Lec.

Dr./ Hyam Nazmy Badr Khalaf

Physics department - Faculty of science - Minia University
[email protected]
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important Links
◼ https://youtu.be/n_npNIK1kMc
◼ https://youtu.be/wzZfyhaUvfY
◼ https://youtu.be/wzZfyhaUvfY
◼ https://youtu.be/S6PZYpgoLjQ
The Cause of Magnetism
 If the arrangement of
domains in an object
determines whether the
object is magnetic, is there
a way to demagnetize an
object? If so, how?
 Losing Alignment
• The domains of a magnet may not
always stay lined up
• When domains move, the magnet
is demagnetized, or loses it
magnetic properties
• What are some ways you think a
magnet might be demagnetized?
 Losing Alignment
Ways to demagnetize (move
domains)
• Dropping a magnet or hitting it
too hard
• Putting the magnet in a strong
magnetic field that is opposite to
its own
• Increasing the temperature of a
magnet (in higher temperatures,
atoms vibrate faster so they may
no longer line up)
Making Magnets
 Making Magnets
• You can make a magnet from something
made of iron, cobalt, or nickel. You just
need to line up the domains.
• You can magnetize an iron nail by
dragging a magnet down it many times (in
one direction)
• The domains in the nail line up with the
magnetic field of the magnet. So, the
domains in the nail become aligned.
• As more domains line up, the magnetic
field grows stronger.
Importance of Magnetic Fields
Importance of Magnetic Fields
◼ Practical Uses
❑ Electric motors, Loud speakers,
Navigation (Earth’s magnetic field)

◼ In Experimental Physics
❑ Mass spectrometers, Particle
accelerators, Plasma confinement

◼ In the Universe
❑ Stars (e.g. the Sun), Interstellar
space, Intergalactic structure, Jets
Moving in a Magnetic Field
Properties of a Force on a Charge Moving in a Magnetic
Field

◼The magnitude FB of the magnetic force

exerted on the particle is proportional to the
charge, q, and to the speed, v, of the particle.

◼When a charged particle moves parallel to

the magnetic field vector, the magnetic force
acting on the particle is zero.
Properties of a Force on a Charge Moving in a Magnetic
Field
◼When the particle’s velocity vector makes any
angle q  0 with the field, the force acts in a
direction perpendicular to the plane formed by
the velocity and the field.

◼The magnetic force exerted on a positive

charge is in the direction opposite the direction
of the magnetic force exerted on a negative
charge moving in the same direction.
◼ The magnitude of the magnetic force is
proportional to sin q, where q is the angle the
particle’s velocity makes with the direction of
the magnetic field.
 Magnetism
Force on a Charge Moving in a Magnetic Field,
Formula
The properties can be summarized in a vector equation:
FB = qv  B
FB is the magnetic force
q is the charge

v is the velocity of the moving charge

B is the magnetic field

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 Vector Notation

◼ The DOT product

  
C = A  B  C = AB cos 
◼ The CROSS product

  
C = A  B  C = AB sin 
The Force Exerted by a Magnetic Field

◼ Magnetic fields apply a force to moving

charges

F = qv  B

dF = I dl  B
Current element
Example
❑ A proton moves with a speed of 1.0x105 m/s
through the Earth’s magnetic field, which has a
value of 55mT at a particular location. When the
proton moves eastward, the magnetic force is a
maximum, and when it moves northward, no
magnetic force acts upon it. What is the
magnitude and direction of the magnetic force
acting on the proton?
 FB = qvB, q = 90, sin 90 = 1
−19 −6
FB = (1.6 x10 5
)(1.0 x10 )(55 x10 )
FB = 8.8x10-19 N

The direction cannot be determined

precisely by the given information. Since no
force acts on the proton when it moves
northward (meaning the angle is equal to
ZERO), we can infer that the magnetic field
must either go northward or southward.
 Magnetism
Direction: Right-Hand Rule #1
This rule is based on the
right-hand rule for the cross
product.
Your thumb is in the
direction of the force if q is
positive.
The force is in the opposite
direction of your thumb if q
is negative.
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 Magnetism
Direction: Right-Hand Rule #2
Alternative to Rule #1
The force on a positive charge
extends outward from the
palm.
The advantage of this rule is
that the force on the charge
is in the direction you would
push on something with your
hand.
The force on a negative
charge is in the opposite
direction. 21
 Magnetism
More About Magnitude of F
The magnitude of the magnetic force on a charged
particle is FB = |q| v B sin q

q is the smaller angle between v and B

• FB is zero when the field and velocity are

parallel or antiparallel q = 0 or 180o
• FB is a maximum when the field and velocity
are perpendicular q = 90o
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 Gauss’ Law for Magnetism
We can divide any surface into elements of area
dA. For each element we determine B⊥ , the
component of normal to the surface at the
position of that element. We define the magnetic
flux dϕB through this area as
Gauss’ Law for Magnetism
Where ϕ is the angle between the direction of
and the line perpendicular to the surface.

The total magnetic flux through the surface is

the sum of the contributions from the
individual area elements:
 Gauss’ Law for Magnetism
Magnetic flux is a scalar quantity. In the special
case in which is uniform over a plane surface
with total area A, B⊥ and ϕ are the same at all
points on the surface, and
Gauss’ Law for Magnetism
The net flux of magnetic field lines through a
closed surface is zero (i.e. no magnetic
monopoles)

m, net =  BndA = 0

s
Magnetic flux
 Gauss’ Law for Magnetism

That is, the magnitude of magnetic field is

equal to flux per unit area across an area at
right angles to the magnetic field. For this reason,
magnetic field is sometimes called magnetic
flux density.
Gauss’ Law for Magnetism

Electric dipole Magnetic dipole

(or current loop)
Motion of a Point Charge in a Magnetic
Field
◼ Force is perpendicular to field direction and
velocity

◼ Therefore, magnetic fields do no work on

particles

◼ There is no change in magnitude of velocity,

just direction
Motion of a Point Charge in a Magnetic
Field
Motion of a Point Charge in a Magnetic
Field
◼ Radius of circular orbit mv
r=
qB

◼ Cyclotron period 2m

T=
qB

◼ Cyclotron frequency 1 qB
f = =
T 2m
◼ A stationary positive charge +Q is located in a
magnetic field B, which is directed toward the right as
indicated. The direction of the magnetic force on Q
is:

a. toward the right.

b. up.
c. down.
d. There is no magnetic force
◼ A stationary positive charge +Q is located in a
magnetic field B, which is directed toward the right as
indicated. The direction of the magnetic force on Q
is:

a. toward the right.

b. up.
c. down.
d. There is no magnetic force
 Application of motion of charged particles
◼ Velocity selector:
In a region of
crossed or
perpendicular
magnetic field B and
electric
field E
perpendicular to v,
the forces cancel
when
◼ Only particles with speeds equal to E/B can
pass through without being deflected by the
fields. By adjusting E and B appropriately, we
can select particles having a particular speed
for use in other experiments. Because v does
not depend on the charge, a velocity selector
works also for electrons or other negatively
charged particles.
 Thomson's e/m experiment
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=J-wao0O0_qM&t=36s

◼ When a particle is accelerated through a potential

difference, , energy conservation requires that the
kinetic energy equals the loss of electric potential
energy V
◼ The electron passes
between the plates and
strike the screen at the end
of the tube, which is coated
with a material that
fluoresces at the point of
impact. The electrons pass
straight through the plates
when

All the quantities on the right side can be measured, so the ratio e/m of charge to
mass can be determined
Torques on Current Loops and Magnets

◼ a current loop experiences no net force in a

uniform B field but does experience a torque
Torques on Current Loops and Magnets
Torques on Current Loops and Magnets

F1 = F2 = IaB
 = F b sin q
2

 = IaBb sin q
 = IAB sin q
 Torques on Current Loops and Magnets
The product is defined to be the
magnetic dipole moment (often
simply called the “magnetic
moment”) of the loop:
Magnetic Dipole Moment
◼The product is defined as the magnetic
dipole moment, , of the loop.
❑ Often called the magnetic moment
SI units: A · m2
◼Torque in terms of magnetic moment:

❑ Analogous to  = p  E for electric dipole

❑ Valid for any orientation of the field and the loop
❑ Valid for a loop of any shape
electric field→ E → is the electric dipole moment
Magnetism

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