5/24/23, 10:15 AM CLASSIFICATION OF MANUFACTURING PROCESSES | Engineers Gallery

CLASSIFICATION OF MANUFACTURING
PROCESSES
By Keval Chaudhari - December 14, 2015

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CLASSIFICATION OF MANUFACTURING PROCESSES

CLASSIFICATION OF MANUFACTURING
PROCESSES
For producing of products materials are needed. Therefore it is therefore important to know
the  characteristics of the available engineering materials. Raw materials used manufacturing
of  products, tools, machines and equipment in factories or industries are extracted from
ores.  The ores are suitably converted the metal into a molten form by reducing or refining
processes  in foundries. This molten metal is poured into moulds for providing commercial
castings,  called ingots. Such ingots are then processed in rolling mills to obtain market form
of material supply in form of bloom, billets, slabs and rods.

These forms of material supply are  further subjected to various manufacturing processes for
getting usable metal products of different shapes and sizes in various manufacturing shops. All
these processes used in  manufacturing concern for changing the ingots into usable products
may be classified into six  major groups as primary shaping processes, secondary machining
processes, metal forming  processes, joining processes, surface finishing processes and
processes effecting change in properties. These are discussed as under.

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1.7.1 Primary Shaping Processes

Primary shaping processes are manufacturing of a product from an amorphous material. Some
processes produces finish products or articles into its usual form whereas others do not, and
require
Shares further working to finish component to the desired shape and size. Castings need re-
melting of scrap and defective ingots in cupola or in some other melting furnace and
then  pouring of the molten metal into sand or metallic moulds to obtain the castings. Thus
the intricate shapes can be manufactured. Typical examples of the products that are produced
by  casting process are machine beds, automobile engines, carburetors, flywheels etc. The
parts  produced through these processes may or may not require to under go further
operations.

Some of the important primary shaping processes is:

(1) Casting,

(2) Powder metallurgy,

(3) Plastic technology,

(4) Gas cutting,

(5) Bending and

(6) Forging.

1.7.2. Secondary or Machining Processes

As large number of components require further processing after the primary processes.
These components are subjected to one or more number of machining operations in machine
shops, to obtain the desired shape and dimensional accuracy on flat and cylindrical jobs. Thus,
the  jobs undergoing these operations are the roughly finished products received through
primary shaping processes. The process of removing the undesired or unwanted material from
the work piece or job or component to produce a required shape using a cutting tool is known
as machining.

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This can be done by a manual process or by using a machine called machine tool (traditional
machines namely lathe, milling machine, drilling, shaper, planner, slotter). In  many cases
these operations are performed on rods, bars and flat surfaces in machine shops.  These
secondary processes are mainly required for achieving dimensional accuracy and a very  high
degree of surface finish. The secondary processes require the use of one or more  machine
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tools, various single or multi-point cutting tools (cutters), job holding devices, marking  and
measuring instruments, testing devices and gauges etc. for getting desired
dimensional control and required degree of surface finish on the workpieces. The example of
parts produced  by machining processes includes hand tools machine tools instruments,
automobile parts,  nuts, bolts and gears etc. Lot of material is wasted as scrap in the
secondary or machining process.

Some of the common secondary or machining processes are—

(1) Turning,

(2) Threading,

(3) Knurling,

(4) Milling,

(5) Drilling,

(6) Boring,

(7) Planning,

(8) Shaping,

(9) Slotting,

(10) Sawing,

(11) Broaching,

(12) Hobbing,

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(13) Grinding,

(14) Gear cutting,

(15) Thread cutting and

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(16) Unconventional machining processes namely machining  with Numerical Control (NC)
machines tools or Computer Numerical Control (CNC) machines  tools using ECM, LBM, AJM,
USM setups etc.

1.7.3 Metal Forming Processes

Forming processes encompasses a wide variety of techniques, which make use of
suitable force, pressure or stresses, like compression, tension and shear or their combination
to cause  a permanent deformation of the raw material to impart required shape. These
processes are also known as mechanical working processes and are mainly classified into two
major categories i.e., hot working processes and cold working processes. In these processes,
no material is  removed; however it is deformed and displaced using suitable stresses like
compression,  tension, and shear or combined stresses to cause plastic deformation of the
materials to  produce required shapes. Such processes lead to production of directly usable
articles which  include kitchen utensils, rods, wires, rails, cold drink bottle caps, collapsible
tubes etc. Some of the important metal forming processes are:

Hot working Processes

(1) Forging,

(2) Rolling,

(3) Hot spinning,

(4) Extrusion,

(5) Hot drawing and

(6) Hot spinning.

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Cold working processes

(1) Cold forging,

(2) Cold rolling,

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(3) Cold heading,

(4) Cold drawing,

(5) Wire drawing,

(6) Stretch forming,

(7) Sheet metal working processes such as piercing, punching, lancing,  notching, coining,
squeezing, deep drawing, bending etc.

1.7.4 Joining Processes

Many products observed in day-to-day life, are commonly made by putting many parts
together  may be in subassembly. For example, the ball pen consists of a body, refill, barrel,
cap, and refill operating mechanism. All these parts are put together to form the product as a
pen. More than 800 parts are put together to make various subassemblies and final assembly
of  car or aero-plane. A complete machine tool may also require to assemble more than 100
parts in various sub assemble or final assembly.

The process of putting the parts together to form  the product, which performs the desired
function, is called assembly. An assemblage of parts  may require some parts to be joined
together using various joining processes. But assembly  should not be confused with the
joining process.

Most of the products cannot be manufactured as single unit they are manufactured as different
components using one or more of the above manufacturing processes, and these components
are assembled to get the desired product. Joining processes are widely used in fabrication and
assembly work.

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In these process two or  more pieces of metal parts are joined together to produce desired
shape and size of the  product. The joining processes are carried out by fusing, pressing,
rubbing, riveting, screwing  or any other means of assembling. These processes are used for
assembling metal parts and in general fabrication work. Such requirements usually occur when
several pieces are to be joined together to fabricate a desired structure of products.
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These processes are used developing steam or water-tight joints. Temporary, semi-permanent

or permanent type of fastening to make a good joint is generally created by these processes.
Temporary joining of components can be achieved by use of nuts, screws and bolts. Adhesives
are also used to make temporary joints. Some of the important and common joining processes
are:

(1) Welding (plastic or fusion),

(2) Brazing,

(3) Soldering,

(4) Riveting,

(5) Screwing,

(6) Press fitting,

(7) Sintering,

(8) Adhesive bonding,

(9) Shrink fitting,

(10) Explosive welding,

(11) Diffusion welding,

(12) Keys and cotters joints,

(13) Coupling and

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(14) Nut and bolt joints.

1.7.5 Surface Finishing Processes

Surface
Shares finishing processes are utilized for imparting intended surface finish on the surface of
a job. By imparting a surface finishing process, dimension of part is not changed
functionally; either a very negligible amount of material is removed from the certain material
is added to  the surface of the job. These processes should not be misunderstood as metal
removing processes in any case as they are primarily intended to provide a good surface finish
or a  decorative or protective coating on to the metal surface. Surface cleaning process also
called as a surface finishing process. Some of the commonly used surface finishing processes
are:

(1) Honing,

(2) Lapping,

(3) Super finishing,

(4) Belt grinding,

(5) Polishing,

(6) Tumbling,

(7) Organic finishes,

(8) Sanding,

(9) deburring,

(10) Electroplating,

(11) Buffing,

(12) Metal spraying,

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(13) Painting,

(14) Inorganic coating,

(15) Anodizing,
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(16) Sheradising,

(17) Parkerizing,

(18) Galvanizing,

(19) Plastic coating,

(20) Metallic coating,

(21) Anodizing and

(22) Sand blasting.

1.7.6 Processes Effecting Change in Properties

Processes effecting change in properties are generally employed to provide certain
specific properties to the metal work pieces for making them suitable for particular operations
or use. Some important material properties like hardening, softening and grain refinement are
needed  to jobs and hence are imparted by heat treatment. Heat treatments affect the
physical  properties and also make a marked change in the internal structure of the metal.
Similarly the metal forming processes effect on the physical properties of work pieces Similarly
shot  peening process, imparts fatigue resistance to work pieces. A few such commonly used
processes are given as under:

(1) Annealing,

(2) Normalising,

(3) Hardening,

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(4) Case hardening,

(5) Flame hardening,

(6) Tempering,
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(7) Shot peeing,

(8) Grain refining and

(9) Age hardening.

In addition, some allied manufacturing activities are also required to produce the
finished product such as measurement and assembly.

Reference Introduction to basic CLASSIFICATION OF MANUFACTURING PROCESSES and

Workshop Technology by Rajender Singh.

For engineering project visit this page regularly for know more things related project ideas.
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Keval Chaudhari
I have recently passed my Bachelor of Engineering in Mechanical Branch. I have expertise in CAD system. Also,
I am interested to make new things.

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