Grand Canyon University
PUB 540 – Principles of Epidemiology
Calculating Odds Ratio
August 9, 2022
This study source was downloaded by 100000864087336 from CourseHero.com on 03-22-2023 01:26:24 GMT -05:00
https://www.coursehero.com/file/162265835/PUB-540-Topic-4-Calculating-Ratio-Oddsdocx/
Calculating Odds Ratio
Odds ratio is a measure of association used in epidemiological studies to assess the relationship
between disease and exposure. In this exercise, you will calculate and interpret odds ratio using
real-world examples.
Odds Ratio
In case control studies, the odds ratio (OR) is the measure of the association between the
frequency of an exposure and the frequency of an outcome. The OR is an indirect measure of
risk in case control studies because incidence rates cannot be calculated.
The formula for odds ratio is: (A/C) ÷ (B/D) or (AD)/(BC).
Remember, data from an output source may not be ordered according to the table. Ensure that
the output data corresponds to the table, or you will calculate incorrectly when you apply the
formula.
Disease Status
Exposure Status Yes No Total
Yes A B A+ B
No C D C+D
Total A+C B+D A+B+C+D
For this assignment:
• Retrieve the "BRFSS Web-Enabled Analysis Tool," provided in the topic Resources.
• Select "Cross Tabulation."
• Select "2015" for the year.
• Select "Arizona" for the state.
• Select "Alcohol Consumption: Binge drinkers (males having five or more drinks
on one occasion, females having four or more drinks on one occasion)" for Step 2
Select Row.
• Select "Chronic Health Conditions: Ever diagnosed with a depressive disorder,
including depression, major depression, dysthymia, or minor depression" for Step
3 Select Column.
• Skip Steps 4 and 5.
• Select "Sample Size" for Step 6 Select Statistics and run the report for the cross
tabulation.
Part 1
Using the data from the cross-tabulation results, calculate the odds ratio for depression among
those exposed to binge drinking. Refer to the formula provided above.
This study source was downloaded by 100000864087336 from CourseHero.com on 03-22-2023 01:26:24 GMT -05:00
https://www.coursehero.com/file/162265835/PUB-540-Topic-4-Calculating-Ratio-Oddsdocx/
Alcohol consumption Depressive disorder
Exposure Status Yes No Total
Yes 131 550 681
No 1275 5441 6716
Total 1406 5991 7397
• Present or describe the formula you used to arrive at your answer. Show all calculations.
A B AD
The odds ratio = ÷ ∨
C D CB
131×5441 712771
= =1.0164
550 ×1275 701250
• Interpret the odds ratio. In your interpretation, describe the association between the
variables and indicate whether there is a positive, negative, or no association.
If the odd ratio is 1.0 or near zero, it means that the chances of exposure for case
clients are the same as the chances of vulnerability for control clients. This implies that
the sickness and disclosure are unrelated (Friis and Sellers 2020). The strength of the
relationship is gauged by the size of the odds ratio. According to our findings, there isn't a
convincing link between alcohol binge drinking and the onset of depression. Alcohol use
is not linked to long-term health issues such as serious depressive disorders (McHugh and
Weiss, 2019). The odds findings are not statistically significant, which indicates that the
variable does not depend on itself; events occur differently and are influenced by outside
causes.
Part 2
This study source was downloaded by 100000864087336 from CourseHero.com on 03-22-2023 01:26:24 GMT -05:00
https://www.coursehero.com/file/162265835/PUB-540-Topic-4-Calculating-Ratio-Oddsdocx/
Use the CDC's "BRFSS Web-Enabled Analysis Tool," provided in the topic Resources, and run a
report for two variables of interest to you.
Exposure Status Yes No Total
Yes 140 1,215 1,355
No 91 1,009 1,100
Total 231 2,224 2,455
• Present or describe the formula you used to arrive at your answer.
A B AD
The odds ratio = ÷ ∨
C D CB
140 ×1009 141260
= =1.2776
1215 × 91 110565
• Interpret the odds ratio. In your interpretation, describe the association between the
variables and indicate whether there is a positive, negative, or no association.
The estimated odds ratio is larger than 1, which indicates that the case clients have
a higher chance of being exposed than the control clients do (CDC 2012). Long-term
tobacco use is linked to high chances of developing cancer, and there is a considerable
association between the two factors. Smoking tobacco and the occurrence of cancer are
positively associated. The size of the odds ratio shows that there is a substantial link
because the odd ratio is greater than one. The results for odd ratios demonstrate statistical
significance. It implies that the variables at play are interdependent and that tobacco use
and exposure cause cancer.
• Discuss the public health importance of the association.
This study source was downloaded by 100000864087336 from CourseHero.com on 03-22-2023 01:26:24 GMT -05:00
https://www.coursehero.com/file/162265835/PUB-540-Topic-4-Calculating-Ratio-Oddsdocx/
By figuring out and clarifying the relationship between exposure and expected
result, the effect on public health is assessed. The results are provided with their
interpretation from a pertinent public health perspective. The odds ratio multiplied by the
measure of association measures the degree to which the indicated kind of exposure and
the health condition under study are related. With this knowledge, public health
professionals will gain insight into numerous causal links and, eventually, devise
strategies and interventions with a public health impact to lessen the burden presented by
the exposure resulting in the development of illness in the specified population. The
primary goal of public health is to detect possible exposure to a certain illness condition
and then have an effective intervention to remedy the problem. An epidemiologist
evaluates the causal influence by comparing the exposure experience with what may have
occurred in the absence of the same exposure (Friis and Sellers, 2020). The public health
officer will assess the theoretical impacts of the two factors and determine any gaps
where an efficient action would be most appropriate to lessen the effect. In addition,
epidemiology identifies the risk factors linked to medical disorders and provides an
assessment of the effectiveness of potential interventions that might assist reduce the
impact of the implicated risk factors.
Reference
This study source was downloaded by 100000864087336 from CourseHero.com on 03-22-2023 01:26:24 GMT -05:00
https://www.coursehero.com/file/162265835/PUB-540-Topic-4-Calculating-Ratio-Oddsdocx/
CDC. (2012). Principles of epidemiology in public health practice. Retrieved from,
https://www.cdc.gov/csels/dsepd/ss1978/lesson1/section1.html
Friis, R. H., & Sellers, T. (2020). Epidemiology for public health practice. Jones & Bartlett
learning. ISBN 978-1-4496-5158-9
McHugh, R. K., & Weiss, R. D. (2019). Alcohol Use Disorder and Depressive
Disorders. Alcohol research: current reviews, 40(1), arcr.v40.1.01.
https://doi.org/10.35946/arcr.v40.1.01
This study source was downloaded by 100000864087336 from CourseHero.com on 03-22-2023 01:26:24 GMT -05:00
https://www.coursehero.com/file/162265835/PUB-540-Topic-4-Calculating-Ratio-Oddsdocx/
Powered by TCPDF (www.tcpdf.org)
