SCIENCE REVIEWER
Volcano
an opening in a planet or moon’s crust through which molten rock and other materials.
How are they formed?
due to 2 tectonic plates colliding with each other, called the Convergent plate boundary
Super Natural Beliefs
● beliefs in things that do not and cannot exist to the best scientific knowledge
Pacific ring of fire
● referred to as the “circum-pacific belt”
● characterized by active volcano and fruquent earthquakes
● geographical area that’s shaped like a ring.
● stretches from south america, up to north america and across the Bering straight down
through Japan, Philippines, Papua Mew Guinea, Vanuatu and New Zealand
● “pacific” in pacific ocean means “peaceful”
Shield Volcano
● named for it’s low profile
● resembling a shield lying on the ground.
Strato Volcano
● also known as “composite volcano”
● built up by many alternating layers of hardened lava and tephra.
● steep profile with a summit crater and explosive eruptions.
Cone Cinder
● forms when lava fragments are ejected from a volcano
● solidify into a steep-sided cone shape with a crater at the top
Caldera
● a large cauldron like hollow that forms shortly after the emptying of a magma chamber
17 volcanic features
Crater
● bowl shaped opening at the top
● where lava, ash and gases are released
Caldera
● a depression in the earth formed when a volcano errupts
Flank
● the side of a volcano
Lava flow
● the molten rocks that flows out during a volcanic eruption
Vent
● opening through which magma escapes to the surface
Side Vent
● opening in the side of a volcanic materials erupt
Dike
● street like bodies of magma that cut through and across the layering of adjacent rocks
Magma Chamber
● molten rock located beneath the Earth’s surfaces
● magma accumulate and resides before it can erupt as lava
Ash cloud
● a cloud of ash that rises into the atmosphere
Ashfall
● fragments of rock, ash and other materials
Sill
● form when magma intrudes between the rock layers
Fumarole
● releases steam and volcanic gases
Pyroclastic Flow
● a fast-moving, not mixture of ash, gases and volcanic debris
Conduit
● a central vent
Lahar
● destructive mudflow of volcanic ash, debris and water
Volcanic Bomb
● large chunks of lava ejected during an eruption that harden in the air
Throat
● the uppermost section of the main vent
Types of volcano
Cinder Cones
● simpliest and common
● alao called as scoria cone
● characterized by a cone shape, steep slopes and small size
● formed by the accumulation of cinderes that form slopes
(examples : taal, paricutin and capulin)
Composite Volcano
● also known as stratovolcano
● built from several layers of lava, pumice, tephra and ash
● cone shaped
Formation of Volcano
Formation by Subduction
● the process by which one side of a tectonic plate slips under the edge of an adjacent plate
Formation by Distinction
Volcanic Domes
● named for their dome like shape
● the lava is too thick to flow away
● form from the slow extrusion of highly-viscous silicic lava.
Characteristics Of Volcanic Domes
Characteristics Of Volcanic Domes
● Composition
● Shape
● Surface
● Growth
● Collapse
● Location
Energy From Volcano
● also known as geothermal energy
● generated from the heat produced by volcanic activity
Types of Geothermal Energy
. Steam power plants
. Binary Cycle Power plants
. Dry steam power plants
Super Volcano
● volcano that has experienced an eruption with a volcanic explosivity Index
● must be discharge over 1000 cubic km of material to be classifies as super volcano.
● has abilty to erupt more than 1000 cubic km or approximately 240 cubic miles.
it forms through
● magma accumulation
● Pressure build up
● Eruption
● Caldera Formation
● Volcanic Activity
Chemical Contents of super volcano
● magma composition
● volcanic ash
● Trace elements
● gases (h20, Co2, So2, H2s)
Eruptive style
● Explosive Eruption (characterized by the violent explosion of ash, gas and magma into the
● Explosive Eruption (characterized by the violent explosion of ash, gas and magma into the
atmosphere)
● Effusive Eruptions (where magma flows out gently)
Submarine Volcanoes
● underwater vents or tissues in the Earth’s surface from which magma can errupt
● They are found deep on the ocean floor
● also known as seamounts
Types of Volcanic Eruptions
● Phreatic Or Hydrothermal
● a volcanic eruption caused by steam explosions that occur when groundwater is heated by
magma.
Phreatomagmatic
● a type of volcanic eruption that occurs when magma comes into contact with water, causing
an explosion.
Vulcanian
● small volumes of magma but form vigorous eruption
● may be dark in color
Strombolian
● moderately explosive eruptions
Plinian
● a very explosive eruption
the source of magma of the volcano
● Magma chamber
type of volcano is characterized by weak to violent eruption like fountain lava
● Strombolian
type of volcanoes have erupted AT LEAST ONCE, in 10000 year?
● Dormant volcano
type of volcano is almost flat and brond
type of volcano is almost flat and brond
● shield volcano
Philippine volcano erupted in 1991 cauning the devastation of Zambales and nearby areas
● Mt. Pinatubo
most nearly perfect cone volcano in the Philippines and in the World
● Mt. Mayon
what process occurs when lava and gasen are released from the volcano which in sometimes
very explosive?
● Eruption
CLIMATE CHANGE
climatology
● studies the weather over a long period of time
● come from a word “klima” which means “region” or “zone”
Four set of factors
● latitude
● terrain
● altitude
● distance from water
meteorology
● focuses on short term weather events lasting up to a few weeks
● come from “meteoron” meaning any phenomenon in the sky.
● these are:
● temperature
● moisture
● air density
● air pressure
Paleoclimatology
● is the study of past climates
Factors that affect climate
. latitude (the higher the latitude, the more indirect the sunlight is)
. Arctic (it helps cool the lower latitude)
. tropic ( monthly average temperature)
. Temperature
Factors that affect climate change
. ocean current
. wind and air mass
. elevation
. relief
. proximity of water
Climate change
● refers to a long term shifts in temperature and weather patterns
Causes
. Deforestation
. Using transportation
. consuming too much
. manufacturing goods
Impact
. hotter temperature
. severe storms
. increased droughts
. loss of species
As you go to the top of a mountain, what happens to temperature
● it increases
What climate affecting factors involve human activities?
● Deforestation
The diagram shows a wenther process that occurs when a large body of water in located near a
mountainous area. This process cuuses the area on the side of the mountain opposite the body
of water to have
● A dry climate
The parts of the Barth near the equator receive more sunlight than the north or south poles.
How does this impact the climate at the equator?
● It makes the climate warmer.
What recurring natural phenomenon is described as a long dry spell?
● El Nino
What recurring natural phenomenon brings a large amount of rainfall?
● La Nina
What climate phenomenon is described as rising global average temperature?
● Global warming
What coping mechanism aims to reduce the carbon footprint of human activities?
● Conversion
Which erratic pattern of climate results from multiple factors like rising global average temperature?
Climate change
What is the most common greenhouse gas that is emitted by human activities
● Carbon dioxide
climate affecting factors yhat do NOT involve human intervention
● Use of fossil fuels
Star
● giant sphere of extremely hot, luminous gas held together by gravity
LIfe cycle of a star
● Nebula (birth)
● protostar (baby star)not hot and dense enough for nuclear fusion yet.
● T-tauri phase (teenage star) the protostar is unstable and continues to contract and heat up.
● main sequence (adulthood) the longest and most stable phase of stars life
● red giant (old age)
● fusion of heavier elements (late life) helium fusion begins
● Supernova or planetary nebula (death) the core collapse
● smallest star is named EBLM JOJ55-57AD
● largest Is named UV scuti
the colors of stars (hottest to coldest)
● Blue (28,000-50,000)
● White (7,400-9900)
● Yellow (4900-6000)
● Orange (3500-4900)
● Red (2000-3500)
Constellation
● a grouping of stars that form a recognizable pattern in the night sky
Celestial Icons
Ursa major
● the great Bear, a circumpolar constellation visible in the morthern hemisphere
Orion
● a prominent constellation in the winter sky, easily recognizable by its three stars forming
orions belt
Taurus
● a zodiac constellation knows for its red giant star.
Astronomy
● scientific study of celestial objects like stars, planets and galaxies.
Use of Constellations
● seasonal indicators
● navigational aid
● locating stars
● astology beliefs
Zodiac Constellations
Aries: The ram
symbolizes courage & leadership
visible by Dec & January
Taurus:The bull
represents strength & ambition
visible by January & February
Gemini: The twins
signifies adaptability & communication
visible by February & March
Cancer: The Crab
symbolize loyalty and intuition
visible by March and April
Leo: the Lion
represents creativity & passion
visible by April & May
Virgo: The maiden
diligence & kindness
visible by May & June
Libra: the scales
represents balance & fairness
visible by June & July
Scorpius : The scorpion
repreents passion & bravery
visible by July & August
Sagittarius : The Archer
displine & responsible
September & October
Aquarius : The water bearer
progressivess and originality
October & November
Pisces : The Fish
compassion and intuition
November&December
What are smaller space rocks that fall in the atmosphere of the earth?
● Meteor showers
which constellations are best observed from December to February?
● Gemini
Which constellations are best observed from March to June?
● Cancer
Which constellation's name means water-bearer or cupbearer?
● Aquarius
What constellations represents the eagle of Roman God Jupiter in the myth.
● Aquila
What group of constellations is represented mostly by animals?
● Zodiac constellations
The following sentences explains why we CANNOT see all the constellations at the same period
except one. Which sentence does not explain it?
● Because the constellation move position -
What is the great hunter constellation?
● Orion
Where do meteor showers come from?
● Asteroids
● Comets
● Space rocks
What makes zodiac constellations different from other constellations?
●
Zodiac constellations intersect the ecliptic whereas non zodiac constellations do not.
Since the Philippines is located near the upper part of the upper hemisphere, the northern
circumpolar constellations. Which of the following is NOT a northern cirgumpolar constellation?
● Phoenix
