor axis ‘show tha the orbital speed ofthe satelite when itis ‘ava distance r from the focus will be given by *au(?-2) Sol-Totat mechanical eneray of the system is gE ‘which remains conserved Gum = KESPE Ata position ¥ orbital speed of the satelite is: Mn (on ¥ =0M( oMm Gsm Problem-9.58A satelite of mass Oy isin acrcular ‘orbit of radius 2R about the earth where Ris radius of | ‘the earth. How mach energy isrequired to transfer ito ‘a circuer orbit of redias 4R? Find the changes in the ‘Kinetic and potential energies? (Re6.37%10m) Final total energy is 2 NR The change in the total energy is 327cata e 5 mR _ 98% 4006.37 10° € 2 ‘Change in Kinctic ener 13x10) KK, =-313«10°3 ‘Change in potential energy =U, -U), =~6.25% 1073 Problem - 9.59: The excape velocity of projectile on the surface of earths 11.2 Km Ifabody is projected ‘ou with thrice ofthis speed, find the speed ofthe ody {for aay from the cath. Ignore the presence of other ‘planets and sun Sal v= fae =f Problem - 9.60 : Two stars each of 1 solar mass (f=2%10"Lg) are approaching cach other forehead ‘on collision. When they are at a distance 10” kn, their speeds are negligible. What isthe speed with which ‘they collide? The radius ofeach stars 10k. Assume the sars to emain undisturbed until they collide, Use the knoen value of 31.68! fixit ‘Sol. Here, mass of cach sar, M= 210" kg F=10"km= 10m, Gam Initial potential energy ofthe systems = where is the speed of stars with which they collide, When te stats are about collie, the distance betwen their centes, 7 = 2R Final potential eneeay of to stars = Since gai in KE ist the cost of os in RE, GMM , GMM +7 OR ou_(_Guat) * 2R 6710" x@2<10") at |, 610" 210%? De" 2.66810" +1384 c10% #133410 Problem - 9.61 : A space-ship is stationed on Mars. “How much energy must be expended on the spaceship 1 rocket it out of the solar system? Mass of the spaceship = 1000 kg, Mass of the sun = 2 10". Mass of the Mars = 6.4% 10" kg, Redius of Mars = 12295 in, Radias ofthe orbit of Mars =228% 10!'m, = 667 «UN kg? Sol Lot Rie the rads of orbit of Mars and he the Fadius ofthe Mars, Mbe the mass of the Sun and M? be mass ofthe spaceship then Potential energy of space-ship duc to gravititional atacton of the Sun = -GMavR Potential energy of space-ship due to gravitional traction of Mars = -GMin/R’ Since the KE of space-ship ser, therefore total the mass of Mas. fm i cneeny of space-ship Energy required to rocket out the spaceship fom (otal energy of spaceship) = of on ‘Problem - 9.62: A satellite orbits the earth at a height f 400 km above the surface. How much energy must be expended to rocket the satelite out of the sravicional influence of earth? Mass ofthe stelle 4 200 kg, mass ofthe earth = 6.0% 10% kg, rads of 6.41 m= 647 «101 Ni a a ight the ear Sol. Total enerey of exbiting satel Energy expended to socket the stelle ot of the carth’s gravitiional field = ~ (total energy of the satelite) poet GM _ 4674107") (610" 4200 _ 6 258s BRD eae) I? NEO SERIES for Sti Chaitanya Jr. NEON Students.Problem = 9.83: The radius of «planet ix Rand a satelite resolve round of ina cle of radesR The {ime pri of revelation is: The acceleration de to ‘he gravitation of the plane atts surface i en Sol Orbital velocity ofthe satellite V k But time period of rvolition (0 T wt? 2 (op = EE a TR ‘The satellite which revolves round the earth and which appears tobe stationary with respect 10 ‘an observer on the earth is called geost ‘satellite, - ‘the period of revolution of an artificial satellite is equal to the period of rotation of arth, then such a satellite is called geosta- tionary satellite”, ‘When an earth satellite satisfies the follo conditions then it hecomes geostatio 8 ary satelite. 1) Height of the orbit above the earth's surface is about 35,800 km 2). The orbit must lc in the equatorial plane of the earth, 3) Thesense of revolution must be same as that ‘of the rotation ofthe earth about its own axis, (from west east in the equitorial plane) 4) Time period of revolution must be same as that ofthe earth's rotation (24 hours) 5) The orbital angular velocity of satellite is same as that of the earth 6) Speed of revolution is 3.1 km/sec. 7) Relative angular velocity of geostationary satellite wit earth about the centre ofthe earth 8) The orbit of geostationary satelite is called parking orbit, 9) Orbital radius of Geostationary satellite is 42,250 km (approximately 7R here R is the radius of the earth) USES OF GEOSTATIONARY SATELLITES 1) Study the upper layers of the atmosphere. 2) Forecast the changes in the atmosphere 3) Know the shape and size ofthe earth 4) Identify the minerals and natural resources present inside and on the surface of the earth, 5) Transmit the T. V, programmes to distant places 6) Study the properties of radio waves in the "upper layers ofthe atmosphere. 7) Undertake space research i.,to know about the planets, satellites and comets et 8) These are widely used for elecomuni purpose 9) The EM waves having frequences from 2 MHz to 10 MHz ate reflected from iono- sphere, These are used for radio broad casting. 10) ‘The EM waves having frequences above 30 ‘MHZ are not reflected ionosphere and they can not be received by the line of sight, These signals are received and broad cast them back 0 a wide area of earth by geo- stationary 11) INSAT group of satellites semt upby the India are one such group of geostationary satellites, POLAR SATI Def :-Asuilite whose enh a plane is perpendi arto equitorial plane is called polar satillite. It is @ low altitude (h = 500 to 800km) satellite, butit goes around the poles ofthe eatth innorth-south direction where as the earth rotates around its axis in an east-west di time period is around 100minutes, it crosses any altitude many times a day. The satelite can view polar and equatorial regions at close distances with ‘g004 resolution. ection. Since its {879 kilometers 500 miles Polar ‘Orbit ‘The first polar satellite was launched on Feb 24, 1996 by NASA. They arealso called low earth orbits(LEO). They can view only the poles or a Timited area on the eatthat the same time. The earth rotates on its axis as the satellite goes around the earth, Itean view only small stip ofthe earth dur- ing one rotation, Adjaccent strips are viewed in next su ct the sive revolutions, so that ine whole earth can be viewed stip by strip during the entire da ‘Thus a over periods of many orbits it looks down onevery partof the earth Information gath- cred from polar satellites is extremely useful for remote sensing materology as well as or environ- mental studies of the earth Note 222: 4) Satellites orbiting the eat have finite ie and some times debris of stelle allt the earth. This is because, ‘of viscous forces causing the speed of satelite and hence boight wo gradually docrease, i) The angle between the equatorial plane and the orbital plane of Geostationary satellite i ? and of polar satelite is, {il LER. isthe india’ polar stellt. 3301 Froblem - 964 : An asronaut orig ina spaceship ‘round the earth, has centripetal acceleration 2.45mi. Find the height ofthe spaceship. (Take R = 6400 kn Sol. As cenrpctal accekeration equals to ace ‘doe wo gravity a that height, thea GM_ GM aR Fr (R+n) (RYH) oe eat (Reny (Ren) “e708 a Rot agiprPORthe2R Rene 6i00km :-spaceship i ta height 6400 km Problem -9.65: A satellites revolving round the earth in acircular orbit with a velocity of Skin. ata height where acceleration due to gravity is 8 as How high isthe satelite from the earth ? Take R000) Sol As centripetal acceleration equals to acceleration due wo gravity a that height then ato Reh Ss Reh=sxi0" f= 8x10" — 610" = 2x10" m= 2000 km Problem - 9.66: An artificial sae is moving in a Circular orbit around the earth. with a speed equal to half the magnitude ofexcape velocity from the earth (a Determine the height of the satellite above the ‘earth's surface. (b) I'he satelite is stopped suddenly {ints orbit and allowed to fall rely onto the earth, find the speed with which tht the surface of the arth [a= 98m and R= 6400 km) Sol (2) We know that for satelite motion In this problem Mandc= nt] r R [= ER] Re! 2RAMR of h=R=6400km So PE ATER, ic, 2ReheR or haR= 640048 athe Jar=R+h=R+R=2R) Vioxeaxie NEO SERIES for Sti Chaitanya Jr. NEON Students. RgProblem -9.67 A satel is orbiting in an orbit with ‘aveloity 4k Then find acceleration due to gravity ‘at that height. Sot, As cencpet ‘de to gravy at that eight, then scceleration equals to acceleration 10x6100x6100.10" and (e=10m/s) Tox? 16x10" 7 60» 10 Problem - 9.68 + A geostationary satelite orbits the ‘arth ata height of nearly 36,000 km fom the surface ‘of earth, What isthe potential duet earth's gravity at ‘the site ofthis satellite? (Take the potemil energy at re Mass ofthe earth = 6.0 x 10™ ke, 6.67 x10" Nhe Sol. Gravtiional potenti at be bi foe the surface of cuts on Reh “667% 7 eto BT A107) 410 fh (a1 36x10") vs Problem - 9.69 : The planet mars has two moon. ‘phobos and delmes.() phobos has a period 7 hours, ‘39 minutes and an orbital radins of 9.4 10° km Calelate the mass of mars. i) Assume that earth and ‘mars move in circular orbits around the sun, with the ‘martian orbit being 1.52 mes the orbital rads ofthe arth. Whats the length ofthe martian year in days ? x10 667 K(4.59%6)? x0 r i) Acconting to Kepler's tind law PE where Ry 6 the mars-san distance sid Re isthe carton distance Tyg = 1.52)" 365 = 684 days Lee Problem =9.70: Weighing the earth: Youare given the following daa :g =981 ms Ry = 6.37 x 101, the scance to the moon R= 14x 10° m and the time eriod ofthe moons revolution i 27.3 day. Obtain the ‘mass ofthe earth Minto differen ways. Sol We kno that eR} _ 981x637 x10")? G ~ 667x10™ ‘The moon is satelite ofthe Earth, Asconling to Kepler's Thin lw M S71 ag Me 443.143. 14<03.84)" x10 oT ATID XOOXEOF ‘Both methods yield almost the same answer, the Aitfereace between them being less than 1S 02x10" kg on) Problem -9.71 A400 ke satelite ina circular orbit of radius 2R, about the Earth. How much energy i required to transfer it toa circular orbit of radius My? Sob nia x, =H ‘The force with which the earth attracts a body towardsits contre is known as weight ofthat object, in general An object feels weightlessness, whenever normal reaction on it is zero. That is possible when the net accelaration of the object is equal toaceelaration due to gravity in magnitude and direction at that point. NEO SERIES for Sri Chal NEON StudentsCase=1: When an objectisina freely fallin lift Its apparent weights zero. This phenomenon is known as weightlessness, es . mg-N . =N=m =N=0 Wyy =O Case — IT: Consider a person in a satellite ‘orbiting around earth close othe surface of Earth, Let V, be the orbital velocity of the satelite then om R dh Centripetal acceleration v Using free body diagram N =N —ma, =N=m(e-a) =0 Wap Itmeans every thing inside the satellite is ina tate offre fall. This is just like a body or a person towards the centre ofthe earth from a height. So a person inside a satellite experiences ‘weightlessness. 332 NEO SERIES for Sti Chaitanya Jr. NEON Students ‘CONDITION FOR | WEIGHTLESSNESS OF AN OBJECT AT THE. EQUATOR OF THE EARTH We know that at equator Where. a= Rag isthe censietal ccetaraion Was Hence object appears weight ligtless ness “Thisis possible for an angular velicty such e=Ro Ifthe present value of angular velocity is Ror _ 98 yyy Rog 00 on) : 60360) PO" = 28% [o= Tay Heace, present angular velo to inerease to 17 times for which object becomes weightless at equator Note 9.28 5 — object appears weightless ii) Ra? > object flies off From su vot planet. iit) Reo? 8, Gravitational field steength, Iv is the Gravitational foree experienced by a unit mass kept ata point in a gravitational fel less on the top of g, and g, are the jes in the coalm ration due to e sea leval and atthe I tis a vector) ‘The Gravitational fet stength ata point due to a point mass 7 Gn er ‘The Gravitational fet stength ata point due to-a uniform sphere of mass M OMPHYSICS - 18 bre RT lpr ©) Field strength at a point P on the axis of a circular ring of radius R and mass M is given ‘This is directed towards the centre ofthe ring. i) Tris zero at the centee of the ting and maximum at f= (can be obtained by ae, patting 2 SE =0), Thus, E- gap i a shown inFig * 8) The Gravitational field strength ata point is equal to the acceleration due t gravity at that pot ©) Location of nul point due to two point masses from the centre of weaker mass (m, < m,) 10. Gravitational Potential and potential ‘energy 8) This the amount of workdone in brin mass from infinity to a po eravitational field, bb) This always -Ve and its maximum value is zero at infinity ©) The Gravitational potential at a point due to a point mass ing a unit in the NEO SERIES for Sri Chal 0 5 2 IEON Students GRAVITATION] ‘The gravitaional field sity is equal to jonal potential gradient gradient V negative gr i de wi ‘The gravitational PE of the system of two particles ial energy of a body ional field of earth 1-236Mm Rak uk 1) The potential energy on the surface of earth is U ier R fi) The potential ene y at distance "Rb fiom the center of exrth is fil) The Potential en iv) Potential energy 36M 2R ‘Workdone in lifting a body from the surface of the earth 10 a height *h* against the pravitational forces is