DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

MAULANA AZAD NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY, BHOPAL

MINOR PROJECT REPORT(CE-1608)

Project Title

ANALYSIS OF WATER DISTRIBUTION NETWORK FOR HOSTEL 7

NAME SCHOLAR NUMBER SIGNATURE

ADITI SHUKLA 201111014

LAKSHYA VIPASSANA 201111021

SHACHI ANAND 201111028

PRIYANSHI MANTRI 201111034

Under the guidance of

Dr. HARSANGEET KAUR
(Associate Professor)
&
Mrs. JYOTI KHATAVKAR
(Assistant Engineer)

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 CANDIDATE’S DECLARATION

We, hereby, declare that the report for the Minor Project titled “Analysis of Water Distribution Network for
Hostel 7” submitted by us for the partial fulfilment of the requirement for the degree of Bachelor of Technology
in Civil Engineering, is a result of our own work. It has not been submitted in part or in full for any other degree
or diploma.

NAME SCHOLAR NO.

ADITI SHUKLA 201111014

LAKSHYA VIPASSANA 201111021
SHACHI ANAND 201111028
PRIYANSHI MANTRI 201111034

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 \
CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that Aditi Shukla, Lakshya Vipassana, Shachi Anand, Priyanshi Mantri of 3rd year B.Tech.
Civil Engineering, have done their project titled “Analysis of Water Distribution Network for Hostel 7” under
our guidance. This has been submitted in partial fulfilment of Bachelor’s Degree in Civil Engineering
discipline of M.A.N.I.T. Bhopal.

Mrs. JYOTI KHATAVKAR

Assistant Engineer
Department of Civil Engineering
MANIT, Bhopal

Dr. HARSANGEET KAUR

Associate Professor
Department of Civil Engineering
MANIT, Bhopal

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 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

We would like to express our deepest gratitude and appreciation to all those who have contributed to the
successful completion of our minor project. Without their support and guidance, this report would not have
been possible.

We owe our profound gratitude to our project guide Dr. Harsangeet Kaur ma’am who took keen interest in
our project work and guided us all along till the completion of our project work. Her expertise, encouragement
and feedback were instrumental in shaping our project and ensuring its successful completion.

We would like to express our heartfelt gratitude to Mrs. Jyoti Khatavkar ma'am for her invaluable
contribution to our minor project. Her unwavering support, guidance, and assistance throughout the project
were instrumental in its successful completion. We are thankful for her willingness to provide us with the
necessary data and resources needed for our project. Her constant encouragement and constructive feedback
helped us to stay motivated and focused on achieving our goals.

We are thankful to Dr. P K Agarwal sir (HOD, Civil Engineering) for his blessings and encouragement and
Dr. S.P.S. Rajput sir (Minor Project Coordinator) for his periodic suggestions and motivation.

Lastly, we are thankful to our classmates, staff and all those who have directly or indirectly helped us during
the entire duration of our project.

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 TABLE OF CONTENTS

Contents
S. Page
No. No.

1. Introduction 6-7
1.1 Water Distribution Network
1.2 Types
Main Principles of Network Analysis
2. 8

3. Google Earth and Google Earth Pro

3.1 About Google Earth 9-13
3.2 Measuring Distances using Google Earth
3.3 About Google Earth Pro
3.4 Measuring Elevations using Google Earth Pro
4. EPANET Software
4.1 Hydraulic Modelling Capabilities 14-30
4.2 Model Input Data
4.3 EPANET elements
4.4 Head loss calculations using EPANET
4.5 Working on EPANET software
4.6 Report generation

5. Literature Review 31-32

6. Inference 33-34

7. Conclusion 35

8. References 36

INTRODUCTION
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Water distribution systems are essential infrastructure components for urban areas, as they provide a crucial
resource for public health and safety. To ensure a reliable supply of potable water to consumers, the design and
analysis of these systems is a critical task in civil engineering. The complexity of water distribution networks,
consisting of numerous interconnecting branches, makes it challenging to determine the flow rates and pressure
drops in individual sections of the system. The use of specialized software, such as EPANET, has become a
standard approach to automatically solving network problems. In this minor project, we aim to assess the
performance of a water distribution system using EPANET, and identify potential improvements to the existing
infrastructure and mode of operation to increase the quantity and quality of water supplied to the consumers. By
simulating the hydraulic behaviour of the network and analysing the results, we can determine the optimal
design and operation of the system, ensuring an efficient and reliable supply of potable water to the end-users.

1.1 WATER DISTRIBUTION NETWORK

A water distribution network system is a complex network of pipes, pumps, valves, and other components that
work together to transport water from a source, such as a treatment plant or well, to consumers, such as homes,
businesses, and industries. The system is designed to be efficient and reliable, with water being distributed
through a series of mains, sub-mains, and service connections.

The water distribution network system is typically composed of three types of pipes - transmission mains,
distribution mains, and service pipes. Transmission mains are large pipes that transport water over long
distances, while distribution mains are smaller pipes that distribute water to smaller areas such as
neighbourhoods or districts. Service pipes are the smallest pipes that connect individual homes or buildings to
the distribution mains.

Pumps and valves are also important components of the water distribution network system, as they help
regulate the flow and pressure of water through the pipes. Pumps are used to increase the pressure of the water
as it moves through the network, while valves are used to control the flow of water and to isolate sections of
the network for maintenance or repair.

The water distribution network system also includes storage facilities such as water tanks or reservoirs, which
are used to store water for periods of high demand or in case of emergencies. Water quality monitoring and
treatment facilities are also important components of the system, which help ensure that the water supplied to
consumers is safe and meets the required quality standards.

The efficient functioning of the water distribution network system is crucial to ensure that residents have
access to clean and safe drinking water. Regular maintenance activities such as cleaning, flushing, and
repairing of pipes and other components are carried out to ensure the efficient functioning of the system.
Operation and management of the network involve monitoring water supply, managing pressure, and ensuring
water quality.

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1.2 TYPES OF WATER DISTRIBUTION NETWORK

Branched and loop systems are two types of water distribution networks (WDNs) that differ in their layout
and design.

Branched WDNs have a tree-like structure, with a main pipeline that branches out into smaller pipes that
supply water to individual consumers. In a branched system, each pipe or set of pipes is fed by a single supply
point, such as a water treatment plant or a reservoir. Branched networks are commonly used in urban areas
where the water demand is high and the population density is also high. Branched systems are relatively simple
in design and can be constructed using a variety of materials such as cast iron, steel, PVC, or polyethylene.

Looped WDNs, on the other hand, are designed with multiple interconnected pipelines that form loops to
supply water to consumers. In a looped system, water can flow in either direction through the interconnected
pipes. The loops allow for water to be supplied from multiple directions, reducing the risk of water supply
interruption due to a single pipe failure. Looping is often used to increase the reliability of water supply in
branched systems.

In some cases, water distribution networks can be a combination of branched and looped systems. For
example, a branched network may include looped sections in areas where reliability of water supply is critical,
such as in hospitals, fire stations, and other essential facilities.

The choice between a branched and looped WDN depends on a number of factors, including the size of the
population to be served, the topography of the area, the availability of water sources, and the overall cost of the
system. While branched WDNs are simpler and easier to construct, looped networks provide greater reliability
and can be adapted to meet the changing needs of a growing population.

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2. MAIN PRINCIPLES OF NETWORK ANALYSIS

CONTINUITY: The algebraic sum of the flow rates in the pipes meeting at a node together with any external
flows is zero.

ENERGY CONSERVATION: For all paths around closed loops and between fixed grade nodes, the
accumulated energy loss including minor losses minus any energy gain or heads generated by pumps must be
zero.

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3. 1 ABOUT GOOGLE EARTH

Google Earth is a web-based, virtual globe and mapping software that allows users to explore the world in 3D
imagery and satellite imagery, terrain mapping, and street-level views. It was initially released in 2001 as a
desktop application, but later became available on the web and as a mobile app for iOS and Android devices.

Google Earth provides users with a wealth of information about our planet, including the ability to view
detailed maps of nearly every location on Earth, and to explore and discover new places through interactive 3D
tours, images, and videos. Users can also use Google Earth to measure distances and areas, add placemarks,
and even create custom maps.

One of the most popular features of Google Earth is Street View, which enables users to virtually walk along
streets and view buildings, businesses, and other landmarks as if they were actually there. Additionally, Google
Earth also offers historical imagery, which allows users to view how a particular location has changed over
time.

Overall, Google Earth has become an invaluable tool for anyone who wants to explore the world, plan travel
routes, or conduct research on geographic locations.

3.2 MEASURING DISTANCES USING GOOGLE EARTH

To calculate the distance between two points in Google Earth, you can use the Measure tool. Here's how to do
it:

1. Open Google Earth on your computer and navigate to the location where you want to measure the distance.

2. Click on the "Add Placemark" button on the toolbar or go to the "Add" menu and select "Placemark".

3. Click on the first location where you want to measure the distance, and a placemark will appear on the map.

4. Repeat the above step for the second location.

5. After placing the two placemarks, click on the "Ruler" icon on the toolbar or go to the "Tools" menu and
select "Ruler".

6. In the Ruler window that appears, select the "Line" tab.

7. Click on the "Start measuring" button to activate the tool.

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8. Click on the first placemark to start measuring the distance.
9. Move the cursor to the second placemark, and the distance between the two points will be displayed in the
Ruler window.

10. To measure the distance between more than two points, repeat the above steps and add additional
placemarks.

By using the Measure tool in Google Earth, you can accurately measure the distance between any two or more

points on the Earth's surface, which can be useful for a wide range of applications, from planning a trip to
determining the size of a property or geographical feature.

Figure . Measuring Distances using Google Earth

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3.3 ABOUT GOOGLE EARTH PRO

Google Earth Pro is a more advanced version of Google Earth that is designed for business and professional
use. It includes all the features of the standard version of Google Earth, but also offers additional tools for users
to create, edit, and share maps and data.

Some of the key features of Google Earth Pro include the ability to import and export GIS data, the ability to
measure and map areas and distances with greater precision, and the ability to create and share high-resolution
images and videos. Google Earth Pro also includes advanced tools for 3D modelling, such as the ability to
create and edit terrain data and to view building heights and elevations.

One of the main benefits of Google Earth Pro is its enhanced ability to create and save custom maps and
visualizations. This makes it an ideal tool for professionals in fields such as urban planning, architecture, and
engineering, as well as for researchers and educators who require more advanced geospatial analysis tools.

3.4 MEASURING ELEVATIONS USING GOOGLE EARTH PRO

Google Earth Pro has a feature that allows users to measure elevations at different locations on the Earth's
surface. This feature can be useful for a wide range of applications, including urban planning, environmental
monitoring, and outdoor recreation.

To measure elevations in Google Earth Pro, users can follow these steps:

1. Open Google Earth Pro and navigate to the location where you want to measure elevation.

2. Click on the "Add Path" button on the toolbar or go to the "Tools" menu and select "Path".

3. Click on the "Add Point" button on the toolbar or press "Ctrl + Shift + T" to add a point to the path where
you want to measure elevation.

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4. Right-click on the point and select "Elevation Profile" to open the elevation profile window.

5 .The elevation profile window will display the elevation at the selected point, as well as a graph showing the
elevation profile along the path.

6. Users can also add additional points to the path to measure elevations at different locations along the path.

By using the elevation measurement feature in Google Earth Pro, users can obtain accurate elevation data for a
variety of purposes, such as determining the best location for a building, assessing flood risks, or planning
hiking and mountain climbing routes.

Figure . Elevations using Google Earth Pro

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 Figure . Elevations using Google Earth Pro

4.1 EPANET SOFTWARE

EPANET (Environmental Protection Agency Network) is a software tool developed by the U.S. Environmental
Protection Agency (EPA) for modelling water distribution systems. It is widely used by water utilities,
consulting firms, and researchers to design, optimize, and analyse water supply networks.

EPANET uses a network flow model based on the Hardy Cross method to calculate the water pressure and
flow rates in the network. It can also simulate water quality and contaminant transport by incorporating
chemical and biological reactions, water age, and source tracing.

EPANET offers a range of analysis tools, including:

● Steady-state analysis to determine the water pressure and flow distribution under constant demand
● Extended period simulation (EPS) to simulate the network behaviour over a period of time, taking into
account variable demand and operational changes
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 ● Water quality analysis to assess the concentration of pollutants and disinfectants in the network
● Pump scheduling optimization to determine the most cost-effective pump schedule
● Leak detection to identify and locate leaks in the network

EPANET supports various file formats for importing and exporting data, Overall, EPANET is a powerful and
versatile tool for designing and analysing water distribution systems, and it can be used to improve the
efficiency, reliability, and safety of water supply networks.

4.2 Hydraulic Modelling Capabilities :

Full-featured and accurate hydraulic modelling is a prerequisite for doing effective water quality modelling.
EPANET contains a state-of-the-art hydraulic analysis engine that includes the following capabilities:

1.Places no limit on the size of the network that can be analysed.

2.Computes friction head loss using the Hazen-William, Darcy-Weisbach, or Chezy-Manning formula.
3.Includes minor head losses for bends, fittings, etc.
4.Models constant or variable speed pumps.
5.Computes pumping energy and cost.
6.Models various types of valves, including shutoff, check, pressure regulating, and flow control valves.
7.Allows storage tanks to have any shape (i.e., diameter can vary with height).
8.Considers multiple demand categories at nodes, each with its pattern of time variation.
9.Models pressure-dependent flow issuing from emitters (sprinkler heads).
10.Can perform system operation on both simple tank level and timer controls and on complex rule-based
controls.
EPANET's Windows user interface provides a network editor that simplifies the process of building piping
network models and editing their properties. Various data reporting and visualization tools such as graphical
views, tabular views, and special reports, and calibration are used to assist in interpreting the results of a
network analysis . By employing these features, EPANET can study water quality phenomena such as:

• Blending water from different sources.

• Age of water throughout a system.
• Loss of chlorine residuals.
• Growth of disinfection by-products.
• Tracking contaminant propagation events.

4.3 Model Input Data:

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To analyse a Water Distribution Network (WDN) using EPANET, several input data files are required. These
include:

1.Junction Report

Junctions represent the points in the network where links join together and where water enters or leaves
the network. The basic input data required for junctions are:

•Elevation above a reference point, usually mean sea level

•Water demand, which refers to the rate of withdrawal from the network
•Initial water quality

The output results computed for junctions at all time periods of a simulation include:

•Hydraulic head, which refers to the internal energy per unit weight of fluid
Pressure
•Water quality
Junctions can also have their demand vary with time, have multiple categories of demands assigned to
them, have negative demands indicating that water is entering the network, be water quality sources
where constituents enter the network, or contain emitters (or sprinklers) which make the outflow rate
depend on the pressure.

2. Pipe Report

Pipes are links that convey water from one point in the network to another. EPANET assumes that all
pipes are full at all times. Flow direction is from the end at higher hydraulic head to the end at lower
head.

The principal hydraulic input parameters for pipes include:

•Start and end nodes

•Diameter
•Length
•Roughness coefficient (for determining headloss)
•Status (open, closed, or containing a check valve)

Computed outputs for pipes include:

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•Flow rate
•Velocity
•Head loss
•Darcy-Weisbach friction factor
•Average reaction rate (over the pipe length)
•Average water quality (over the pipe length)

The hydraulic head lost by water flowing in a pipe due to friction with the pipe walls can be computed
using one of three different formulas:

•Hazen-Williams formula
•Darcy-Weisbach formula
•Chezy-Manning formula

Overall, the input data required by EPANET is crucial to effectively model and analyse a WDN.

4.4 EPANET ELEMENTS

A. RESERVOIRS

● Reservoirs are nodes that represent an external source or sink of water to the network. They
are used to model lakes, rivers and groundwater aquifers. Reservoirs can also serve as water
quality source points.
● The primary input properties for the reservoir are its hydraulic head and initial water quality.
● Because a reservoir is a boundary point to a network, its head and water quality cannot be
affected by what happens within the network. Therefore, it has no computed output
properties.
However, its head can be made to vary with time by assigning a time pattern to it.

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B. TANKS

● Tanks are nodes with storage capacity, where the volume of stored water can vary with time
during a simulation.
● The primary input for tanks are -
a. Bottom elevation
b. Diameter (or shape if non-cylindrical)
c. Initial, minimum and maximum water level
d. Initial water quality
● The principal computed outputs are:
a. Total head (water surface elevation)
b. Water quality

C. PIPES

● Pipes convey water from one point in the network to another.

EPANET assumes that all pipes are full at all times.
● The principal hydraulic input parameters for pipes are:
Diameter, Length, Roughness coefficient, and initial status
(open, closed or contains a check valve)
● The water quality inputs for pipes consists of:
-Bulk reaction coefficient
-Wall reaction coefficient
D. PUMPS

● The principal input parameter for a pump is its pump curve.

● Pumps can be turned on and off at pre-set times.
● Variable speed pumps can be considered.
● EPANET can also compute the energy consumption and cost of a pump.

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 Figure . Pump

E. VALVES

● Valves are used to control the pressure or flow at a specific point in the network.
● The main different types of valves considered in EPANET include:
a. PRV (Pressure Reducing Valve): used to limit pressure
b. PSV (Pressure Sustaining Valve): to maintain pressure at a certain value
c. PBV (Pressure Breaker Valve): forces a specified pressure loss across the valve
d. FCV (Flow Control Valve): used to control flow
e. GPV (General Purpose Valve): can be used to represent a link where the flow-head loss
relationship is supplied by the user

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 Figure 8. EPANET elements

4.5 HEAD LOSS CALCULATIONS IN EPANET

In EPANET, several equations are used to calculate the head loss in pipes and channels. The head loss
represents the pressure drop or energy loss due to friction or other factors in the flow path. The equations used
in EPANET to calculate head loss include:

Darcy-Weisbach equation:

This empirical equation is used to calculate the head loss due to friction in a pipe.
It relates the head loss to the pipe length, diameter, flow rate, and other factors. The Darcy-Weisbach equation
is given by:

where hl is the head loss due to friction, f is the Darcy-Weisbach friction factor, L is the length of the pipe, D is
the diameter of the pipe, V is the average velocity of the fluid in the pipe, and g is the acceleration due to
gravity.

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 Hazen-Williams equation:

This empirical equation is another commonly used equation to calculate the head loss due to friction in a pipe.
It relates the head loss to the flow rate, pipe diameter, and roughness coefficient. The Hazen-Williams equation
is given by:

where hl is the head loss due to friction, Q is the flow rate, D is the diameter of the pipe, and C is the Hazen-
Williams roughness coefficient.

Manning's equation:

This equation is used to calculate the flow rate and head loss in open channels such as rivers and canals. It
relates the flow rate to the slope of the channel, cross sectional area, and roughness coefficient. Manning's
equation is given by:

where Q is the flow rate, n is the Manning's roughness coefficient, A is the cross sectional area of the channel,
R is the hydraulic radius of the channel, and S is the slope of the channel.

Local loss equations:

These equations are used to account for head losses due to localized losses in the system, such as at valves,
fittings, and bends. Local loss equations depend on the type of fitting or valve and can be obtained from
standards or experimental data.

In EPANET, users can select the appropriate equation for their system based on the characteristics of their
network and the available data. The Darcy-Weisbach and Hazen-Williams equations are commonly used for
modelling pipe networks, while Manning's equation is used for modelling open channels.

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In our case, we have chosen the Darcy-Weisbach equation for the calculation.

4.6 WORKING ON THE EPANET SOFTWARE FOR OUR NETWORK

NETWORK - WATER SUPPLY FROM TANK TO THE BLOCKS OF HOSTEL NO. 7

STEPS WE FOLLOWED:

1. MEASURING DISTANCES AND ELEVATION :-

USING GOOGLE EARTH AND GOOGLE EARTH PRO

2. DEFINING THE NETWORK :-

CREATING NODES AND THE NETWORK FOR THE POINTS IN DEMAND OF WATER ,TANKS,
RESERVOIRS.

NOTE: HERE APPROXIMATE DISTANCE TAKEN IS 800m.

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ROUGHN
ESS:
NOT-
E

3.INPUT
PARAMETERS-

SPECIFYING PIPE PROPERTIES:

ROUGHNESS, DIAMETER,
LENGTH

SPECIFYING RESERVOIR PROPERTIES:

Figure 11 Figure 12

Figure 11

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5. SPECIFYING JUNCTION DEMANDS:

Network Table - Nodes

Demand
Node ID LPS
Junc 2 33.33
Junc 3 22.25
Junc 4 14.59
Junc 5 1.09
Junc 8 2.63
Junc 9 2.63
Junc 10 0
Junc 11 0
Junc 12 0
Junc 13 0
Junc 14 0
Junc 15 0
Junc 16 0
Junc 17 3.83
Junc 18 3.83
Junc 19 3.83
Junc 20 0
Junc 21 2
Junc 23 2
Junc 24 0
Junc 25 5
Junc 26 26.83
Junc 27 0
Junc 28 0.83
Junc 7 33.3
Resvr 1 -157.96

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6. RUNNING THE ANALYSIS:

Figure 13

7.OUTPUT PARAMETERS-

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8.CHECKING THE RESULTS-

Based on the results, optimizing the network by adjusting the design parameters such as the pipe
diameter, length and elevation, and the pump capacity and running the simulation again to check the
performance of the optimized network.

In our case, we changed the diameter and roughness coefficients.

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 Figure 15

9.REPORTS CAN BE GENERATED NOW.

10.FINALLY SAVED THE FILE FOR FUTURE ANALYSIS

4.7 REPORT GENERATION:

Page 1 04-05-2023 16:27:35

**********************************************************************
* EPANET *
* Hydraulic and Water Quality *
* Analysis for Pipe Networks *
* Version 2.2 *
**********************************************************************

Input File: minor projectt.net

Link - Node Table:

----------------------------------------------------------------------

Link Start End Length Diameter

ID Node Node (m) (mm)

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 ----------------------------------------------------------------------
1 1 2 130 280
9 10 9 20 100
10 11 8 26 100
11 24 23 21 100
16 13 19 8 100
17 14 18 7 100
18 20 21 25 150
19 16 25 13 100

----------------------------------------------------------------------

Link Start End Length Diameter

ID Node Node (m) (mm)
----------------------------------------------------------------------

20 17 12 36 100
21 13 19 8 100
22 14 18 6 100
24 15 26 10 100
25 10 9 8 100
26 27 28 13 100
7 2 24 56 180
8 24 10 35 180
12 10 11 10.43 180
13 11 12 58.32 180
14 12 3 38 180
15 3 13 56 180
23 13 14 65.28 180
28 14 4 18.51 180
29 4 15 60.53 110
30 15 16 42.05 110
31 16 20 54.66 110
32 20 5 30 110
33 5 27 91.314 280
34 27 7 40.11 280
4 1 2 #N/A #N/A Pump
2 5 27 #N/A 0.1 Valve
3 27 7 #N/A 0.1 Valve

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 Page 2
Energy Usage:
----------------------------------------------------------------------
Usage Avg. Kw-hr Avg. Peak Cost
Pump Factor Effic. /m3 Kw Kw /day
------------------------------------------------------------------------------
4 100.00 75.00 0.03 46.67 46.67 0.00
------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Demand Charge: 0.00
Total Cost: 0.00

Node Results:
----------------------------------------------------------------------
Node Demand Head Pressure Quality
ID LPS m m
----------------------------------------------------------------------
2 33.33 638.24 104.24 0.00
3 22.25 614.28 84.28 0.00
4 14.59 604.95 73.95 0.00
5 1.09 551.89 14.89 0.00
8 2.63 625.16 94.16 0.00
9 2.63 626.46 95.46 0.00
10 0.00 626.47 95.47 0.00
----------------------------------------------------------------------
Node Demand Head Pressure Quality
ID LPS m m
----------------------------------------------------------------------

11 0.00 625.20 94.20 0.00

12 0.00 618.42 88.42 0.00
13 0.00 610.31 79.31 0.00
14 0.00 606.06 75.06 0.00
15 0.00 572.97 39.97 0.00
16 0.00 564.58 29.58 0.00
17 3.83 618.30 88.30 0.00
18 3.83 606.05 75.05 0.00
19 3.83 610.30 79.30 0.00
20 0.00 556.07 19.07 0.00
21 2.00 556.07 19.07 0.00
23 2.00 630.89 98.89 0.00
24 0.00 630.91 98.91 0.00
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25 5.00 564.51 29.51 0.00
26 26.83 571.63 38.63 0.00
27 0.00 551.79 16.79 0.00
28 0.83 551.78 16.78 0.00
7 33.30 551.75 18.75 0.00
1 -157.96 630.00 0.00 0.00 Reservoir

Page 3
Link Results:
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
Link Flow Velocity Unit Head Loss Status
ID LPS m/s m/km
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
1 -275.21 4.47 63.41 Open
9 0.99 0.13 0.26 Open
10 2.63 0.33 1.53 Open
11 2.00 0.25 0.93 Open
16 1.92 0.24 0.86 Open
17 1.83 0.23 0.79 Open
18 2.00 0.11 0.13 Open
19 5.00 0.64 5.15 Open
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
Link Flow Velocity Unit Head Loss Status
ID LPS m/s m/km
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------

20 -3.83 0.49 3.11 Open

21 1.92 0.24 0.86 Open
22 2.00 0.25 0.92 Open
24 26.83 3.42 133.95 Open
25 1.64 0.21 0.65 Open
26 0.83 0.11 0.19 Open
7 124.63 4.90 130.98 Open
8 122.63 4.82 126.85 Open
12 120.00 4.72 121.55 Open
13 117.38 4.61 116.34 Open
14 113.55 4.46 108.96 Open
15 91.30 3.59 70.85 Open
23 87.47 3.44 65.11 Open
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 28 83.64 3.29 59.62 Open
29 69.05 7.27 528.41 Open
30 42.22 4.44 199.54 Open
31 37.22 3.92 155.59 Open
32 35.22 3.71 139.54 Open
33 34.13 0.55 1.10 Open
34 33.30 0.54 1.05 Open
4 433.17 0.00 -8.24 Open Pump
2 0.00 0.00 0.00 Closed Valve
3 0.00 0.00 0.00 Closed Valve

-----------------------------------------------------------------------------

Figure . Final Water Distribution Network

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5. LITERATURE REVIEW:

● Water distribution analysis and design is one of the challenging aspects in civil engineering which
involves looping systems of water distribution with extreme levels of bursting pressure, like lower than
the atmosphere or much heavier pressure beyond the surge level due to differential elevations. The two
major constraints that are directly involved in major distributions are effective diameter of the pipe and
permissible level of pressure at each nodal link/demand point. The paper deals with the planning of a
water distribution network through combined gravity and pumping looping system of the network and
satisfies the overall demand at each nodal point in and around the study area.

Reference:

This is a part of an abstract from research conducted by Aathira M and Elangovan K and is
published in the Proceedings of the International Conference on Civil, Architecture and
Sustainable Engineering (ICCAS) held in Chennai, India on December 7-8, 2021. The DOI for
this paper is 10.4108/eai.7-12-2021.2315102 and it is copyrighted by EAI in 2021.

● Pipe network analysis is the fluid flow through a hydraulics network containing
several or many interconnected branches whose aim is to determine the flow rates and
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 pressure drops in the individual sections of the network. Classical approach for
automatically solving the problems of network is by using specialized software such as
EPANET. The purpose of this study is to assess the performance of Limbayat zone water
supply scheme using hydraulic simulation software and to address any improvements
required to existing infrastructure and or the mode of operation, in order to improve quantity and quality
of water distributed to the consumers. As, Limbayat zone is facing a water scarcity problem. The reason
behind this scarcity is the pressure fluctuation. There is large variation in pressure head and the pressure
supplied is not sufficient to fulfil the requirement of water demand of Limbayat zone. There may be
leakages in the pipes which results in the pressure difference which consequently results into the scarcity
of water.

Reference:

Mehta, D., Lakhani, K., Patel, D., & Patel, G. (2015). Performance evaluation of Limbayat
zone water supply scheme using hydraulic simulation software. Presented at the
International Conference on Advances in Civil, Structural and Mechanical Engineering -
CSM 2015, S.N. Patel Institute of Technology & Research Centre, Umrakh, Bardoli.

6. INFERENCES ON WORKING WITH EPANET SOFTWARE

EPANET is a powerful software tool for modelling and analysing water distribution systems. It has several
advantages, such as:

Merits:

User-friendly interface: The EPANET software has a user-friendly interface that allows users to create and
analyse water distribution models easily.

Accurate hydraulic modelling: The EPANET hydraulic solver uses advanced hydraulic modelling principles
to simulate the flow and pressure behaviour in water distribution systems accurately.

Comprehensive data analysis: EPANET provides a wide range of tools to analyse and visualize the hydraulic
behaviour of water distribution systems, including hydraulic profile plots, pressure contour plots, and energy
reports.

Flexible modelling options: The software offers various modelling options, such as steady-state, extended
period simulation (EPS), and water quality analysis, to cater to different user requirements.

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Open-source software: EPANET is an open-source software, which means that it is available for free, and
users can modify the source code to suit their needs.
However, there are also some disadvantages or limitations of the EPANET software, such as:

Demerits:

Limited compatibility: EPANET is only compatible with Windows operating systems, which may be a
limitation for users who prefer other operating systems.

Steep learning curve: While the EPANET interface is user-friendly, mastering the software requires some
experience in hydraulic modelling and water distribution systems.

Limited water quality analysis: While EPANET offers some water quality analysis options, such as chlorine
decay and age analysis, it does not provide advanced water quality modelling features.

Limited GIS integration: EPANET does not have built-in geographic information system (GIS) functionality,
which may limit its usefulness for some users who require GIS integration for their modelling projects.

In conclusion, EPANET is a powerful software tool for modelling and analysing water distribution systems. It
offers several advantages, such as a user-friendly interface, accurate hydraulic modelling, comprehensive data
analysis, flexible modelling options, and open-source availability. However, it also has some limitations, such
as limited compatibility, a steep learning curve, limited water quality analysis, and limited GIS integration.

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Figure . Manit Water Tank

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 Figure . Pumps and Motors

7. CONCLUSION

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Based on the analysis performed in this minor project, it can be inferred that EPANET software is an effective
and cost-saving method for designing and modelling water distribution networks. Although there are different
applications available, EPANET stands out for its ease of use and affordability. However, it is important to note
that the accuracy of the simulated results may vary based on the values of different parameters.

The primary focus of this research was to identify any deficiencies in the existing water distribution network
and propose a feasible solution. The extensive review of different software applications for designing and
modelling water distribution networks concludes that the choice of software depends on various factors such as
data availability, time, financial implications, resources, applicability, compatibility and overall scope of the
project.

In conclusion, the design of a water distribution network must be based on projected population estimates for
the design period. Any underestimated or overestimated value can make the system inadequate or costly. The
proposed integrated water distribution network model for the study area, which maintains the existing pipeline
to the maximum extent, except for some increase in diameter of pipes in the mainline, can be a viable solution
to address the existing deficiencies in the water distribution network.

8. REFERENCES

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● EPANET User Manual: This is the official user manual for the EPANET software, which provides
detailed information on how to use the software and model water distribution networks. The manual is
available on the EPANET website: https://www.epa.gov/water-research/epanet.

● EPANET Tutorial: This tutorial provides step-by-step instructions for creating a simple water
distribution network model using EPANET. The tutorial is available on the EPANET website:
https://www.epa.gov/waterresearch/epanet.

● EPANET Example Models: This is a collection of example EPANET models that demonstrate
different types of water distribution network modelling scenarios. The examples are available on the
EPANET website: https://www.epa.gov/water-research/epanet.

● "Water Distribution System Modeling and Analysis" by Haestad Methods, Inc.: This book provides an
overview of water distribution system modelling and analysis, including detailed information on using
EPANET. The book is available for purchase on Amazon:
https://www.amazon.com/WaterDistribution-System-Modeling-Analysis/dp/0974377278.

● "Water Distribution Systems Analysis" by Mays, L. W.: This book covers the principles of water
distribution system analysis, including hydraulic modelling using EPANET. The book is available for
purchase on Amazon:
https://www.amazon.com/Water-Distribution-Systems-AnalysisModeling/dp/0070404834.
● "Hydraulic Design Handbook for Gravity Flow Water Systems" by the US Department of Agriculture
(USDA): This handbook provides guidance on designing and modeling gravity flow water systems,
including using EPANET. The handbook is available for free on the USDA website:
https://www.nrcs.usda.gov/Internet/FSE_DOCUMENTS/nrcs144p2_051837
.pdf.

● "Water Distribution Modeling and Management" by Alperovits, E. and Shamir, U.: This book provides
an overview of water distribution network modeling and management, including using EPANET. The
book is available for purchase on Amazon: https://www.amazon.com/Water-DistributionModeling-
Management-Alperovits/dp/0071441454.

M. Aathira and K. Elangovan, "Planning of Water Distribution Network through Combined Gravity and
Pumping Looping System of Network," in Proceedings of the 5th International Conference on Civil and
Architectural Engineering (ICCAE 2021), Chennai, India, Dec. 7-8, 2021. EAI, 2021, pp. 1-6. DOI:
10.4108/eai.7-12-2021.2315102.

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