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Chapter: 1: Chemical Reactions and Equations Lesson-1 Notes

This document provides an overview of chemical reactions and equations. It defines a chemical reaction as the transformation of substances through bond breaking and forming, and lists characteristics like state changes, color changes, temperature changes, and gas evolution. It then explains that a chemical equation is a shorthand representation using formulas and symbols, including word, skeletal, and balanced equations. Balancing equations ensures the same number of each type of atom on both sides. Physical states can be denoted as (g)aseous, (l)iquid, (aq)ueous, or (s)olid.

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31 views2 pages

Chapter: 1: Chemical Reactions and Equations Lesson-1 Notes

This document provides an overview of chemical reactions and equations. It defines a chemical reaction as the transformation of substances through bond breaking and forming, and lists characteristics like state changes, color changes, temperature changes, and gas evolution. It then explains that a chemical equation is a shorthand representation using formulas and symbols, including word, skeletal, and balanced equations. Balancing equations ensures the same number of each type of atom on both sides. Physical states can be denoted as (g)aseous, (l)iquid, (aq)ueous, or (s)olid.

Uploaded by

Ansh Tomar
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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CHAPTER: 1: CHEMICAL REACTIONS AND EQUATIONS

LESSON-1 NOTES

• CHEMICAL REACTIONS: The transformation of chemical substances into a new chemical substance
by making or breaking of bonds between different atoms is known as chemical reaction.
• CHARACTERISTICS OF A CHEMICAL REACTION:
✓ Change in state. Example: Magnesium ribbon (cleaned with sand paper to remove oxide
layer on magnesium) burns with a dazzling white flame and changes into a white powder.
This Powder is magnesium oxide.
✓ Change in colour: Example: Iron reacts with aqueous solution of copper sulphate, then the
blue colour of copper sulphate changes to pale green colour.
✓ Change in temperature: Example: Calcium oxide reacts with water to produce calcium
hydroxide along with lots of heat which increases the temperature of the beaker.
✓ Evolution of gas: Example: When zinc granules react with dilute sulphuric acid, we observe
evolution of a colourless and odourless hydrogen gas which burns with a pop sound.
✓ Formation of precipitate: Example: Aqueous solution of lead nitrate is added to aqueous
solution of potassium iodide. We observe that both the transparent colourless solution
when mixed form an insoluble yellow solid called precipitate.
• CHEMICAL EQUATION: It is a short-hand representation of a chemical reaction using symbols and
formulas.
✓ Word Equation: When we express a reaction using names of the reactants and
products, it is called word equation.
For example: Magnesium + Oxygen → Magnesium oxide
✓ Skeletal Equation: Unbalanced equation is called skeletal equation.
For example: Mg + O2 → MgO
Zn + H2SO4 → ZnSO4 + H2
✓ Balanced Equation: An equation in which the number of atoms of each element is
same on both sides of an equation is called a balanced equation. An equation needs
to be balanced to satisfy Law of Conservation of Mass.
For example: 2Mg + O2 → 2MgO
Zn + H2SO4 → ZnSO4 + H2
• STEPS TO BALANCE AN EQUATION:
✓ Let us try to balance the following chemical equation:
Fe + H2O → Fe3O4 + H2
✓ Step I: To balance a chemical equation, first draw boxes around each formula. Do not
change anything inside the boxes while balancing the equation.

✓ Step II: List the number of atoms of different elements present in the unbalanced
equation.

✓ Step III: It is often convenient to start balancing with the compound that contains the
maximum number of atoms. It may be a reactant or a product. In that compound,
select the element which has the maximum number of atoms. Using these criteria,
we select Fe3O4 and the element oxygen in it. There are four oxygen atoms on the
RHS and only one on the LHS. Let us balance oxygen, then hydrogen and at last iron.
✓ Step IV: Finally, to check the correctness of the balanced equation, we count atoms
of each element on both sides of the equation.
3Fe + 4H2O → Fe3O4 + 4H2 (BALANCED EQUATION by hit-and-trial method)
✓ Step V: Writing Symbols of Physical States. To make a chemical equation more
informative, the physical states of the reactants and products are mentioned along
with their chemical formulae. The gaseous, liquid, aqueous and solid states of
reactants and products are represented by the notations (g), (l), (aq) and (s),
respectively. The word aqueous (aq) is written if the reactant or product is present
as a solution in water.
3Fe(s) + 4H2O (g) → Fe3O4 (s) + 4H2 (g)

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