Subject:

Estimation and Costing (CE 705)

Shyam Sundar Basukala

IE (Architecture) Thapathali
BE (civil),khwopa 3rd batch
ME (Earthquake engineering) khwopa
Mob. 9841477453/
Email. [email protected]
 Introduction
In the civil engineering field, the construction activity
contains the following three steps.
1. Plans : Preparation of drawings plan, section,
elevation, with full dimension and detailed,
specifications meeting the requirements of the
proposed structure.
2. Estimation : Preparation of an estimate is for arriving
the cost of the structure to verify the available funds
or to procure the required funds for completion of the
proposed structure.
3. Execution (construction) : It is a grounding the
proposed structure, for construction as per the
provision contained in drawings and estimation
 1.1 Definition
• Estimating is the technique of calculating or computing the
various quantities and the expected Expenditure to be incurred
on a particular work or project.
• Estimation is the scientific way of working out the approximate
cost of an engineering project before execution of the work.

• The estimate is the probable cost of a work and is determined

theoretically by mathematical calculation based on the plans
and drawing and current rates.
• In simple words estimating is the process which guides us to
determine the cost, quantity, tools, plants and labors which are
needed to complete the project with in time of completion.

• It is prepared by calculating the quantities, from the dimensions

on the drawings for the various items required to complete the
project and multiplied by unit cost of the item
• Estimate of a project is therefore, a forecast of its probable
cost.
 Estimated Cost and Actual Cost
 Estimated cost and actual cost
 Prepared before construction estimated cost (probable
cost)
 Can be prepared after completion of construction work or
project (total expenditure cost)

• Why does the estimation fail?

 1.3 PURPOSES OF ESTIMATING:

• MONEY: to determine necessary amount of money

required by the owner to complete the proposed work.
• QUANTITY– to determine the quantities of materials
required in order to program their timely procurement.
• WORKER– to determine the number of various types
of workers required in each work.
• TOOLS AND PLANTS-to arrange necessary tools and
plants as per schedule of work in correct numbers.
• SCHEDULE– to create a schedule of work.
• TIME-to calculate the completion time of project
• COST BENEFIT RATIO- to justify cost benefit ratio.
NEED FOR ESTIMATION AND COSTING
• Estimate gives an idea of the cost of the work and
hence its feasibility can be determined i.e
whether the project could be taken up with in the
funds available or not.
• Estimate gives an idea of time required for the
completion of the work.
• Estimate is required to invite the tenders and
Quotations and to arrange contract.
• Estimate is also required to control the
expenditure during the execution of work.
• Estimate decides whether the proposed plan
matches the funds available or not.
• Project planning
 1.4 Principle of unit of measurement
The units of measurements are mainly categorized for
their nature, shape and size and for making
payments to the contractor.
• Mass, voluminous and thick work shall be taken in
cubic unit or volume like earth work, cement
concrete; Masonry etc =Cubic meters.
• Shallow , thin and surface work shall be taken in
square unit or area like plastering, white washing,
partitions of specified thickness etc=in square meters
(m2)
• Long and thin work shall be taken in linear or
running units like cornice, fencing, hand rail, bands
of specified width etc., = in running meters (RM)
• Piece work , job work etc shall be taken in numbers
Single units work like doors, windows, trusses etc.,
are expressed in numbers.
 System of units:

• MKS= length=m, weight=kg, time=sec

• CGS=length=cm , weight =g , time =sec
• FPS=length=ft , weight =pound , time =sec

1m=3.28084ft
 1.5 Units of Measurement and Payments for Item of
Work and Material:
S.N Particulars of item Units of Measurement Units of payment

1. Earth work:
i. Earth work in Excavation cum Per cum
ii. Earthwork in filling in foundation
trenches
iii. Earth work in filling in plinth
2 Concrete:
i. PCC Cum Per cum
ii. Thickness specified (100mm thick Sqm Per Sqm
pcc)
iii. RCC Cum Per cum
iv. Screeding Sqm Per Sqm

3 Brick Work
i. Brick soiling Sqm Per Sqm
ii. Brick work in foundation /super Cum Per cum
structure
4 Floor finishing
Plaster, tiles ,punning sqm Per Sqm
Metal work:
Rebar/reinforcement =kg
Steel structure ( I, C, circular, square pipe)=kg
Wood work:
Frame vol.=cum (3 inchx4 inch),
(4”x4”)(100mmx75mm)
Panel= area =sqm (thicknes 1”)
Post/purine=vol cum
Units of Measurement and Payments Material:
1. Cement: 1bags=50kg, 1000kg=1ton, kg
2. Sand:( vol.), tipper (200 cuft), tuck (vol?), mini truck
(80 cuft), tractor (vol?), (measurement? H.w.)
3. Aggregate:( vol.), tipper (vol?), tuck (vol?), mini truck
(vol ?), tractor (vol?),
4. Ply board=area
5. Brick(1st, 2nd 3rd)= no.,(capacity, 2000no(230*110*55)
truck: 6000 no.
6. Rebar= kg ,bundle (8-10-12-16-20,25,28,32)
fix length= (38 -40) ft, wt per bundle=98-110kg
Tag= check??? No of bar, weight, dia.
 1.6 DATA REQUIRED TO PREPARE AN
ESTIMATE
1. Drawings
2. Specifications.
3. Schedule of Rates.
4. Method of measurement (standard deduction or addition)
5.Overhead charge (10 to 15)%
 1. Drawings

• Architecture Drawing (1:96)

• Structure Drawing ()
• Working Drawing(1:20),(10:1)
• As- built drawing
• Electrical
• Water supply
 Clear dimension
 2. Specifications.
• Quality of material, proportion of mix, method of
execution, measurement etc
a) General Specifications:
This gives the nature, quality, class and work and
materials in general terms to be used in various parts of
wok. It helps no form a general idea of building.
b) Detailed Specifications:
• These gives the detailed description of the various
items of work laying down the Quantities and qualities
of materials, their proportions, the method of
preparation workmanship and execution of work.
 3. Schedule of Rates.
For preparing the estimate the unit rates of each
item of work are required.
The rates of various materials to be used in
the construction.
The cost of transport materials.
The wages of labour, skilled or unskilled of
masons, carpenters, Mazdoor,etc.,