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68 views67 pagesAC Notes
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/ 67
* Where the outdoor conditions are comfortable then the outdoor air
can be pushed into the interiors to cool the interiors. Or in some
cases the outdoor air can be passed through heating or cooling
devices before introducing into the room. However, sometimes the
requirements of heating and cooling may vary for different seasons or
for different times of the day. Moreover often The air needs to be
cleaned and distributed properly. While in some cases, controlled env
is required eg. Manufacturing of goods, medicine, textiles, etc. in
These conditions mechanical ventilation is not sufficient. Air
conditioning is required. Air conditioning
Air conditioning is a process of controlling the quality of indoor air
for the benefit of human comfort, human health and performance of
equipment/process.
Human comfort is related to the control of temperature, humidity
and air movement. This is achieved by a process called refrigeration
which controls temperature and humidity.
Human health is related to control of dust, pollutants and other
contaminants. This is achieved by filtration or by dilution of air.
inventor of modern air conditioning? Its Type of ventilation but here air is conditioned to control
simultaneously the physical and chemical conditions of the air
Willis Carrier, - inventor
It is defined as a process which heats, cools, cleans, circulates and
controls its moisture content simultaneously and on a year round basis.
It provides and maintains desirable internal atmospheric environment
irrespective of external conditions. Major factors to be controlled
* Temperature
* Humidity
+ Air-movement & Air-distribution
+ Cleanliness Four important components for air
conditioning installation
+ Temperature control
* Humidity control
+ Air movement and circulation
* Air filtering/cleaning/purification Temperature control
summer 20 to 23 deg C
Winter 18 to 22 degC
Office, club, lounge 245 degC
Residence, hotel room, guest house 24 degC
Shops, super market, cinema halls, public places 23.5 degC
Operation theatres 21degc
‘Computer rooms, lab 22 degC Humidity control
ae To decrease RH, decrease the moisture content or increase the
+ De-humidification temperature of the air
* Humidification
* Relative humidity
To increase RH, increase the moisture content or decrease the
temperature of the air
Ideally, RH should be between 50-60%
Pharmaceutical 40 to 50%
Computer lab 45 to 55%
Spinning and weaving 60 to 70% Air movement & Air distribution
warm
climates F
temperate
olimates
eold
climates
al 25 50 1.00 TsO matenisec
Change in ‘pleasant’ air movement velocity with temperature, Air pollution remains a major danger to the health of children and adults.
Dust control
* Different types of filters e
1. Panel or air filters ~ smaller systems
1. Viscous impingement filter
2. Permanent dry type
3. Dryreplaceable media type
4, Throwaway type
2. Automatic air filters — larger systems Health ks om:
[OZONE POLLUTION
3, Electrostatic cleaners ~ filter dust particles upto 0.1 aici PouLuTiON
micron
A
4, High efficiency particulate air (HEPA) or absolute filters
- filter dust particles upto 0.3 micron
5. Carbon pack filter — used to remove odours, fumes, e
vapours, gases yw #
Standard filter ~ maybe metallic or polypropylene
filters and used in simple applications of a/c
7. Microvee filter - filter dust particles upto 5 microns;
used for operation theaters, etch ; incorporated only in
central package units Selection factor of filters
+ Flow rate of filter
* Face velocity of filter
* Resistance
* Efficiency of filter
* Dust holding capacity
* Economy, durability and
maintenance
+ Fire safety Seasonal
efficiency:
0%
meta ven
heat exchanger above bumer ————__ oe
(to chimney)
K craft nood
old air return duct —l fan limit switch
gas vane
heat shield
‘958 pipe with dnp leg
burner
pilot ight
air filer andlor ar cleaner
routing fan Advantages of air conditioning
+ Improves comfort levels at work as well as leisure.
* Enhances job performance.
* Results in augmented intellectual and physical activity.
* Lower or chilled temperature diminishes the existence of parasites and
insects.
+ Lower temperature means less sweating, decreasing the dehydration risk.
* Air conditioning system also assists in excluding external allergens like
pollen.
* Good installation and maintenance of air conditioner, renews &enhances
the quality of air Disadvantages of air conditioning
+ Unexpected changes in humidity & temperature affects individual's respiratory system
+ Regular usage of air Conditioner dries skin & mucous membranes
+ Its ambient noise, leads to noise pollution.
* Air circulation even transmits infectious respiratory diseases
* Airborne dust & fungi cause allergic reactions
* Air conditioning can worsen eye conditions like conjunctivitis also results in causing
problems for contact lens wearers.
+ Spending long hours in air conditioned of offices or home you may cause also suffer heat
intolerance when you go outside.
* ACs contribute to about 35 per cent of total household electricity consumption and
produces 1.5 tonnes of carbon every year — contributes to environmental depletion Refrigeration
A process called REFRIGERATION controls the temperature and humidity.
Air conditioners blow cool air into your home by pulling the heat out of that air. The air is cooled by
blowing it over a set of cold pipes called an evaporator coil.
The evaporator coil is filled with a special liquid called a refrigerant, which changes from a liquid to a
gas as it absorbs heat from the air.
The Refrigeration Cycle
Shei
46S
“es
INDOGRS:
xanoraior
co
Cosine emia Compressor SS Basic refrigeration cycle
COMPRESSOR
EU LUey CONDENSOR
ISTRIBUTION
DCN
DEVICE
Hot
Coils
Compressor
a) i!
Expansion Valve
Cold
Coils Application of Refrigeration
+ Domestic refrigeration — fridge
+ Commercial refrigeration ~ holding and displaying frozen and fresh food in retail
outlets, restaurants and hotels
+ Comfort AC - providing ambient indoor condition for human comfort
+ Industrial AC ~ process for engineering goods, manufacturing
+ Industrial refrigeration — for chemical processing, breweries, oil refineries, cold
storage
+ Marine and Transport refrigeration — equipment to preserve and store goods by
rail, road, air or sea. Unit of refrigeration
* Ton of refrigeration (TR)
+ It is defined as the quantity of heat to be removed from
the object or space in order to form one ton (1000Kgs) of
ice at O deg.C in 24hours from liquid water at 0 deg.C
+ 1TR = 3.5KJ/Sec
+ 1TR = 3024KCAL/hour = 12000BTU/hour or 3.5 kW. Refrigerant
+ It is a fluid to transfer heat in a refrigeration system.
+ It absorbs heat at very low temperature, pressure and rejects
the same at higher temperature, pressure involving a change
of state of the fluid.
+ Boils at very low temperature (-40deg.C)
+ Ammonia is one of the most commonly used refrigerant Properties of an ideal refrigerant
+ Boils at a very low temperature
+ Non-poisonous, non explosive, non corrosive.
+ Non- flammable and non-toxic
+ Odouless and colourless
+ Stable at a wide range of temperature and pressure
+ Should be chemically inert, should not decompose or breakdown
+ Low viscosity
+ Environment friendly
+ Economic, min. requirement to produce unit refrigeration.
* R717(Amonia) Air Cycle
* Air cycle is an integral part of the air-condtioning system. Refrigeration cycle is
part of the air-cycle. Both air cycle and refrigeration cycle is not independent but
interdependent,
+ The treatment provided by the air cycle is part of the air-conditoning system. The
treatment includes cooling of hot air/heating of cool air, adding/removing
moisture, creating air movement, filtering the dust and other particles etc
+ The major components of the air cycle are
+ Fans
+ Supply Air Duct(SAD)
+ Supply Air Grille (SAG)
+ Area/Space to be conditioned
+ Return Air Duct (RAD)
+ Return Air Grille (RAG)
+ With filter and heating/cooling coil. Basic air cycle - Components
rey
oT
Return air grille
Coolin
Return air duct
filter
Supply air duct
ra
rr AIR CIRCULATION
—a —
FIG. 27.6. LAYOUT OF AIR-CONDITIONED HALL, SHOWING
‘AIR CIRCULATION
1, INCOMING VENTILATION AIR 2. DAMPERS.
8, AIR CONDITIONER 4, SUPPLY DUCT, 5. OUTLET GRILLS
6. RETURN AIR INLET. "7. RETURN AIR DUCT, 8. EXHAUST. Refrigeration Cycle
+ The refrigerant starts at some initial state or condition, passes
through 4 series of processes in a definite sequence, changing from
one state to another and returns to initial state to begin the cycle
again.
+ Two types:
1. Vapour Compression Refrigeration
2. Vapour absorption Refrigeration
+ Simple refrigeration cycle is made up of four fundamental
processes
1. Expansion
2. Vaperization
3. Compression
4. Condensation Vapour compressive Refrigeration
Cycle
+ Four main components of VCR cycle are
1.Compressor
2.Condenser
3.Expansion valve/Throttling device (refrigerant flow
control)
4.Evaporator Vapour Compression Refrigeration
System Vapour compressive Refrigeration
Cycle
Four main components of VCR cycle are
* Evaporator
+ Absorber
* Pump
* Generator
* Analyzer
* Expansion Valve Vapour Absorption Refrigeration
System t:0 —> Amortont
Analyzer. ly —+ Refrigerant / Coolant
‘Hiah or. Liauld NH. Heat Load Parameters
‘The space cooling load is the rate at which heat must be removed from the
space to maintain constant air temperature. To calculate this load, certain
parameters are required.
The heat load components can be classified into:
a. Loads originated from heat sources outside or external to the conditioned
space.
b. Loads within the conditioned space.
c. Loads occurring from heat gains or losses with moving cool fluids to and
from the conditioned space.
fi. Building Characteristics 2. Configurations
. Orientation
Shape
Shading from adjacent building
. Space used for ....
a. Building construction material b
b. Physical dimension of the space c
c. Ceiling height, columns, beams d
d. Windows, stairways, escalators AC Load Calculation
Thumb rule for AC load calculation(Based on Area):
For every 175 — 200 Sq.Ft of area 1TR is sufficient for normal air
conditioning.
Thumb rule for AC load calculation(Based on Number of People):
For every 20People = 1TR 5. Internal Load
1. Light
2. Occupancy
3. Equipment, appliances
3. Outdoor Design Conditions
1. Weather data
2. Latitude / longitude
3. Elevation
4. Period and time
6. Additional consideration
. Duct heat loads
. Duct leakage
. Fan energy
Return air system
. Outside air
. Type of system
4. Indoor Design Conditions
1. Dry bulb temperature
2. Relative humidity
3. Ventilation requirement
4
. Permissible variation / control|
limits
ausone Air-conditioning system
Unitary System |} —--------— He + Centralized System
T
motte q roosts 4
1 1 ' '
Window ACs) [Split ACs Ductable Package) (Central System
T System | 1
* Floor Mounted + Air cooled
Direct Expansion
+ Wall Mounted + Floor Mounted Chilled Water
* Ceiling Mounted Variable Flow
Exposed
Hidden
Cassette
Vapour
Absorbtion Unitary System
Saves installation and field assembly
labour and ease of maintenance
Exact requirement of each room is
met
Zoning, distribution, duct system etc.
is eliminated
Unit can be run only where AC is
needed unlike Centralized system
For larger room it is uneconomical
and not preferred
Noise / vibrations from the system
cannot be eliminated and could cause
discomfort to the adjacent spaces.
------ - Centralized System
Installation cost in high as it invloves
zoning, distribution, duct system etc.
Uniform distribution of conditioned air
The entire system has to be worked
out in the initial design phase with
provision for future expansion
Economical for large areas.
AC plant room can be kept away from
building to eliminate noise, vibrations
and also easy to access for
maintenance.
Failures one or more zones could
effect the comfort level of the entire ai
onditioned area Windows Air-conditioning System
Window air conditioners are one of the most commonly used and cheapest
type of air conditioners.
To install one of these units, you need the space to make a slot in the wall,
and there should also be some open space behind the wall.
Window air-conditioner units are reliable and simple-to-install solution to
keep a room cool while avoiding the costly construction of a central air
system.
Better yet, when the summer heat dies down, these units can be easily
removed for storage, and you can use the window sill for other purpose
It is factory assembled in a casing and ready for operation
Runs on VCR cycle.
Can be used for a specific spaces like bedrooms, small office spaces etc. There are two main parts in this system
Indoor Part - the cooling side ( indoor room space)
Outdoor Part ~ heat rejection side
Indoor Part
Evaporator (cooling coil)
Air filters
Front panel - supply air
grill and return air grill
Operating panel —
thermostat, switches,
knobs , levers
Thermostat sensor
Outdoor Part
Compressor
Condenser
Fan motor
Propeller fan romeo
(21, Hemeos oon Evaporator Sa Split Air-Conditioning System
The split air conditioner comprises of two parts: the outdoor unit and the
indoor unit.
The outdoor unit, fitted outside the room, houses components like the
compressor, air cooled condenser and condensor fan and motor.
The indoor unit comprises the evaporator or cooling coil and the blower with
motor, control panel, air filters, supply and return air grills. For this unit
you don’t have to make any slot in the wall of the room.
Further, the present day split units have aesthetic looks and add to the
beauty of the room. The split air conditioner can be used to cool one or two
rooms. The indoor and outdoor units are connected by refrigeraition tubing and
electrical cables.
Liquid lines and suction lines have to be laid at site after indoor and outdoor
units are installed.
The distance between two units have to be as minimum as possible for
efficiency.
As the compressor is outside, noise levels and vibrations are eliminated in
the indoor space.
one outdoor unit of sufficient capacity can be coupled to multiple indoor
units to cool 2-3 adjacent rooms.
Available 5ton capacity. Floor Mounted
Wall Mounted
fog the specter
cocoa
Ceiling Mounted
+ Exposed
+ Hidden
iNooon
+ Cassette Indoor unit
Airfilter
v Evaporator
{cooling coils)
4. Internal
evaporator
oll
Coot air out 3. Condensor
coil
4. Expansion
valve
Hot air out
Outdoor unit
Fan
Condenser
(condenser
coils)
Compressor Floor Mounted
+ Kept on the floor or platform as an
elegant unit with grills on upper
part.
+ Air thrown is upwards which may
effect the furniture layout.
+ Occupies floor space, hence not
user friendly.
Wall Mounted
Normally fixed above 2M over wall.
Control by cord or cordless remote
unit.
Saves floor space, good for
congested room.
Most widely used type.
Ceiling Mounted
Exposed
+ Unit is directly fixed to the ceiling and easy
to install.
+ Does not require false ceiling
+ Cord or cordless remote unit for control.
Hidden
+ Similar to above but is hidden in a box like
unit or false ceiling involving additional cost
and makes it uneconomically.
+ Interior looks bright and uniform.
Cassette
Always mounted above the ceiling.
Outlet grill flush with the surface of the
false ceiling.
Slim and occupies less space.
Multiple units can be provided for larger
spaces.
Control by cord or cordless remote unit.
Best suited for spaces with low ceiling
height, varied beam depth, etc. San 4>—
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i
Universal Fan eo Celing foor Fan eal unit CCeling concealed duet Fan eal unit Howall Fan col unt AIR HANDLING UNIT (AHU)
+ AHU is a unit with centrifugal type fan to regulate and circulate air to and from
conditioned area.
+ The air is passed through filters and then to chilled water tubes or cooling coils
(evaporator)
+ This cooled and dehumidified air is discharged back to conditioned space.
+ Adamper arrangement is made to allow some outside air mix with return air.
+ It is a typical steel cased box housing cooling coil and blower.
+ Motor is mounted outside to drive the fan by a pulley and belt arrangement.
+ AHU come is various sizes depending on the requirement. Air conditioning systems require an additional air handling systems in order to
provide a supply of fresh and treated air for the health and comforts of the occupants.
For the comfort of the occupants the extra humidity has to be removed. It is nothing
but removal of condensation. It is difficult to perform in the air conditioned area or
the occupied space. Hence a separate air handling unit is required especially for a
large air conditioned building.
The air handling unit consists of FAN, FILTER and DUCTS to RUN AIR, SUPPLY AIR,
EVAPORATOR with provision for fresh air intake.
In the cooling process chilled refrigerant or chilled water ( a secondary refrigerant is
pumped from evaporator in AC plant to AHU room.
‘The warm return air or fresh air or the combination of both is passed over the coil.
Thus the air will reduce its temperature and at the same time dehudification takes
place. All these actions are carried out to be required temperature and humidity. This
handled air is recirculated to AC area through filters, ducts etc. Cooling Tower
+ Water is used to cool the condensor
+ Water is pumped from cooling tower to condensor.
+ It is placed close to the AC plant room and where there is good air circulation (like
terraces) Centralised Air-Conditioning System
The central air conditioning plants or the systems are used when large
buildings, hotels, theaters, airports, shopping malls etc. are to be air
conditioned completely.
The window and split air conditioners are used for single rooms or small
office spaces.
If the whole building is to be cooled it is not economically viable to put
window or split air conditioner in each and every room.
Further, these small units cannot satisfactorily cool the large halls,
auditoriums, receptions areas etc. Packaged Air-Conditioning System
+ The window and split air conditioners are usually used for the small air
conditioning capacities up to 5 tons.
+ The central air conditioning systems are used for where the cooling loads
extend beyond 20 tons.
+ The packaged air conditioners are used for the cooling capacities in
between these two extremes.
+ The packaged air conditioners are available in the fixed rated capacities of
3,5, 7, 10 and 15 tons.
+ These units are used commonly in places like restaurants, telephone
exchanges, homes, small halls, etc. The packaged unit houses air filtering, cooling, dehumidifying and air
handling components and is factory assembled.
Components for heating and humidifying can also be included within the
system.
The condensor can be air cooled or water cooled. The water cooled can be
completely factory assembled.
Air cooled type requires field work for installation. It is preferred where there
is shortage of water, but the capacity will be less than water cooled unit
using the same compressor.
For larger loads, multiple units installed with a common cooling tower of
water cooled condensor. EVAPORATOR FAN MOTOR
OUTSIDE AIR
ae
——_>
VENTILATIONAIR A thermostat, with its sensing bulb fixed
on the air entry side of the cooling coil, is
provided to cycle the compressor as part of
the setting desired.
Upper compartment
Evaporator coil
Fan
Motor
Air grills
Filters
Expansion valve
Control panel
‘Thermostat sensor
Lower compartment
Compressor
Condensor
Electric panel
| _ ergs n
i
[—Lausire Direct Expansion (DX) Type
+ Air cooled and conditioned in the plant room. Direct expansion indicates that air is
blown over cooling coil directly to get conditioned air to the adjacent room.
+ The treated air is pumped to required areas through ducts.
+ The return air is again filtered and recirculated.
+ For all air-conditoned space only one evaporator is used hence ducts are continuous
from plant room to last point.
+ Return air gets cooled through AHU which contains filter, evaporator and a fan.
+ During fire break the smoke spreads through out the building.
+ Local shut off AC is not possible
+ Consumption of electricity is high. Three main components:
+ Space to be conditioned
+ Air handling unit - AHU room
(contiguous to the AC space)
-Evaporator
-Expansion valve
— Filters
—Fan
Refrigerant piping.
+ AC plant room
— Compressor
—Condensor
-Fresh air duct with
damper
eaves =F
weet
| on wtunsirdost [| Freer arous
Zt Ptantaom
Clad rate]
mbt? Ea ee
seis 24 [Faw
E cont.
Tisronte eae eat
Fig. 20.8. Central air cosine OX system
Supply and return air ducts have to be insulted and
separated as they have to pass through non-
conditioned space. CHILLED WATER SYSTEM
+ An AC plant room is required in which water is cooled through evaporator surrounded
by water.
+ Heat exchange takes place between water and cold refrigerant and water becomes
chilled water.
+ This chilled water acts as a secondary refrigerant and is pumped to all air
handling unit rooms or fan coil units through insulated pipes.
+ From this AHU, where chilled water is passed in cooling coils air is circulated to all
spaces through ducts.
+ This works both air cooled and water cooled condensor.
+ Ifwater cooled condensor is used a cooling tower is required.
+ This system is preferred where multi zones are to be cooled.
+ AC plant room can be located on the terrace, basement or as a detached unit.
+ Plant room is noisy and require constant maintenance and servicing. Fo. 208 Cons ot condoning as
CONDENSER
EXPANSION VALVE
Ww ‘Type of coolant
R-22
MONOKLORODIFLUOROMETANA
R11
TRIKLOROMONOFLUROMETANA
R12
DIKLORODIFLUOROMETANA. DUCTS AND DUCT SYSTEMS
‘The function of the duct is to convey the air between two points
From AHU to the room
From room to the AC apparatus.
The ducts carry conditioned air to distribute to all required areas uniformly
through Supply Air Duct and the vitiated air from the conditioned room go
through the Return Air Duct for re-conditioning.
The SAD are insulated and made air tight so that the conditioned air should
not be leaked or mixed with other air on its way.
Flexible hose is made of high strength steel wire wrapped with aluminium foil
composite membrane.
Fiber wrap insulation for SAD.
Galvanized iron sheet, aluminum sheet or stainless steel sheets are the
common materials used for ducts. Air movement control is an essential requirement in air-conditioning to
maintain even temperature and humidity throughout the air conditioned space.
‘The duct fabrication an layout plays vital role in air-conditioning because of
leakages of conditioned air, uneven distribution of inlets, too many bends.
Ducts
- The ducts have to be accommodated within a space.
- Like any liquid passing through a pipe, air passing through a duct looses
pressure due to friction.
- Balance between initial cost (material cost, fabrication and erection) and
operating cost ( power consumption) The pressure in the ducts fall due to two factors:
1. Frictional losses (surface friction)
2. Dynamic losses — change in direction of air flow, velocity, eddy sources.
Air distribution systems are based on
1. Velocity
i. Low velocity - below 760m/min (comfort AC)
ii. High velocity - above 760m/min
2. Pressure
i. Class I fan - low pressure — upto 95mm water gauge.
ii. Class II fan — medium pressure - 95 — 170mm water gauge.
iii. Class III fan —- high pressure — 170 —- 310mm water gauge. Duct Elbows
iM
eS
Bs i
bw x bes ek
ad ro (RR) ee
Fig. 23.8 Rasius,otio ond aspect ratio
Important factor to design ducts.
Ratio of long side to small side.
As AR increases, more metal surface is
required for the duct for the same cross
section of the area.
Higher AR not only increases initial cost
but also operating cost by way of
increased heat gain or loss.
To reduce losses to the minimum,
elbows should be designed and
fabricated properly.
An elbow with a radius ratio of 1.5
is considered to be a standard
elbow.
An aspect ratio exceeding 3 will
have an increased turbulence
within the elbow resulting in a
marked increase in pressure loss.
The recommended maximum
aspect ratio is 6. Different ways of making a
eT 90deg bend. Some involve
| “® cS — greater pressure loss than
rte © © others.
Rowe fexrone
me ares
Sharp turns or size variations
creates eddies, resulting in
(eat pressure losses. This has to be
ij avoided.
elas — Shape of Ducts
©
i 0" pend, So rc got pana Rectangular
tera wave of makin»
Circular
oD square
aa
N gu