SCIENCE REVIEWER 3RD QUARTER TYPES OF VOLCANOES(STRUCTURE) VOLCANIC MATERIALS

VOLCANO Three Types of Lava Based on their

• Cinder Cone Volcano
- is a vent or 'chimney' that connects molten Composition
rock (magma) from within the Earth’s crust to – Is formed from pyroclastic materials which
• Basaltic Lava
the Earth's surface. cones are not very high. They are typically
small volcanoes. – Is dark colored and contains iron and
The volcano includes the surrounding cone of
magnesium and a lot of water. It
erupted material. – Ex. Smith Volcano also known as Mount
forms igneous rock/basalt when
Babuyan.
• Deep within the Earth, rocks exist as hot cooled.
liquid called magma which are found in • Shield Volcanoes
– 1000-1200o C
pockets called magma chambers.
– Are broad, slightly domed volcanoes which
– From mantle
• When magma reaches the earth’s surface, produces dome shaped mountains when
it is called lava. erupting silently. • Rhyolitic Lava
• Lava will come out of the volcano through – Ex. Kanlaon Volcano – Is light colored and contains iron,
its vent. magnesium and silica, producing
• Composite Volcanoes
rhyolite when cooled.
• At the top of a volcanic cone, there is often
– Are built from alternating layers of rock
a funnel shaped depression or pit known as – 650-800o C
particles and lava.
crater.
– Between mantle and crust
– Ex. Mayon and Pinatubo Volcano
• If a volcanic crater collapses, caldera is
formed. • Andesitic Lava
TYPES OF VOLCANOES(ACTIVITY)
• Repeated volcanic eruption leads to – Has chemical composition similar to
• Active Volcanoes
formation of lava plateau . those of light and dark colored
– The ones that erupts regularly. producing andesite.
• Volcanic eruption results to hazards such as It should have erupt at least
lava flow, debris fall and volcanic ash – 800-1000o C
once in 10, 000 years.
landslides called lahar. – From crust
• Dormant Volcanoes
• Volcanic eruption are not alike, some are • The fourth type of lava contains large
quiet, other are explosive. – Is an inactive volcano that is
amount of gas and produces gas
capable of erupting and will
bubbles.
probably erupt again in the
future.

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 • Volcanic Ash PRESSURE OF WINDS  The temperature of an area decreases
as warmer air from the land flows to
– Contains rock fragments which are climate in areas where prevailing wind hits
the sea resulting in a cold climate.
blown into the air when volcanoes is cooler than in those
erupt. areas which are not.

• Volcanic Dust  The climate of the place is influenced by TAKE NOTE

the surrounding bodies of water.
– Contains rock fragments which are  The amount of heat received by the
about the size of rice grains.  Soil releases heat faster compared to places near the equator is greater
water. compared to those that are far from the
• Volcanic Bomb
equator.
 Because soil heats up faster than water,
– Large rock particles similar to the size
air temperature above the sea is lower  Regions with high altitude have colder
of a golf ball or even larger.
than above ground during daytime. temperature than those in low-lying
CLIMATE CHANGE areas.
TOPOGRAPHY
CLIMATE Mountainous areas greatly affect the amount  Areas near bodies of water may have
- the average weather condition of a place of precipitation in a certain region. more moderate climate. Places that are
taken over a long time. far from bodies of water usually
 WINDWARD SIDE
experience extremely cold or extremely
WEATHER The area in which the wind blows. The
warm climate.
the hour to hour, day to day change in the wind is blocked by the mountain forcing
atmosphere. it to move upward FACTORS THAT AFFECTS CLIMATE CHANGE

 LEEWARD SIDE HUMANMADE

FACTORS AFFECTING CLIMATE The side where the air moves down
 Combustion of Fuels
after precipitation. The dry region on
LATITUDE the leeward side is called the rain  Illegal Logging
shadow.
as the latitude increases, the smaller the  Mining
angle of the sun’s rays strike the surface. OCEAN CURRENTS
NATURAL
ALTITUDE  The ocean currents that flow away from
the equator carry warm waterThe air  Volcanic Eruption
the higher we go from the sea level.the
above the warm water has high  Change in Earth’s orbit and rotation
cooler is the climate
temperature
 Variations in solar activity
 as warm ocean currents that take along
warm water go to landmass, the
temperature
 • There are approximately 400 billion stars in
our galaxy and there are about 170 billion
THE GREENHOUSE EFFECT EL NINO ALSO CAUSES:
galaxies.
The greenhouse effect is a natural process o Thunderstorm disturbance and massive
• A person can see only 3,000 stars on the
where the atmosphere traps some of the sun’s storms
average.
energy, warming the Earth enough to support
o Decrease in the population of some species
life FIVE BASIC CHARACTERISTICS OF STARS

THE GREENHOUSE GASES LA NINA • Brightness

 Is triggered by the cooling of the eastern • The brightness of a star depends on its
 Carbon Dioxide
part of the pacific ocean temperature and proximity.
 Methane
 May, but does not always; follow el nino – Two characteristics define brightness
 Chlorofluorocarbons events.
• Luminosity is the amount of light that a star
 Nitrous oxide  Last for 9 to 12 months or even 2 years. radiates.
IMPACTS OF CLIMATE CHANGE EFFECTS OF LA NINA • Magnitude (apparent and absolute)
 Disturbed Hybernation  Death of animals and even humans • Apparent magnitude refers to its brightness as
 Irregular Length Of Concieving seen by an observer from earth.
 Drowned plants
 Migration • Absolute magnitude is the true brightness or
 Slightly cooler temperature
the actual amount of light the star gives off.
EL NINO  Moderate to strong tropical cyclone
is an abnormal and lengthy warming in the COLORS
activities
eastern part of the pacific ocean. color Ave. Ex:
It occurs irregularly with two to seven years STARS temperature
interval and lasts for nine months or two years (CELSIUS)
atmost. • is a massive ball of plasma that emits light.
BLUE OR 35,000 ZETA ERIDANI,
Usually start at the end of the year • While there is only one star in the solar BLUE-WHITE SPICA, ALGOL
system, there are billions through out the WHITE 10,000 SIRIUS, VEGA
EFFECTS OF EL NINO
galaxy and even more in other galaxies in YELLOW 6,000 SUN, ALPHA
TO THE ENVIRONMENT:
the universe. CENTAURI A
o Warm and dry winters or extremely cold RED ORANGE 5000 ALPHA
and wet winters • Appear to move due to earth’s motion CENTAURI B
RED 1000 PROXIMA
o Wilting of plants • Form pattern called constellations
CENTUARI,
BARNARD STAR
o Dryness of soil
 Star cluster or star cloud – group of stars Dec 21
- 2 different types CAPRICORN Dec 22 – Jan 19- Feb 15
Jan 19
• Globular cluster – are tight groups of
hundred of thousands of very old stars that CONSTELLATIONS
 SIZES OF STARS are gravitationally bound and arranged in a  Constellations are groups of stars that form
spherical or round shape.
FIVE TYPES OF STARS ACCORDING TO THEIR patterns in the night sky, often named after
RELATIVE SIZE TO THE SUN • Open clusters – are loosely clustered group animals, creatures, or mythological people
of stars. They generally contain a few resembling the outline or pattern.
 Super giant – the diameter is 1000 hundred member that are typically young
times compare to the sun THE POLARIS
STELLAR CONSTELLATIONS
 Giant - the diameter is 10 to 100 times  Commonly known as the North Star, is the
compare to the sun • Are cluster members that continue to travel brightest star in the constellation.
in broadly the same direction even though  Is the closest star to Earth
 Medium sized star- the diameter is 1- they are no longer gravitationally bound.
tenth to 10 times compare to the sun THE BIG DIPPER
Traditional and actual astronomical dates of
 White dwarf- diameter is about as the zodiac  It is a group of seven stars which name
massive as the sun but a little more comes for, its feature as they resemble a
CONSTELLATIONS Tradional Astronomical dates
than half of diameter of earth long curved handle and a big bowl which
dates
AQUARIUS Jan 20- Feb 16 – Mar 11 seems to be a ladder.
 Neutron star- diameter is about 16 km. Feb 18
PISCES Feb 19- Mar 12- April 18
MASSES OF STARS Mar 20
ARIES Mar 21- April 19 – May 13
• Spectroscope is used by astronomers Apr 19
to observe masses of stars. TAURUS Apr 19- May 14-Jun 19
May 20
• Hydrogen is the most common GEMINI May 21-Jun Jun 20-Jul 20
element in stars which makes up 60 to 21
CANCER Jun 22- Jul 21 – August 21
80 percent. The remaining are comrised Jul 22
by oxygen, nitrogen, neon and carbon. LEO Jul 23- Aug Aug 22- Sep 15
23
VIRGO Aug 24- Sep 16- Oct 30
Sep 22
STAR GROUPS LIBRA Sep 23- oct Oct 31- Nov 22
23
• Milky way galaxy SCORPIO Oct 24- Nov 23- Nov 29
Nov 21
• A large system that includes almost all of the OPHIUCHUS Nov 30 –Dec 17
stars. SAGITARIUS Nov 22 – Dec 18- Jan 18
Stars and Constellations used by Matigsalug
Manobo of Bukidnon

Local Month of Related Western

name appearanc agricultura equivalen
e l activity t

Baha Dec-feb Clearing of Taurus

forest
Pandaraw January Start of Pleiades
a planting
Balatik February Start ORION’S
planting Belt
and
setting of
traps
Malihe March Planting of
rice, corn
and
vegetabkle
s
Gibbang April and End of Gemeni
may planting
season
(signifies
rich
harvest)
Malara May Stop Canis
planting minor
Lepu Late may Time to Aquila
clean and
clear the
fields
Buwaya June Start of
rainy
season