General Principles Communication ethics emphasizes that morals influence the

behavior of an individual, group, or organization thereby

• Know your purpose in communicating. affecting their communication. It is anticipating and weighing
• Know your audience. the effects of one's message on an audience.
• Know your topic.
• Adjust your speech or writing to the context of the Communication Ethics
situation.
Ethics defines the best option as the one which best achieves
• Work on the feedback given you. what is good, right and consistent with the nature of the
Principles of Effective Oral Communication things in question.

• Be clear with your purpose. You should by heart • Values tell us what's good they're the things we
your objective in communicating. strive for, desire and seek to protect.
• Be complete with the message you deliver. Make • Principles tell us what's right - outlining how we may
sure that your claims are supported by facts and or may not achieve our values.
essential information. • Purpose is your reason for being - it gives life to your
• Be concise. You do not need to be verbose or wordy values and principles.
with your statements. Brevity in speech is a must. Ethical Measures in Communication
• Be natural with your delivery. Punctuate important
words with the appropriate gestures and Using information that me from a credible, verifiable and
movements. Exude a certain degree of confidence relevant sources. Communicating with no intent to harm
even if you do not feel confident enough. another. Being careful, attentive and inclusive through word
• Be specific and timely with your feedback. Inputs choice and tone. Looking at the differences as a way to
are most helpful when provided on time. understand each other and what matters to us. It never
silences and it welcomes disagreements as opportunities for
knowing others in a more respectful and thoughtful manner.
PRINCIPLES OF EFFECTIVE WRITTEN COMMUNICATION: THE Guide to Ethical Communication
7CS
1. Establish an effective value system that will pave the way
1. Be clear. Be clear about your message. Always be guided for development of your integrity as a person. One's behavior
by your purpose in communicating. and decision-making style affect, in turn, the operations of
2. Be concise. Always stick to the point and do not beat or an organization.
run around the bush. Be brief focusing on your main point. 2. Provide complete and accurate information. Whether it is
3. Be concrete. Support your claims with enough facts. Your needed or not, the data you provide should always be
readers will easily know if you are bluffing or deceiving them contextualized and correct.
because there is nothing to substantiate your claims. 3. Disclose vital information adequately and appropriately.
4. Be correct. It is important that you observe grammatical Never conceal or hide information that are necessary for
correctness in your writing. purposes of transparency.

5. Be coherent. Your wiring becomes coherent when you Communication Modes

convey a logical message. Communication mode refers to the channel through which
6. Be complete. Include all necessary and relevant one expresses his/her communicative intent. It is the
information. medium through which one conveys his/her thoughts. Views
and feelings can be communicated through face-to face
7. Be courteous. The tone o fyour writing should be friendly. interactin, video, or audio. The mode may also be text-based.
MODES
Ethical Use of Language Face-to-face. It is the most common among all the modes. It
is an informal or casual conversation between two or more
ETHICS - is the process of questioning, discovering and
people.
defending our values, principles and purpose. It's about
finding out who we are and staying true to that in the face of Video. Web cameras are used so that two or more people
temptations, challenges and uncertainty. (ethics.org.au) who cannot interact face-to-face can communicate.
Audio. Audio means transmitted sound. Thus, in this mode,
only the voice of the speaker is heard. 4. CASUAL REGISTER- This is informal language used by peers
and friends. Slang, vulgarities and colloquialisms are normal.
Text-based communication. These are e-mails, facsimile, This is "group" language. One must be member to engage in
text messaging, and instant messaging. Facebook, Twitter, this register.e.g. buddies, teammates, chats and emails, and
and Instagram are also text-based. blogs, and letters to friends.
5. INTIMATE REGISTER- This communication is private. It is
LANGUAGE REGISTERS reserved for close family members or intimate people. e.g.
husband & wife, boyfriend & girlfriend, siblings, parent &
REGISTERS refer to the style and degrees of formality that we children.
use depending on our communication contexts.
There are five language registers or styles. Each level has an ADVERTISING COMMUNICATION: WHAT IS ADVERTISING?
appropriate use that is determined by differing situations. It
would certainly be inappropriate to use language and
vocabulary reserve for a boyfriend or girlfriend when Advertising is the broad and direct communication that
speaking in the classroom. Thus, the appropriate language introduces your brand to the public, educates about your
register depends upon the audience (who), the topic (what), products and services, prompts people with an interest to take
purpose (why) and location (where). action and provides urgency when you convey special
promotions.
LANGUAGE REGISTERS (GENERAL CLASSIFICATION)
Advertising in business is a type of communication that
The formal register is more appropriate for professional persuades and encourages people to take a particular action.
writing and letters to a boss or a stranger. Communication is important because it verses people on the
different things that the business has to offer. Advertisements
The informal register (also called casual or intimate) is also shows the advantages, features and values of a certain
conversational and appropriate when writing to friends and product. The action can be purchase or involvement. One of
people you know very well. the results of advertising is to change the commercial
The neutral register is non-emotional and sticks to facts. It is behavior of people.
most appropriate for technical writings.
Therefore, it is important for the advertisers to communicate
with the consumers. ‘Marketing and communication’ is a
1. STATIC REGISTER- This style of communications RARELY or phrase that shows all the parts of a company’s process of
NEVER changes. It is "frozen" in time and content. e.g. the marketing. This entails the customer service and the research.
Pledge of Allegiance (Panatang Makabayan), the Lord's Prayer, Most of the firms use the marketing research to understand
the Preamble to the Philippine Constitution, a bibliographic their client.
reference, laws.
COMMUNICATION IN ADVERTISING
Communication is the act of using signs, symbols and pictures
2. FORMAL REGISTER- This language is used in formal settings
to pass a message, make meaning or exchange information.
and is one-way in nature. This use of language usually follows a
Marketing communication involves giving information about
commonly accepted format. It is usually impersonal and formal.
a certain product and a service. Advertising is a very powerful
A common format for this register are speeches. e.g. sermons,
form of communication. Communication is a daily process of
rhetorical statements and questions, speeches,
passing information from one party to another.
pronouncements made by judges, announcements.
There is a relationship between advertising and
3. CONSULTATIVE REGISTER- This is a standard form communication because firms cannot advertise without
communications. Users engage in a mutually accepted communicating. The relationships between the two are in the
structure of communications. It is formal and societal audience, message development, methods of communication
expectations accompany the users of this speech. It is and customer service and when a firm uses them correctly it
professional discourse. e.g. when strangers meet, can impact on the purchases and the revenue.
communications between a superior and a subordinate,
doctor & patient, lawyer & client, lawyer & judge, teacher &
student, counselor & client,
ELEMENTS AFFECTING ADVERTISING ad should have is quality products. Most viewers enjoy
advertisements that showcase quality products (Leiss
AUDIENCE 1968).
• One of the relationships of advertisement and
communication is the audience. Before an individual can • Different products have different messages. Some
promote something or communicate something, he or she advertisements use pictures and captions to communicate.
must have knowledge of the audience. The audience are Pictures give a visual representation of an idea or service.
the recipients of the message. The research bit of the Other advertisements use taglines. Taglines are short
communication or advertisement is very critical. statements that summarize the main message of a product.
The tagline is very important in any marketing strategy. The
• According to Dyer (1982), advertisements are a type of tagline should be short, precise and easy to remember.
communication because advertisement can merge itself in
the field of communication. They influence people’s ADVERTISENTS, PR AND SELLING
decisions, thoughts and feelings. When done in the right • There are different methods of communication between
way it makes a person to buy a certain good or service. It is business and the public. These are advertisements, Public
a potent power that changes people’s thoughts. Relations (PR) and selling. Most companies utilize these
types of communication when they want to reach out to the
• Advertising inserts itself in the daily lives of most people. It public. Other companies however use two of the methods
has a subtle and soft way of persuading people. It and they skip the Public Relations. Advertising mainly take
manipulates people’s consumer cultures. In the the form of the three types of media.
contemporary society, every firm must have a lot of ads if it
wants to make great strides in the market and in the • Print media Ads occur in magazines and newspapers.
industry. One of the main niches in commercials is in the Broadcast media ads occur in radio and TV while digital ads
magazine ads. are in websites and blogs. The companies often targets the
media with more ratings because this means that the
• This meets the needs of the market is a very refined way. message reaches more people. Public Relation companies
Thy show quality products in glossy pages with models. communicate positive messages about a firm by promoting
All the editors of the magazines make sure that they write it to the external environment. Sales and promotions are
great pieces to ensure that the magazine has a wide impactful because they tell people about upcoming
following. When firms place ads in this magazine this products. This is a way in which companies communicate to
increases the sales and revenue (Leiss 1982). the public without advertising.

MESSAGE DEVELOPMENT CUSTOMER SERVICE

• Another key relationship between communication and • The fourth relationship is customer service. Customer
advertising is message development. Every firm must have service is the act of taking care of the clientele and
a marketing objective and it must establish the message responding to their needs. This practice makes the
that it will give to the audience. One of the objective s of companies to retain its clients and this brings revenues and
advertisements in business is to increase the customer sales for the company. There are different customer service
base, improving the customer attitudes for the brand, strategies whereby the companies support their
generating clients and revenue. All these are the messages communications with the customers. Customer service
that firms intend to communicate to the public. involves interactions and discussions of the customer
experience and preference.
• After the management comes up with the objectives, they
then communicate them to the audience. The • After this, the employees then follow up and find out if the
communication must be in such a way that it drives more customer was satisfied by the service or product that
people into the business. The main form of communication he/she got from the company. Follow up communication is
for business with the public is in form of advertisements. vital in businesses that are sourcing clients through
According to Kokemuller (2014) a marketing process has advertisement. This helps to create a good rapport between
very many facets. the client and the company and it also help sin conflict
resolution. Communication in this stage also helps the
• One of the main parts is coming up with an objective for the company to know on what areas it needs to improve so that
advertisement. There are different qualities that every ad it comes with better quality products and services.
should have in order for it to have an impact on the According to Kokemuller (2014), the business must
audience. Advertisements should be age appropriate establish a relationship between the business and the
because they have a wide market. Other qualities that an clients to ensure that they will go back.
 targeting and event sponsorship, advertising presents a
HOW TO MAKE AN EFFECTIVE ADVERTISEMENT? psychologically-crafted message to a broad group of
potential customers. Colors, shapes, slogans and other
• For an advertisement to be effective and to the clients. It sensory triggers are used to arouse an image in the minds of
must be credible. It should be truthful and believable. the viewers. That image governs how they relate to the
There are different reactions and perceptions of company introduced in the advertising and products.
advertisements as a form of communication.
Education
Advertisements can be enjoyable, annoying, offensive or
informative. Advertising also introduces the product and conveys
information regarding that product. Again, Coca Cola's classic
• All the people who place advertisements should ensure bottle with condensation that a smiling and clearly refreshed
that they are informative and fun and these are the person is holding is an example how, in a print ad, Coca Cola
reactions that will hook the clients. Other factors that also gets across the value of its product as a cold, refreshing drink
make people love ads as a form of communication is the that makes the consumer happy. Predominant red and white
sensuousness, humor, personal relevance, uniqueness and colors recall the good feelings of previous branding and the
irritation. These factors influence people’s attitudes distinctive bottle shape identifies the product as Coca Cola,
towards a certain brand or product (Richard, Scott & even if the label is not readable.
George, 1983).
Call to action
• According to Duncan, T& Sandra (1998) the foundation of Are you ready to drink a Coca-Cola right now? That is the call
marketing is communication and not persuasion. to action. When you see a smiling person drinking one, it
Communication is a very important element of marketing reminds you that you would like to drink one too. The tag line
between the consumers, stakeholders and the companies. "The pause that refreshes" validates your feeling and creates
In the world today, people have confined marketing in the urgency. In fact, by the time you have seen a few years of
field of economics and finance. Coca-Cola advertising, you are psychologically primed to
respond to the red and white colors, the bottle shape and the
In conclusion, advertisement persuades people to take brand name. You immediately consider whether you want to
action. There are different types of action that firms expect buy a Coca-Cola.
from the consumers. Communication is a daily process of
passing information from one party to another. The Urgency
relationships between the two are in the audience, message
Advertising also spreads the word of special promotions that
development, methods of communication and customer
create urgency. When you see an ad that proclaims a
service and when a firm uses them correctly it can impact on
Valentine Day sale on items you want to buy, you know you
the purchases and the revenue.
must buy on the day of the sale if you want to get the
attractive price. Ads with coupons provide the same sense of
Advertisement seeks to change the commercial behavior of
urgency. Not only does the coupon generally have an
people. Before people make a commercial they must know
expiration date but it psychologically represents someone
their audience. They must have background information on
giving you the money to buy the advertised item. It creates a
their tastes and preferences and this will make sure that they
priority to spend the coupon on acquiring the item, even if its
find their needs in the ad. The ad has to communicate to them
purchase had not been a priority before receiving the
that they can get the product that suits them. In the message
coupon.
development stage, the firm has to decide on the message
that it intends to communicate to the people. The method of KINDS OF PERSUASION IN ADVERTISEMENT
communication should capture the attention of people and it
should also be informative. Some of the advertisements use Ethos is used as a means of convincing an audience by
humor to communicate the message. The advertiser should offering reliability, honesty. and credibility. This usually
practice customer care to make sure that it gets clients and means a respected authority figure or celebrity giving a
retains the others. product or brand a testimonial or endorsement.
Whenever the ad speaks to doctor recommended or
Advertising Communication Objective American Dental Association-approved, it is attempting to
Branding persuade you through ethos. That's all about having
authority figures or agencies convince you to buy, because
The first objective of advertising is to introduce a brand to a they know better than you. This is especially useful in the
broadly targeted market. Through the use of regional multi-trillion dollar health care industry, in which ads that
newspapers, radio and television, online and mobile device speak to the credibility of the persuaders might be on to
something. Health care spends more than 10 billion dollars 1. Syntactic - rules of language
on advertising each year, promoting everything from that 2. Pragmatic - rules on the use of language
little blue pill called Viagra to better treatments for cancer. 3. Semantic - study of meaning
Pathos aims to convince viewers by evoking an emotional
response. This can be a positive, such the joy you would feel It is a social interaction where at least two interacting agents
if you bought, say, a new Buick. It can be a negative, as in, share a common set of signs and a common set of semiotic
"Ouch, my headache, please make it go away." And how rules.
about guilt? "Send money or this kid will starve."
A process by which we assign and convey meaning to create
Pathos Appeals to the Heart shared understanding.

The Series of Jollibee commercials is an example of classic What to Consider

pathos ad, generating million views. But be forewarned:
These ads' use of pathos may leave you in tears. MEMORY

Pathos ads are often successful because they appeal to the - Memory is considered the brain's storage bin, for
very best instincts in human nature - all the good that unites later use in communicating.
us. In addition to storing information and experiences,
your brain also stores the words needed to express
Logos appeals to logic and reason by using statistics, facts, these ideas.
and figures. Aristotle considered this the biggie. In the
Words are symbols that stand for ideas or
modern day, let's be honest here, logic has leveled off. The
experiences.
top mode of persuasion is up for grabs.
The ads that use numbers and graphs attempt to persuade REASONING
you through logic. When the anti-smoking movement - Reasoning is the ability to put two or more >>deas
became recurring television PSA ads, those messages often together and produce a new idea.
focused on the devastating consequences of picking up the - Humans have a highly developed reasoning.
bad habit: deaths, cancers and more. They used statistics and
numbers, but also images. Some showed what your lungs Functions of Speech Communication
look like after Osmoking.
1. Speech Communication Links One Mind to Another
Others focused on victims of smoking forced to use breathing
machines, and still others brought children into the mix - speaking out your mind and heart using vivid words and
speaking to the danger of secondhand smoke. Logos is also expressions make you both an ally to each other.
used by mobile phone service providers that show you maps
- Freedom to express what is in your mind and heart
and graphs to demonstrate that they have better coverage
establishes the bridge that connects you with another person
than their competitors.
Companies will tell you to use their product because this 2. Speaking Makes Your Mental Machine Works Harder
chart or graph proves it get results. Buy this cold medicine - speaking effectively requires your ability to think
because statistics show you'll get better faster. The numbers
prove it: more people like our product than our competitors'. - sharing your ideas or feelings through the spoken
Don't you want to be like them? medium requires you to be extra careful with your
words
- be wary of your words for failure in doing so may
THE NATURE OF COMMUNICATION lead to chaos

• Communication is the blood-line of society. 3. Speaking Communication Serves as an Important Factor

• Communication is basic to success. in the Preservation of One's Heritage
• Communication is important
- speaking furthers the cultural entity of the people and of a
Communication Defined >> untry in particular

It can be seen as a process of information transmission - this clearly marks your identity as a person who belongs to
governed by the three levels of semiotic rules. a particular culture

*SEMIOTICS - theory of the functions of signs and symbols

What Does Communication Encompass? people get uncomfortable even seeing others interacting in
the intimate zone.
1. Paralanguage - this is the way we say words, the vocal cues
that accompany our spoken language. 2. PERSONAL ZONE

This is affected by: - Personal and intimate zones refer to the space that starts at
our physical body and extends four feet.
A. Rate (Speed of speaking)
B. Pitch (Highness or lowness of voice) - These zones are reserved for friends, close acquaintances,
C. Volume (Loudness) and significant others. Much of our communication occurs in
D. Vocal Filters (Speech production) the personal zone, which is what we typically think of as our
E. Quality (Pleasing or unpleasing sound) "personal space bubble" and extends from 1.5 feet to 4 feet
away from our body.

2. Body Movements - this is how we move our body to - The outer-personal zone extends from 2.5 feet to 4 feet and
convey our thoughts and ideas. Social scientists use kinesics is useful for conversations that need to be private but that
to refer to the study of body movements which are classified occur between people who are not interpersonally close.
into:
- This zone allows for relatively intimate communication but
A. Emblems-these are body movements that have direct doesn't convey the intimacy that a closer distance would,
translation to words just like nodding for okay which can be beneficial in professional settings.

B. Illustrators-these are body movements which accent, - The inner-personal zone extends from 1.5 feet to 2.5 feet
emphasize or reinforce words such as movements when and is a space reserved for communication with people we
exclaiming "The snake is long!" are interpersonally close to or trying to get to know.

C. Affect Displays - these are movements which use face and - In this subzone, we can easily touch the other person as we
body motions talk to them, briefly placing a hand on his or her arm or
engaging in other light social touching that facilitates
D. Adaptors-body movements which facilitate release of
conversation, self disclosure, and feelings of closeness.
bodily tension. They are ways o adjusting o communication
situations. Ex: tapping pens, twisting hair, etc. 3. SOCIAL ZONE

E. Regulators-body movements which control or coordinate - Communication that occurs in the social zone, which is four
interaction. They include gestures that signal either the start to twelve feet away from our body, is typically in the context
or end of a conversation. of a professional or casual interaction, but not intimate or
public.
3. Space and Distance-non-verbal communication is also
expressed through our use of space and distance. The space - This distance is preferred in many professional settings
and distance we maintain when speaking to others reveal the because it reduces the suspicion of any impropriety.
association we have with them. Proxemics is the study of the
- The expression "keep someone at an arm's length" means
use of space and distance between people and objects.
that someone is kept out of the personal space and kept in
4 Distance Zones the social/professional space.

1. INTIMATE ZONE - If two people held up their arms and stood so just the tips
of their fingers were touching, they would be around four
- Intimate zone is reserved for only the closest friends, family,
feet away from each other, which is perceived as a safe
and romantic/intimate partners.
distance because the possibility for intentional or
- A breach of this space can be comforting in some contexts unintentional touching doesn't exist.
and annoying or frightening in others. We need regular
4. PUBLIC ZONE
human contact that isn't just verbal but also physical.
Public and social zones refer to the space four or more feet
- Being close to someone and feeling their physical presence
away from our body, and the communication that typically
can be very comforting when words fail.
occurs in these zones is formal and not intimate.
- There are also social norms regarding the amount of this
type of closeness that can be displayed in public, as some
→ Public space starts about twelve feet from a person and people, making communication much more difficult than
extends out from there. This is the least personal of the four most people seem to realize. It is false to assume that if one
zones and would typically be used when a person is engaging can talk, he can communicate. Because so much of our
in a speech and is removed from the audience to allow the education misleads people into thinking that communication
audience to see or when a high profile or powerful person is easier than it is, they become discouraged and give up
like a celebrity or executive maintains such a distance as a when they run into difficulty. Because they do not
sign of power or for safety and security reasons. understand the nature of the problem, they do not know
what to do. The wonder is not that communicating is as
-This is the least personal of the four zones and would
difficult as it is, but that it occurs as much as it does."
typically be used when a person is engaging in a speech and
is removed from the audience to allow the audience to see -Reuel Howe, Theologian and Educator
or when a high-profile or powerful person like a celebrity or
Barriers to Effective Communication
executive maintains such a distance as a sign of power or for
safety and security reasons. When people are under stress, they are more apt to inject
communication barriers into their conversation. These
What Does Communication Encompass?
barriers can exist in any of the three components of
4. Artifacts or Appearance - the display presentation of self communication (verbal, paraverbal, and nonverbal).
which includes clothing, decorations of space, hairstyle, color According to Thomas Gordon, author of the Parent
choice and others. Effectiveness Training program, people use communication
barriers 90% of the time in conflict situations. For this reason,
5. Postures and Body Orientation - the way we talk, take a
it is worthwhile to describe some of the common responses
seat, walk and others reveal many facets our personalities.
that will, inevitably, have a negative effect on
6. Touch - this is used for controlling, teaching, showing communications:
affection. Its study is called haptics or tactile.
Barriers to Effective Communication (VERBAL)
7. Eye Contact and Facial Expressions - it regulates the flow
1. Attacking (interrogating, criticizing, blaming, shaming)
of conversation and reveal sincerity and interest as well as
credibility. Occulesics is the study of eye behavior. "If you were doing your job and supervising Susie in the lunch
line we probably wouldn't be in this situation. would we?"
8. Time-this refers to how we use our time. Chronomics is the
study of time. "Have you followed through with the counseling we asked
you to do? Have you gotten Ben to the doctors for his medical
Reasons why we communicate.
checkup? Did you call and arrange for a Big Brother? Have
1. Physical Needs you found out if you're eligible for food stamps? "From what
2. Identity Needs can see you don't have the training to teach a child with
3. Social Needs: ADHD, Obviously if you did you would be using different
4. Practical Needs strategies that wouldn't make her feel like she's a bad
person."
VALUES of Effective Oral Communication
2. "You Messages" (moralizing, preaching, advising,
1. As a student, you may earn the respect and admiration of diagnosing)
your classmates and teachers if you articulate your thoughts
clearly. Aside from getting high grades, you also avoid being "You don't seem to understand how important it is for your
misinterpreted or ridiculed by other people. child to get this help. Don't you see that he's well on his way
to becoming a sociopath?" "You obviously don't realize that
2. When you graduate, you have the edge over the job if you were following the same steps, we do at home you
applicants it you have effective speech. As a professional, you wouldn't be having this problem. You don't seem to care
can earn a promotion and, correspondingly, a pay increase about what is going on in this child's life outside of school."
through effective communication. If you're into sales or
marketing, you can easily clinch a deal. 3. Showing Power (ordering, threatening, commanding,
directing)
Barriers to Effective Communication
"If you don't voluntarily agree to this evaluation, we can take
"A barrier to communication is something that keeps you to due process. Go ahead and file a complaint if you want
meanings from meeting. Meaning barriers exist between all fo.
"I'm going to write a letter of complaint to the BARRIERS
superintendent and have this in your file if you don't stop
1. Attitude and Opinions
humiliating my son in front of his classmates. I know my
2. Emotions
rights."
3. Filtering and distortion of message
4. Other Verbal Barriers: shouting, name calling, refusing to 4. Status difference
speak. 5. inattention
6. closed mindedness
Barriers to Effective Communication (NON-VERBAL)
7. fields of experience
1. Flashing or rolling eyes
2. Quick or slow movements Other Psychological barriers:
3. Arms crossed; legs crossed
1. Group identification
4. Gestures made with exasperation
2. Self-image
5. Slouching, hunching over
3. Premature evaluation
6. Poor personal care
4. distrust
7. Doodling
5. poor retention

Barriers to Effective Communication (OTHER BARRIERS)

3. CROSS-CULTURAL BARRIERS
1. SEMANTIC & LANGUAGE BARRIERS
Culture - a particular society that has its own beliefs, ways of
Similar sounding words (HOMOPHONES)
life, art, customs, etc.
Examples:
- customary beliefs, social forms and material traits of a
Pale-pail racial, religious or social group
Buy-bye-by
- set of shared attitudes, values, goals and practices that
Alter-altar
characterizes an institution or organization
Roin-reign
1. Social Relation
- Words have multiple meaning [Homonyms) 2. Concept of Time
3. Language
Examples
4. Values
Never desert your friends in the desert. 5. Concept of Space
6. Gestures
Close the window before the bee gets too close

- Word: have multiple pronunciations (Homographs) 4. ORGANIZATIONAL BARRIERS

LANGUAGE BARRIERS 1. Loss or distortion of messages as they pass from one level
- different languages to another
- no clarity in speech
- Using jargons (confused unintelligible language) 2. Filtering of information according to one's
- not being specific understanding/interpretation

3. Messages not read completely or not understood

Examples:
correctly
The minute you get that minute thing out of the hole. will
4. Deliberate withholding of information from peers
cause the puppy to breathe steadily.
perceived as rivals 5. Information gap if upper level does not
He could lead it he would get the lead out. know the true state of affairs

2. SOCIO-PSYCHOLOGICAL BARRIERS

Psychological Barriers can be described as the cause of

distorted communication because of human psychology
problems.