“ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE”
TOPIC- A MODERN APPROACH
A
DISSERTATION REPORT
SUBMITTED IN THE PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF
THE REQUIREMENT OF ARKA JAIN UNIVERSITY
FOR THE AWARD OF THE DEGREE OF B.COM
For session 2019-2022
SUBMITTED BY:
1ST AUTHOR
NAME -ANJALI MAHATO
Student (B.Com)
ARKA JAIN UNIVERSITY, Jamshedpur, Jharkhand
2ND AUTHOR
NAME- KAJOL SWAIN
Student (B. Com)
ARKA JAIN UNIVERSITY, Jamshedpur, Jharkhand
Faculty Mentor
NAME: RATAN SINGH
DESIGNATION: ASSISTANT PROFESSOR
ARKA JAIN UNIVERSITY, Jamshedpur, Jharkhand
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“ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE”
TOPIC- A MODERN APPROACH
ABSTRACT
Research on artificial intelligence in the last two decades has greatly improved performance
of both manufacturing and service systems. Currently, there is a dire need for an article that
presents a holistic literature survey of worldwide, theoretical frameworks and practical
experiences in the field of artificial intelligence. This paper reports the state-of the-art on
artificial intelligence in an integrated, concise, and elegantly distilled manner to show the
experiences in the field. In particular, this paper provides a broad review of recent
developments within the field of artificial intelligence (AI) and its applications. The work is
targeted at new entrants to the artificial intelligence field. It also reminds the experienced
researchers about some of the issue they have known.
Keywords: AI, Neural Network, Business Efficiency, Genetic Algorithms, Fuzzy Logic.
INTRODUCTION
Artificial intelligence (AI) broadly refers to any human-like behaviour displayed by a
machine or system. In AI’s most basic form, computers are programmed to “mimic” human
behaviour using extensive data from past examples of similar behaviour. This can range from
recognising differences between a cat and a bird to performing complex activities in a factory
environment.
Whether you are talking about deep learning, strategic thinking or another species of AI, the
foundation of its use is in situations that require lightning-fast responses. With AI, machines
can work efficiently and analyse vast amounts of data in the blink of an eye, solving
problems through supervised, unsupervised or reinforced learning.
While its early forms enabled computers to play games such as draughts against humans, AI
is now part of our daily lives. We have AI solutions for quality control, video analytics,
speech-to-text (natural language processing) and autonomous driving, as well as solutions in
healthcare, manufacturing, financial services and entertainment.
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Artificial intelligence can be a very powerful tool for both large corporations generating
significant data and small organisations that need to process their calls with customers more
effectively. AI can streamline business processes, complete tasks faster, eliminate human
error, and much more.
Artificial Intelligence is used to reduce or avoid repetitive tasks. For instance, AI can repeat a
task continuously, without fatigue. AI never rests, and it is indifferent to the task to carry out.
Artificial intelligence improves an existing product. Before the age of machine learning, core
products were built upon hard-code rules. Firms introduced artificial intelligence to enhance
the functionality of the product rather than starting from scratch to design new products. You
can think of a Facebook image. A few years ago, you had to tag your friends manually.
Nowadays, with the help of AI, Facebook gives you a friend’s recommendation.
Artificial intelligence was founded as an academic discipline in 1956, and in the years since
has experienced several waves of optimism, followed by disappointment and the loss of
funding (known as an "AI winter"), followed by new approaches, success and renewed
funding. AI research has tried and discarded many different approaches since its founding,
including simulating the brain, modelling human problem solving, formal logic, large
databases of knowledge and imitating animal behaviour. In the first decades of the 21st
century, highly mathematical-statistical machine learning has dominated the field, and this
technique has proved highly successful, helping to solve many challenging problems
throughout industry and academia.
The various sub-fields of AI research are centred around particular goals and the use of
particular tools. The traditional goals of AI research include reasoning, knowledge
representation, planning, learning, natural language processing, perception, and the ability to
move and manipulate objects. General intelligence (the ability to solve an arbitrary problem)
is among the field's long-term goals. To solve these problems, AI researchers have adapted
and integrated a wide range of problem-solving techniques—including search and
mathematical optimization, formal logic, artificial neural networks, and methods based
on statistics, probability and economics. AI also draws upon computer
science, psychology, linguistics, philosophy, and many other fields.
The field was founded on the assumption that human intelligence "can be so precisely
described that a machine can be made to simulate it". This raised philosophical arguments
about the mind and the ethical consequences of creating artificial beings endowed with
human-like intelligence; these issues have previously been explored
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by myth, fiction and philosophy since antiquity. Science fiction writers and futurologists have
since suggested that AI may become an existential risk to humanity if its rational capacities
are not overseen.
OBJECTIVE
Artificial Intelligence: A Modern Approach (AIMA) is a university textbook on artificial
intelligence, written by Stuart J. Russell and Peter Norvig. It was first published in 1995 and
the fourth edition of the book was released on 28 April 2020. It is used in over 1400
universities worldwide and has been called "the most popular artificial intelligence textbook
in the world". It is considered the standard text in the field of artificial intelligence.
The book is intended for an undergraduate audience but can also be used for graduate-level
studies with the suggestion of adding some of the primary sources listed in the extensive
bibliography.
Editions
• 1st 1995, red cover
• 2nd 2003
• 3rd 2009
• 4th 2020
Our main topic is the 4th Edition of book
The fourth edition to Artificial Intelligence: A Modern Approach focuses more on machine
learning, deep learning, probabilistic programming, multiagent systems, and includes sections
where the AI's utility function is uncertain, rather than certain.
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REVIEW LITERATURE
Kajol Swain (2022) in her research found that “A computer would deserve to be called
intelligent if it could deceive a human into believing that it was human.”— Alan Turing
Alan Turing, often considered the father of computer science, published in 1950 a paper in
which he explained that the best way to answer the question “can machines think?” was by
changing the question itself. He argued that asking whether a machine can think was of no use
because we couldn’t define “think” formally.
With this framework, Turing proposed that the original question then could be replaced by
“What will happen when a machine takes the part of A in this game?” Agent A could be
changed for a universal digital computer to test its cognitive abilities and, if the computer was
able to deceive the interrogator into thinking it was human, then it would deserve to be called
intelligent.
“Within a few decades, machine intelligence will surpass human intelligence, leading to The
Singularity — technological change so rapid and profound it represents a rupture in the fabric
of human history.”— Ray Kurzweil
Ray Kurzweil, one of the world’s leading futurists, proposed what he called “The Law of
Accelerating Returns,” by which evolutionary systems — including technology — change at
an exponential rate. He argued that following this idea, we can conclude that the Singularity is
near. He claims that before the end of the 21st century we’ll reach this event, creating “a
rupture in the fabric of human history.”
Humans will merge completely with machines, we’ll be immortally projected into software-
based beings, and artificial intelligence will be infinitely more powerful than humanity
combined, extending its reach outward in conquest to the universe. Kurzweil thinks this will
start to happen in less than 25 years from now: “I set the date for the Singularity —
representing a profound and disruptive transformation in human capability — as 2045.”
However, there’s been a lot of criticism of his ideas. Physicist Paul Davis says that even if
growth is exponential in some cases, it never lasts due to a lack of resources. Physicist
Theodore Modis argues that “nothing in nature follows a pure exponential,” and instead
growth is typically logistic. In the beginning, both functions look the same, but the logistic
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flattens out, which is what ends up happening in reality. Whatever the case, we’ll live to see
whether Kurzweil predictions fall short.
Anjali Mahato (2022) in her research found that “Machine intelligence is the last invention
that humanity will ever need to make.”— Nick Bostrom
Nick Bostrom is a philosopher at Oxford University, author of the book Superintelligence:
Paths, Dangers, Strategies, in which he argues that superintelligence — a term to refer to
those AIs that have far surpassed AGI levels and are so far above us that we no longer can call
ourselves intelligent in comparison — will occur and that we should prepare for the event in
every way possible.
Bostrom argues that once we reach AGI, ASI (artificial superintelligence) will eventually
come. Such intelligence will be able to do everything we do and more — so much more that
we’d be like ants trying to disentangle the workings of human civilization — and so it’ll be
able to create everything else there’s to create (in line with Yudofsky argument).
For Bostrom, this future may appear in the form of two opposite scenarios: Either ASI is
benevolent and beneficial to humanity because we’ve managed to align it with us perfectly, or
it’s not and it won’t just be “the last invention that humanity will ever need to make,” but the
last invention we’ll ever make. Period.
“The development of full artificial intelligence could spell the end of the human race. […] It
would take off on its own, and re-design itself at an ever-increasing rate. Humans, who are
limited by slow biological evolution, couldn’t compete, and would be superseded.”— Stephen
Hawking
Stephen Hawking, a renowned physicist, warned us of the dangers of true AI. He thought that
an AI sufficiently intelligent would be able to set itself free from our control. Even if we
managed to design the AI to align with our values, the slightest deviance could result in
catastrophic consequences farther downstream. There’s an argument that states that, provided
we can design an all-powerful AI, the only requirement to make it benevolent is to make it
desire things that benefit us and reject those that would do us harm. Yet, in practice, we could
find many difficulties in achieving this goal.
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The most optimistic argue that if we build the AI in its entirety, there’s no way it could behave
outside the boundaries we’ve carefully set. But Hawking talks about re-design, and we don’t
have to look very far to realize this argument is worth considering: Humans, crafted by the
winds of evolution, random mutations, and natural selection throughout millennia, have only
recent.
RESEARCH GAP
I choose this topic “Artificial Intelligence: A Modern Approach (AIMA)” because it forms
the basis for all computer learning and is the future of all complex decision making.
Artificial Intelligence is one of the emerging technologies making its mark in every industry
ranging from fashion to finance.
AI is everywhere. The Automobile Industry, Music Recommendations, Smart Home Devices,
Online Customer Support, Security Surveillance, Retail, and Healthcare are just a few
industries to name. But it is everywhere.
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
The research conducted in context to artificial intelligence is a modern study. The systematic
review technique is used to acquire the information for the study. It is based on the analysis
of secondary data collected from different articles and journals. The qualitative investigation
of secondary data is performed to attain the appropriate findings for the study.
FINDINGS
For many, Artificial Intelligence: A Modern Approach is the de facto bible of artificial
intelligence. It combines in-depth treatments of introductory and advanced concepts,
along with historical background and accessible explanations. Including algorithms, code
and pseudo-code, the book sits between master’s and Ph.D. level, but is accessible to all.
Your journey on the road to the application of data science should start here.
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Artificial intelligence and machine learning technology now permeate our lives. We are
increasingly using them, or subject to them, whether we realise it or not. Increasingly
ubiquitous implementations include practical speech recognition, machine translation,
self-driving vehicles and household robotics. Artificial Intelligence: A Modern
Approach helps provide clear understanding of exactly what AI and machine learning
comprise, and what they can and cannot achieve. Such clarity of thought helps us move
from buzzword-dropping to actual scientific understanding. Underlying concepts are
explained with clear analogies and accessible language.
From algorithmic and coding perspectives, the tools provided are powerful, though we
remain some distance from machine sentience, which should never be confused with AI.
Turing’s “Imitation Game” remains an intriguing concept, although it is increasingly
unclear whether it tests machine or human intelligence. Russell and Norvig’s book will
help you gain insight about this field and enable you to apply your own critique and
assessment to Turing’s test.
The book is as close to exhaustive as is currently available in the field, including in-depth
treatments of non-technical learning material whilst providing an accessible and
understandable overview of major concepts.
Since the 2003 edition, increased coverage has been given to topics such as constraint
satisfaction, local search planning methods, multi-agent systems, game theory, statistical
natural language processing and uncertain reasoning over time. Attention has also been
given to providing more detailed descriptions of algorithms for probabilistic inference,
fast propositional inference, probabilistic learning approaches including EM, and other
topics.
The book contains up-to-date and extensive exercises, delivering a unified, agent-based
approach to AI: organising the material around the task of building intelligent agents. The
comprehensive, up-to-date coverage includes a unified view of the field organized around
the rational decision-making paradigm.
The author’s approach delivers in-depth coverage of basic and advanced topics, and
provides a basic understanding of the frontiers of AI without compromising complexity or
depth. It conveys in-depth understanding and clear explanation of such concepts as
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supervised and unsupervised machine learning, and thus to the layman, an understanding
of why there will be no jobs for machine learning foremen!
CONCLUSION
This is the most comprehensive book on the field of Artificial Intelligence available today.
While it might not be the best AI book to start building Artificial Intelligence projects or
programming your own little applications, that is not it is goal.
In its 1,000 + pages, it will give you a broad and fluid coverage of the diverse field of AI. You
will get an Introduction to Artificial Intelligence from all its different angles, learn about the
future of AI, the ethics implied, and some awesome applications like the fusion between
robotics and Artificial Intelligence. It is the most recommended textbook on AI in education
for a reason.
FUTURE DIRECTION
Artificial intelligence automation has already impacted so much of our lives, whether it is
recognized or not. From Siri and Alexa to (almost) self-driving automobiles, artificial
intelligence will govern the future. However, as AI becomes more advanced, its potential
ramifications become far more significant.
Here are ten ways artificial intelligence and automation will alter the future for the better.
1. Business Deep Learning-Deep learning is a type of machine learning that is more advanced
than traditional machine learning. Machine learning’s purpose is to swiftly analyse massive
amounts of data. The more data a machine learning system processes, the better it gets. The
learning process for AI systems is increasingly sophisticated with deep learning. Neural
networks are complicated because they are used to help critical reasoning. As a result, deep
learning AI systems can forecast future models rather than merely analysing current ones.
2. Effective Marketing-Companies no longer spend millions of dollars on social media
marketing and advertising, partly because they can no longer afford to do so in today’s
competitive market and, more importantly, because it is no longer necessary. Marketing and
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advertising are now less expensive than they have ever been because of artificial intelligence.
Traditional tactics have become obsolete as the best AI tools for digital marketing have
grown increasingly popular. AI-based marketing tools and AI-based automation will
eventually take this optimization to another level.
3. Interaction through Virtual Reality-Virtual reality is without a doubt one of the most
divisive parts of artificial intelligence. However, artificial intelligence’s future is poised to
significantly alter this feature. Virtual reality is already widely regarded as critical for
recovering and retaining Alzheimer’s patients’ memories. Virtual reality’s current operation,
however, has significant problems that make the concept undesirable to many.
4. High-Tech Robotics-It has already been seen how far AI has progressed in the
development of useful robots. When it comes to building technically complex robotics,
however, the possibilities are unlimited. Artificial intelligence-based robots are already
widely employed in health, manufacturing, and engineering. Advanced robots, on the other
hand, may be useful for space exploration, deep earth research, and disease control. These
robots would need a greater level of intelligence, but with AI progressing at a constant pace,
it is achievable.
5. Improved Medical Care-Advanced AI identifying and treating sickness has already been
depicted in movies such as Elysium. Despite the fact that science fiction exaggerates the
impact of AI, it is far from impossible. Artificial intelligence’s future is dependent on
advancements in medicine and engineering. The death rate would decline dramatically in the
future if machines diagnosed and treated patients.AI will also be utilized to improve
healthcare system efficiency and organization. AI-assisted assistants will complete the work
of ten employees in half the time. Therefore, the number of patients receiving therapy in any
given period will increase.
6. e-Learning- The mass education of the people, particularly in third-world countries, is one
of modern society’s greatest difficulties. The answer to this dilemma lies in artificial
intelligence automation. Mass schooling is now possible, thanks to smart educational
software development companies. In other places of the world, however, the future of
education is already here. The necessity for old-fashioned classrooms and single-teacher
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constraints has been replaced by artificial intelligence automation. Students would have
access to all databases relating to their subject of study in the future.
7. Automated Manufacturing-Recently, there has been a lot of scepticism about automated
manufacturing. Human labour has lost its value in the face of technology, which has led to
mistrust. Nonetheless, major industries have been automated. If history is any indication, the
level of automation will continue to rise. Because the pay-out for automating production is
higher, AI has already had a substantial impact on the global economy. Thus, automated
production can be found all over the globe.
8. Cybersecurity-The possibility of cybersecurity based on artificial intelligence is
frightening. This combination has been portrayed as threatening in pop culture and movies.
With human liberties and privacy on the line, AI-based cybersecurity is a dubious choice on
this list. Cybersecurity, on the other hand, has become a need as digital technology has
advanced. AI is already assisting enterprises in the detection of malware and the development
of advanced firewalls to combat attackers.
9. Virtual Assistants-With Alexa, Siri, and Google available around the clock, no one is
unfamiliar with AI-based virtual assistants. However, future AI-based virtual assistants are
likely to be far more advanced in terms of human interaction. Companies are attempting to
reproduce human emotions and human-AI interactions. They have even had some success,
albeit the helpers’ talents are still restricted. Virtual assistants can help you in completing a
task more quickly
10. Living in a Sustainable Way-Finally, artificial intelligence automation is the answer to
global warming and climate change. Artificial intelligence is used to develop smart cities and
sustainable enterprises. These are examples of what humans can accomplish when they work
together with technology.
Humans can learn to live sustainably with the assistance of machine learning. Artificial
intelligence software can mimic and perfect sustainable living models through trial and error.
These models will enable to cut trash and carbon emissions in the environment while also
repairing the climate. The prospects for the future of artificial intelligence are infinite.
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However, before implementing technology, businesses and individuals must know its
limitations and constraints.
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