Lecture 7

Magnetism and Magentic Field

Dr Sohail Amjad
 Outline

Magnetism and Magnetic Field

Magnetic Field lines and Flux
Motion of Charged particles in magnetic field
Magnetic Torque

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 Intdocution

How to convert back the electronic signals into sound?

Why does the adapter heat up when you charge your laptop?
How does energy from Sun reach earth?
How does a radio work??
What is role of transformers in electric supply?

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Magnetism and Magnetic Field
Magnetism

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Magnetism and Magnetic Field

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Magnetism and Magnetic Field
Magnetism

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 Magnetic Field vs Electric Field

Let’s compare the Electric and Magnetic Field phenomenon:

We represented electric interactions in two steps:
⃗ in
A distribution of electric charge at rest creates an electric field E
the surrounding space.
The electric field exerts a force F⃗ = q E
⃗ on any other charge q that
is present in the field.
We can describe magnetic interactions in a similar way:
A moving charge or a current creates a magnetic field in the
surrounding space (in addition to its electric field).
The magnetic field exerts a force F⃗ on any other moving charge or
current that is present in the field.
But there are striking differences: Field Lines and Force, Flux through a
closed surface [poles]

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 Magnetism and Magnetic Field
Magnetic Force on a moving charge

Magnetic Field exerts a force on a moving

charge which depends on the velocity of
charge, strength of magnetic field,
quantity of charge and direction of
movement. F⃗ = q(⃗v × B)
⃗
Particle moving parallel to the magnetic
field, experiences no force, while particle
moving perpendicular to the direction of
magnetic field experiences maximum force.
The strength of magnetic field is measured
in Tesla (T) units.
1T = 1N.s/C.m = 1N/A.m [B=F/qv]
Another unit is Gauss: 1 G = 10−4 T.
In presence of Electric field
F⃗ = q(E⃗ + ⃗v × B)
⃗

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 Magnetism and Magnetic Field
Right Hand Rule

Opposite charges feel the force in opposite direction.

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 Magnetism and Magnetic Field
Direction of Force

If the magnetic field points into the plane, which path the charged
particle will take?

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 Magnetic field lines and Flux
Field Lines

Magnetic field lines are not “lines of force”. They do not point int the
direction of Force exerted by magnetic field, unlike the Electric Field lines.
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 Magnetic Flux and Gauss’s law
Field Lines

The direction of tangent to a magnetic field line does not indicate the
direction of force, though it does in the Electric field.
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Magnetic Flux and Gauss’s law
Gauss’s law for magnetic flux

The magnetic flux denoted by ΦB can

be defined as
⃗ = BcosϕdA
⃗ dA
dΦB = B.
Z
ΦB = B. ⃗ = BAcosϕ
⃗ dA

Magnetic Flux is a scalar quantity.

Units of magnetic flux are called
Weber 1W= 1 T. m2 .

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Magnetic Flux and Gauss’s law
Gauss’s law for magnetic flux

The net flux through a surface is the number of field

lines passing through the surface in one direction.
No magnetic monopoles, the total magnetic flux
through a closed surface is always zero.
Mathemtically:
I
⃗ =0
⃗ dA
B.

This is called Gauss’s law for magnetism.

dΦB
B=
dA
The magnetic field is magnetic flux density.

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 Magnetic Flux and Gauss’s law
Problem

⃗ The
A flat surface with area 3.0 cm2 in a uniform magnetic field B.
magnetic flux through this surface is +0.90 mWb. Find the magnitude of
⃗
the magnetic field and the direction of the area vector A.

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1.Magnetic Flux and Gauss’s law
Problem

ΦB = BAcosϕ
ΦB
=⇒ B = = 6.0 T
A cosϕ

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 Motion of Charged particles in magnetic field
Magnetic Force on a moving charge

Magnetic Field exerts a force on a moving

charge which depends on the velocity of
charge, strength of magnetic field, quantity
of charge and direction of movement.

F⃗ = q(⃗v × B)
⃗

Particle moving parallel to the magnetic

field, experiences no force, while particle
moving perpendicular to the direction of
magnetic field experiences maximum force.
The strength of magnetic field is measured
in Tesla (T) units.
1T = 1N.s/C.m = 1N/A.m [B=F/qv]
Another unit is Gauss: 1 G = 10−4 T.
In presence of Electric field

F⃗ = q(E
⃗ + ⃗v × B)
⃗
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 Motion of Charged particles in magnetic field
Problem

A beam of protons (q=1.6 ×10−19 C) moves at 3.0 ×105 m/s through a

uniform 2.0-T magnetic field directed along the positive z-axis. The
velocity of each proton lies in the xz-plane and is directed at 30◦ to the
z-axis. Find the force on a proton.

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Motion of Charged particles in magnetic field
Problem

F = qvBsinϕ = 4.8 × 10−14 N

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 Motion of Charged particles in magnetic field
Cyclotron

The particle enters the field at the right angle

so F=|q|vB. Since the particle is moving in a
2
circle F= mv
R .
Comparing we get
mv
R=
|q|B

From rotational kinematics v=Rω. So

v |q|B
ω= =
R m
|q|B
ω = 2πf =⇒ f =
2πm
It is called Cyclotron Frequency. Cyclotrons are particle
accelerators where particle move under the effect of a magnetic field,
gaining energy at each step.
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 Motion of Charged particles in magnetic field
Helix

If the direction of the initial velocity

is not perpendicular to the field, the
velocity component parallel to the
field is constant because there is no
force parallel to the field.
The particle moves in a helix.
The radius of the helix is given by
mv
R=
|q|B

where v is now the component of

velocity perpendicular to the field.

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Motion of Charged particles in magnetic field
Helix

What happens if the field is non-uniform (variable). Closer to the

coils, the field is strong, away it’s weaker.
mv
As the particle moves, the radius of the helix varies as R = |q|B .
Forms a magnetic bottle to trap charged particles inside a magnetic
field.
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 Motion of Charged particles in magnetic field

Visualise the motion of charged particle in magnetic field

Visualise the variables/parameters of motion

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Motion of Charged particles in magnetic field
Van Allen belts

The earth’s nonuniform magnetic field traps charged particles

coming from the sun in doughnut-shaped regions called the Van
Allen radiation belts. Discovered by Explorer I satellite in 1958.

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 Motion of Charged particles in magnetic field
Bubble Chamber

The bubble chamber image shows the

result of a high-energy gamma ray (which
does not leave a track) that collides with
an electron in a hydrogen atom.
This electron flies off to the right at high
speed.
Some of the energy in the collision is
transformed into a second electron and a
positron (a positively charged electron).
A magnetic field is directed into the plane
of the image, which makes the positive
and negative particles curve off in different
directions.

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Common Sources of Magnetic Field
Magnetic Field Lines

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 Applications of Motion of Charged Particles
Velocity Selector

An arrangement of electric and magnetic

fields is called a velocity selector.
A particle with mass m, charge q and
speed v enters where the electric and
magnetic fields are perpendicular to the
particle’s velocity and to each other.
If q is positive, the electric force qE is to
the left and the magnetic force qvB is to
the right. If the total force is then zero,
and the particle travels in a straight line.
P
For zero total force Fy = 0, we need
E
−qE + qvB = 0 =⇒ v = B .
E
Only particles with speed B can pass
through without being deflected by the
fields.

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 Applications of Motion of Charged Particles
Thomson’s e/m Experiment

J.J.Thomson - 1897 - Cavendish Laboratory in Cambridge, England.

Potential difference V between the two anodes A and A’.
The gained kinetic energy
q equals the lost q
electric potential energy
1 2 2eV E 2eV e E2
2 mv = eV =⇒ v = m =⇒ B = m =⇒ m = 2V B 2
11
e/m= 1.758820150 ×10 C/kg

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 Motion of Charged particles in magnetic field

Visualise e/m Experiment

⃗
Visualise the electron beam deflection in B

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Applications of Motion of Charged Particles
Problem

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 Applications of Motion of Charged Particles
Problem

p
v= 2(e/m)V = 7.7 × 106 m/s
B = E/v = 0.83 T
p
Increasing V increases the speed v as v = 2(e/m)V which in turn
increases qvB leaving qE unchanged. The electrons will deflect and hit
the bottom of tube.

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 Applications of Motion of Charged Particles
Mass Spectrometer

In 1919, Francis Aston, a student of

Thomson, built the first mass
spectrometer.
Positive ions from a source pass through
the slits and forming a narrow beam.
Then the ions pass through a velocity
selector with crossed and fields.
The ions pass into a region with a
magnetic field perpendicular to the plane,
where they move in circular arcs with
radius R=mv/qB’
Ions with different masses strike the
detector at different points, and the values
of R can be measured.
With everything known in this equation
except m we can compute the mass of the
ion. [Isotopes]
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Magnetic Force on a current carrying conductor

F⃗ = q(⃗v × B)
⃗ for a single moving charge.
A segment of a conducting wire, with
length l and cross-sectional area A the
current I is from bottom to top.
⃗
The wire is in a uniform magnetic field B
directed into the plane.
The drift velocity ⃗vd is upward,
⃗ and directed into the
perpendicular to B,
plane.
The average force on each charge is
F⃗ = q⃗vd × B
⃗ directed to the left.

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Magnetic Force on a current carrying conductor

The number of charges per unit volume is n

Total volume is Al (Area × length)
Total charge is nAl.
The total force can then be found by multiplying
the force on each charge, with the total charge:

F = (nAl)(qvd B)
= (nqvd A)(lB)

We know from our previous studies that current

density is given by

J = nqvd

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Magnetic Force on a current carrying conductor

Multiplying both side by A, we get

JA = nqvd A,
which is the total current (as J = I/A).
Therefore we can rewrite

F = (nqvd A)(lB)

as

F = IlB

Generalizing this to vector form:

F⃗ = I⃗l × B
⃗

is the force on a current carrying wire of length l.

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Magnetic Force on a current carrying conductor

General expression: F⃗ = I⃗l × B

⃗ gives the
magnitude and direction of Force on a
straight wire.
For non-straight wires, we can divide in
⃗ and use
small segments of dl
⃗ ⃗ ⃗
dF = I dl × B.
Force on the wire will change direction
depending on the direction of vectors
involved.
If the current changes the direction of
flow, the force is in opposite direction.
Or if we reverse the magnetic field, the
force is again acting in opposite direction.

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 Magnetic Force on a current carrying conductor
Loud Speaker

The radial magnetic field created by the permanent magnet exerts a force on the voice
coil that is proportional to the current in the coil; the direction of the force is either to
the left or to the right, depending on the direction of the current. The signal from the
amplifier causes the current to oscillate in direction and magnitude. The coil and the
speaker cone to which it is attached respond by oscillating with an amplitude
proportional to the amplitude of the current in the coil. Turning up the volume knob
on the amplifier increases the current amplitude and hence the amplitudes of the
cone’s oscillation and of the sound wave produced by the moving cone.

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 Magnetic Torque

Current-carrying conductors usually form closed loops, so it is

worthwhile to find the total magnetic force and torque on a
conductor in the form of a loop.
Many practical devices make use of the magnetic force or torque on
a conducting loop, including loudspeakers
The results of this discussion are of substantial practical importance.
These results will also help us understand the behavior of bar
magnets

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Magnetic Torque

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 Magnetic Torque

We have a loop of a conducting wire, with

side lengths a and b. We will use
F⃗ = I⃗l × B
⃗ to find the force on each side.
Force on the right side: Since ϕ = 90 and
length l = a, we get :F = IaB.
Since the shorted sides are at an angle
ϕ − 90, so the force on the these sides of
rectangle can be given by
F⃗ and −F⃗ act along F ′ = IbBsin(90 − ϕ) F ′ = IbBcos(ϕ).
different lines, while F⃗ ′ However, these forces are acting in
and −F⃗ ′ act along the opposite direction, so the total Force on
same line. Therefore, only the loop is zero, but net Torque is not
forces F⃗ and −F⃗ zero.
contribute to the net The total torque can then be: τ = τR + τL
torque. = 2 F (b/2)sinϕ
= (IBa)(bsinϕ)= IBA sinϕ.

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Magnetic Torque

τ = IBAsinϕ.
Term IA is called the magnetic dipole
moment denote by µ: µ=IA.
It’s a vector in the direction of Area
⃗
vector. [Electric dipole moment p⃗ = q d].
Using this in above equation, we find:
τ = µBsinϕ. In vector form
⃗ ×B
⃗τ = µ ⃗
Using an analogy with the electric fields
and mapping against that, we can find:
⃗ U = −⃗
⃗τe = p⃗ × E; p.E⃗
⃗τM = µ⃗ × B;⃗ U = −⃗τ .B ⃗
The potential energy of a magnetic dipole.
With this definition, U is zero when the
magnetic dipole moment is perpendicular
to the magnetic field.

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 Magnetic Torque
Application

So how to the magnets work?

Think of an electron as being like a spinning ball of charge. In this
analogy the circulation of charge around the spin axis is like a
current loop, and so the electron has a net magnetic moment.
In an iron atom a substantial fraction of the electron magnetic
moments align with each other, and the atom has a nonzero
magnetic moment.
In an unmagnetized piece of iron there is no overall alignment of the
magnetic moments of the atoms; their vector sum is zero, and the
net magnetic moment is zero.
But in an iron bar magnet the magnetic moments of many of the
atoms are parallel, and there is a substantial net magnetic moment
⃗.
µ
⃗ the field exerts a
If the magnet is placed in a magnetic field B,
torque that tends to align µ
⃗ with B.⃗

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 Magnetic Torque

A bar magnet tends to align with a B ⃗ field so that a line from the south
pole to the north pole of the magnet is in the direction of B;⃗ hence the
real significance of a magnet’s north and south poles is that they
represent the head and tail, respectively, of the magnet’s dipole moment
µ
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Magnetic Torque

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 Magnetic Torque
Application

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI): A patient is placed in a magnetic

field of about 1.5 T (104 × Bearth ). The nucleus of each hydrogen atom
in the tissue to be imaged has a magnetic dipole moment which
experiences a torque that aligns it with the applied field. The tissue is
then illuminated with radio waves of just the right frequency to flip these
magnetic moments out of alignment. The extent to which these radio
waves are absorbed in the tissue is proportional to the amount of
hydrogen present. Hence hydrogen rich soft tissue looks quite different
from hydrogen-deficient bone, which makes MRI ideal for analyzing
details in soft tissue that cannot be seen in x-ray images.

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