0 oO a j i Busbar Protection Introduction From the protection point of view, the busbars are nodes of energy in the power system. In purely radial systems a busbar is of no greater importance than the line supplying it, On che other hand, a busbar can be the centre of an enormous concentration of energy in meshed systems and in power stations having several machines. This concentration of energy gives rise to the great problen associated with busbar protection, the problen of c.t. sat~ uration. All busbar protection schemes comprise therefore for the most part, either already enbodied in the principle adopted or as a supplenentary function, measures for dealing with ¢.t, saturation. Statistically, busbar faults occur relatively seldom, but when they do they can have the most serious consequences. It is not so easy to rearrange @ power system to replace a whole busbar as it Ls to replace a line, and also repairs take much longer. High-speed selective protection can do auch tovards limiting the effects of a busbar fault on the system. In extensive super grid systems high-speed protection can be an essential elenent in maintaining system stability, and in the vicinity of large generating units can be instru mental in avoiding shaft damage.BBC Busbars in distribution systems + these are not equipped with 2 specific busbar protection, but are included in the graded line protection. Where grading times becone unacceptably long for busbar faults, improvement can be achieved as shown in the example of Fig. 1. inteea zs f+ >I] 7] 627] OT] Ot only consumer feeders Fig. 1 - Blocking fast tripping by the infeed relay when an outgoing feeder relay piks upProviding there is only a single infeed, a directional relay is not required. Figure 1 only shows the arrangenent for busbar faults which is in addition to the norsal graded protection. The timer on the infeed only has to take the pick-up tine of the overcurrent relays in the outgoing feeders into account, i.e. have a setting of 50 to 100 ms. In the event of an external fault, one of the outgoing feeder relays will open its normally-closed starting contact, which causes the normally-energised auxiliary relay to reset and interrupt the tripping supply to the fast tripping arrangement fon the infeed. The tripping supply to the infeed is not interrupted for @ busbar fault, since none of the outgoing feeder relays can pick up. The possibility of Fig. 2 cannot really be described as a busbar protection, but it does illustrate frequently applied artifice. The bus-coupler is tripped as soon as it conducts fault current, which firstly reduces the level of fault current at the fault location, usually the nain purpose of the bus-coupler, but secondly in the event of e busbar fault enables the healthy section to renain in service. Fig. 2 - The inotantaneous tripping of o bus-coupler immediately fault current flowsbt BBS Specific tusbar protection of single busbar installations having only a few feeders can be performed by differential relays of the kind used for three-winding transformers (Fig. 3) Also this principle does not permit feedback from the con- suners, since fault current, for example, fron feeder 2 to an external fault on feeder 1 does not generate any restraint land could cause mel-operation due to unbalanced c.t. behaviour. infeed 1 infeed 2 1 2 3 consumer feeders without feedback of fault current chi. sh, | sae! = A Fig. 3 - Transformer differential relay used for busbar protection8-5 BBC Switching the direction of measurenent of distance relays offers a further possibility of protecting busbars in less critical situations (Fig. 4). The scheme is vasicelly @ directional comparison of all the distance relays connected to a busbar section. To this end, the timing unit of the distance relays reverses their direction of measurement, for example, between the first and second zone tines so that all the relays measure simultaneously towards the busbars. If all the relays detect a fault in the direct- jon of the busbars, then the fault must actually be on the busbars and a tripping command is issued to the corresponding circuit breskers1 oO a poetry busber dine Fig. 4 - Protecting busbar by reversing the direction of measurement of distance relaysBRS Figure § illustrates the principle of earth leakage protection. This protection can only be used ia the case of phase-segragated switchgear where it can be safely assuned that only earth faults are possible. The complete busbar installation has to be insulated from ground and earthed via ac.t. A simple overcurrent relay connected to the ¢.t. will then detect any earth faults. Figure § also shows how a certain degres of selectivity can be achieved. The weakness of frane leakage protection lies in maintaining ‘the quality of the insulation to ground over a long period.BBC Insulated I Switchgear Frame Fig. 5 - Frame leakage protectionHs veotection in hij oltage High-voltage installations should always be equipped with a specific busbar protection in order to confine the danage at the higher fault levels and to ensure selctive operation under the most arduous measuring conditions. once again the circulating current priniple which Fig. 6 should recall to mind plays an important role in busbar protection. A different approach is however necessary ‘to cope with the problen of c.t. saturation.voltage distribution along the c.t. leads ely Les external fault internal fault Io ~e. 1 1 Tan Fig. 6 - The circulating current principleell BBC Why c.t. saturation is a particular problem of busbar protection can be seen fron Fig. 7. In the case of an internal fault each feeder only has to conduct its own fault current, whereas the faulted feeder hae to conduct the sun of the fault: currents of ali the other feeders during a through-fault. Depending on the particular installation, the faslt current which the c.t. of the faulted feeder has to contend with can reach extremely high values referred to the rated current of the feeder. Fig. 7 - C.t. saturation, a problem of busbar protectionHigh-impedance protection High impedance protection assumes that the c.t. of a feeder with an external fault saturates and that under these conditions the protection must not mal-operate. Firstly, the current relay of the normal circulating current schene As replaced by a voltage relay (thus the nane high-impedance), which can also be a current relay with @ resistor, the stabilizing resistor, in series. In order to determine the setting of the voltage relay, it is assumed that the c.t. having the longest leads is completely saturated and the loop to this c.t. only consists of the lead resistance and the resistance of the c.t. secondary winding (Fig. 8). At the maxinum through-fault current, the voltage-drop across this loop is also 2 maximum land represents according to the standard calculation for ‘the through-fault stability the minimum permissible relay setting.LONGEST LEAD RESISTANCE SEC. RES. OF + SATURATED C.T, nh Volt. : Relay I Tryay(%, + Be.7,) SS RELAY SETTING Fig. & - through-fault stability A further safety margin is unnecessary, since the “standard calculation" already includes a nunber of safety factors the non-saturated c.t's are negiected g. the resistances in the circuits ofBBC ALL the feeder currents during a busbar fault are in- phase and, as the relay is now a voltage relay, the situation corresponds roughly to that of an open-circuited c.t. In consequence, instead of one c.t. saturating, all the c.t's saturate, In spite of this, saturation during an internal fault is not to be compared with saturation during an external fault. Due to saturation during an external fault, the voltage across the differential circuit increases toa value sonething less than the relay setting and returns to zero around the zer2-crossing of the current when the flux changes from the positive to negative saturation regions and vice-versa. Saturation during an internal fault, on the other hand, has the effect of causing the voltage to reduce to around zero and to increase during the flux change from the positive to negative saturation regions to a high value (Fig. 9). ‘The voltage inpuls during the flux change can be short or Long depending on the design and the operating conditions of the schene. But in all cases, it's volt/second area corresponds to the magnetic energy contained in the core. To ensure fast operation of the relay, the volt/second area must have a certain minimum size. A second rule of thumb in the design of a high-impedance scheme takes this into account, This stipulates that the knee-point voltage of the c.t's must be at least twice the voltage setting of the relay.B15 — 20kV Ideal 8.7. Output? Actual —f\ \ Output Limited to Less THan 2000 V Fig. § ~ Secondary voltage of the c.t's during an internal fauicBBC The design of the protection schene and of the relay must take account of the output voltage of the c.t's. Voltage limiting devices must be included to prevent the insulation level of the station wiring, terminals etc., from being exceeded, and the relay must be capable of tripping even when the ingut signal is only a short impuls. To be able to do this an electro-mechanical relay, for example, includes a 50 Hz filter to provide a steadier excitation of the measuring unit. Voltage dependent resistors (VDR's) or metrosils are connected across the differential circuit to limit the voltage to an acceptable level. ut these also must be suitable for the duty and be protected for their part against overload. Attention aust be paid that at the maximum internal fault bed insulation of the installation current the pres: (usually 2000 V) and the maxinum dissipation of the VOR's are not exceeded (maufecturer's curves). The final measure in this respect is the short-circuiting of the differential circuit after the relay has tripped and the tripping contact has latched (Fig. 10). c's sHORT- Rew. | i Ne contact VR Fig. 10 - Limiting the voltage across the differential circuit and protecting the voltage limiting devices‘The maximun sensitivity of the schene is given by: Te ain where Ty gin = the ainimum primary fault current r = cst. ratio a = excitation current of tie c-t's at the relay voltage setting ae = relay current at setting a = number of c.t's Theoreticslly this relationship can linit the number ‘of c.t's which may be connected in parallel, but in practice this difficulty is seldom encountered.‘The required c.t. data can be sunmarized as follows: Through-fault stability: = low secondary current = low secondary winding resistance - low leakage flux Internal fault sensitivity - High knee-point voltage = low excitation current at relay setting Going as far as possible towards meeting these require- ments excludes the use of interposing c.t's and therefore all main c.t's must have the sane ratio. British Standard 3938 specifies a special class of c.t. under the designation “class X" for this and similar spplications. A particular set of data has to be stated to.describe a class X c.t. which to achieve a low leakage flux must have @ toroidal core with an evenly distributed secondary winding. ‘The followirg data specifies @ class X c.t. - prinery rated current + turns ratio (not current ratio) = knee-point voltage = excitation current at knee-point voltage or a stated percentage thereof ~ resistance of the secondary winding at 7:9 C or higher‘The knee-point voltage is determined by connecting a voltage source to the secondary winding and increasing the voltage until 2 further increase in voltage of 10 4 produces an increase in current of 50 4. Excitation curve differences between the c.t's which ould otherwise cause current errors have no appreciable influence on 2 high-impedance scheme. Such differences are self-conpensating, because in a high-impedance schene the secondary voltages can adjust thenselves to an operating point where the excitating currents and thus the secondary currents are equal. On the other hand, errors due to turns ratio must not reach the minimum pick-up current, i.e. ¥Ulgq * Ate) ———— > o-008 1 F ex3-20 BBC In the majority of cases a completely separate high impedance measurenent is performed for each phase, although a purely earth fault scheme through paralleling all the e.t's of all the feeders and all the phases is possible. Where multiple busbars have to be protected, each busbar section forms an independent zone of protection with its own differential circuit and high-impedance relay. The c.t's should be installed such that the zones of protection overlap, ‘thus ensuring that every part of the busbars is protected (Fig. 11) Fig. 11 - Dividing multiple busbars into zones of protectionBBC Switching @ feeder from one zone to another means switching its c.t's from one set of differential circuits to another and the tripping coil of the corresponding circuit-breaker from one set of relays to another. A single-line diagram showing the principle of switching over using isolator auxiliary contacts is given in Fig. 12. The normal practice in such cases is to first close the isolator which was open, so that the differential and tripping circuits of the two zones are connected in parallel. This is correct, because in the primary circuit the two zones have also been formed into one. Only then 1s the other isolator opened, separating the two systems once again. C dus A Bus Lsolator ux, 0 po soneacs 4 Zone one Relay me ———s's J TL ane (Zone Relay HHa-——--5 Jer from one bushar to another FigBBC Quite generally any switching in c.t. circuits is looked upon as a risk and in the case of high-impedance protection has led to an expansion of the protection. The expansion consists ina second high-impedance scheme which has no switching whatsoever and thus detects unselectively a fault anywhere in the busbar installation. Before tripping can take place, doth the unswitched overall check and one of the selective measurements must pick up (Fig. 13).Bec GX AND RELAY CONNECTIONS, mie} wt Sal he : sae eee eee ae rEUY Lf ——s reine emcurs Fig. 15 - Basic arrangement of selective high-impedance measurements and an overall check measurenentSolid-state directions comparison busbar protection ‘The special class X c.t's, which are necessary for high-impedance protection, are firstly more expensive than standard c.t's and secondly two cores are required per feeder. This fact largely excludes retro-fitting existing stations and in those coutries where high-impedance is not # standard kind of protection, even for new installations more modern means of dealing with c.t. saturation are sought. Solid-state techniques offer such possibilities and in addition are faster and do not switch directly in c.t. circuits. A solid-state directional comparison busbar protection is described in detail in the annex CH-ES 36-10. An alternative principle of solid-state busbar protection which derives operating and restraint quuntities ALL other principles of busbar protection derive @ restraining influence which has to be overcome by the operating influence. In the case of the example explained An the annex CH-ES 65-64, this principle is supported by electronically detecting the saturated state of c.t's. annexes:~ CH-ES 36-10 cuts 63-64“These hosbor protecon spem noteworthy for 8 low contumptew.vabslute sect. minimum pest Ing ime. compact dimensions atom ting fie. Sindibe eve wih whch ican he extended Introduction Inoresingshor-cveut ponerscemandstorerand shorter {cpping times inorder ha dane operon, damage to ‘ater stoppages a ates may Be educa to ‘imum. This apples parevlry tothe poi in ponse boston, A statis prove. busbar als arefonstely ‘Owing tothe Reavy energy cone such fault sulin serous damage an inerrpsions Therefore in bs bar protection hemes partilr es isla on eduing ‘he topping time, while absolute siete. Bison rneston of ony the afecied prev am ene peru Sit. ing the system of butbr protection, based on ie ‘onal comparison. ppg times of 10-20 ms have been tetievd,optber na abolteseetvy chen on ome ‘ested busbar configurations. compact but meses ‘eae dsign ith atomic ace. the oad pores the cuteat transformers eg vey iow Bxfore thi system of protection na nodose. a Sst Steps taken by inlaing the protection ofthe bute Inthe stance prtetion of high-vohlage power Uns n fucha ay tha nthe event of Butar aul the inane? Faay inthe opposite station ippe i te As tines. ‘Th method resi! quite common fody, te only ile fave being that the dance ey inthe aed sation Srenow often ued provided hey re designed that he ‘irestion of measoement canbe revered inthe bigher Steps: Having regard fo the selective sneeupton af ne byempoving apd autorelour, the ra timestep ct ‘ot bemde much shorter tun 0.-0 6c even or ea ‘Streayin oer word short cei on he Bhar Soret capacities of powe systems isis fa tolong. ‘Trecsfore thn mead of potstion can ony Be wed tack, Ssecive busbar pots tased on a sretionl con arson, employing tletomechanisl equipment. has {een sri conred to preteting the busts and can ‘roduc ray and ap overouren rely were requ. The Singings of he product rely cared the hie cure of the parclar feeder. a6 well asthe ference eurent ‘esl from all erent Rowing to and from he base Sars To prose the second enero i the elleent Circuit consined an overcurrent rey which on pre tite the protection system to operate f he erence ten exceed se minimum, Ths the ietion a a Feeder corets nas determined and rested to ht eile: te: In order fo obinn ail shorter tipping tes this Requirements ‘The equirenens ha sysem of busbar protectin must (Oning to he continuing rie nthe comtamption of eles= tec andthe lnreased gro of interconnected ret ‘orks the shore capacities ofthe ter ave 5 ‘oes unpesdenes proportions. Avaresil the basars have developed into focal points 0 wich numerous te omingad ougoing ies ar connected, andng enor ‘us conenttions of energy. Network analyses show that ‘tis qe pose fora evnrene to reach sales vp 65 KA. Thi means thal when a bur fol oar he Stnby mi ofthe network may be raced, the aut Snot clered safety gut This ean ed toa whole Supply spstem ailing Since usb Tals arin st cses ‘ecompanid by ars they ca cus considerable damage nC ierrption of the sels 1s spulatea that the recive stem sal interop sich alsin he shortest posuble time ma je) Thus ith breaer operating time of 2-3 eyes, theft duration othe fel more th Raed (Fall equipment for the protection of electrical install: ‘os the stint requirements a regards fl imposed onthe busbar protection, Ia geertor, former or nei wrongly nteraped by the peeve sr this may be inconvenient for the supplier of eee [ects entiles eerin amount of othe, bt for foe Consumer's nocmally of minor signiearce, beau be farely even notices i Simply one unit as aed. The ‘pny however i maotaioed without ara by othernts, This i othe cate with busbareshugh. The ero neous daconection of asingleset of busbar by ihe pote {ve gear may interop he supply of power to alg aes. Forth reason, ela) supreme imperance when “gsi sytem of Babar protection, No mater what “onety whether por nt THs imposes very exacting ‘emands onthe conception of he petsive sys, Set “The desi oxne on svitchgsr hak ed to has sates ‘coming ver complsted arrangements Siglo Sup ‘nthutor stems en loger eau Ine pet 'snstations tpl oe quadruple busbar estes re prove ‘3: ith hos enuplr fo nteconnet the aro sets Frequenlly dpicate burs ae suipped with 2st of Tranter bush. To nuke the sfeenition sil finer ‘Theprsecvesatemisexpected operate wih maim selectiy- Let mst not respond tal als outside he protect sone and econ shal nly connie! those stars ov sections ha are afte byte fu earls Cnesate ot te couplers. The guiding rule hee statu lth busbar ep in sevice ease tha the supp s ‘contin efor at posblein the event ofa al Hens Ssstemor bustar proecon whichean only die whether {taut ion or outed thepotcted zone onli ‘or secon of buar he fot has escured Beyond the Scope ofthat kindof protcine systems Likewne the “employment of special contacts in the distance prteton fnd the ke cane possibly guarantee fl select or ext in operation Under no circumstance must he protective stem repre sent an aed complication forthe operation of the = tin, The sal nua be able o change any connection fo feeders oro the Bus couplers, without having 10 pay steton the pote gear But nce dete pro- texte elements aealcned tthe individual sections of feeders, hs means tat fo very operation of thi swith ertheprtetivegear mus beappropratel switched THs option a he crtetwatsforer cuits ever for bet eioce Tusthe pots erm atonal low ery switchgear operation and constantly provide 8 ae Image othe momentary stat ofthe Basar Sse, Facies for modieation a extension ‘Whereas for generators, ransormers and lines the yout ‘tbe protective sytem can be seed sal for in the ina proget tage hss o longer the case with bus bar roeton sit may have o be madied andetendes Severaltimesin becouse othe year. Thetloethe sesgn the protective sytem must be exible 0 that an Be adapted tit any new suation ait ares. This an be feheved wih fly subdivide balding lock tr in hich the inva! protective cements ae rial alo ed io the eorrsponding pts of the isla. The ees spre cacy mus aio be provided Tor sue ‘tron ter this vequiement can be Tule gute Testing facies Since potecive ga aso operat relatively seldom, i. dvb to prow de cies for esting 0 a8 ere ‘Rould be posable scn automaticaly at presenta sleet in wich a defect i ely fo oear and ff fn alr any at found tbe aul. Anather great ‘vantage ia fal loestion deve which allows the sa: thon sat ocala ful on receipt ofan slam, witout Tos of tie, apd fo testore the protective system to Fl ‘king onder in he shortest pone ime Principle ofthe staticbusbar protection system ‘The Brown Bove sae busbar protection stem isu ‘erly applicable sit canbe tued equal wel in net ‘ols with met, high or extrigh vag From the Drotecive sapere the folowing thee main tsk |. Desising whether fou isoeted inside or ots the buster sistem bang peoecte 2 Seetng the bsbar affected by the Fal regardless of tether two or mor sts of ba ar coupled toptier 5 Selective imertption ofthe nes, edes and couplers arrying short ener oe busbar acted bythe [aut The Realty busbar ae not discnnete, hu e+ cing the ares feted by fare o the supply te All thre decors ae made simulaneouly immediately ‘he fault oer, 2 that the Wiping commands can be imparted tothe switchgear costed within 10-20 ms “Te tolerance of 1 ee necesny to low for the pss {angle of the canent atthe stat the fal ecu 260 Arpends one tp of tp contactor, ‘lege number of ncoming and outgoing lines are com ‘ested to bora I the Rely sate the sof the ‘tooming cures is egul to the su of the oulgnns ‘ents When tau oeuts, however, the equa an sappy ene Cinudig those comes 10 motors), sitcondut ener towards the foe al hese currents ‘ow towards he shar, The fac that fu wl ene {he dection af cure to be revered on cei nes ithe ta of erections potion, hit priniple being ‘Moped ia he Brown Bove eeteone babar protection system. It may be pointed ovt thous, that fective ‘Bean of ablation hive bee adopted to cane! por: fle eturationphenomens inthe caren transorwere Moreover the stan! pile af mesturemert is oalypendent ox the destin of the eveent bytes the mpage of e ren. By meas of mesuing the dere current the Sst, {aul cterionforthe protective stem isestublte. is Aetermined by an oveourent relay inthe dlference cor rent cet A second independent criterion itt inthe ‘ent of shor eat ll current in ins supplying neray sh fw inthe same destin. A st of Busan ‘an only be diconnete both ereria ar flied si. tancoutly. There alto one addiinalcutenetterion thigh can beset ivcully foreach branch, 50 ha then te basher protectin stem ips oly the ends Carrying eaten ae dsconnecied From the above deszption af the princi tis evident that the protstve sytem only operate wih current ‘This kes tindepencet of voape which i other ee lem are oles regued forthe dvetional comparison ‘he een akantape of thi thatthe protection eso “fective wher he vllapecolape complies he tion a the cas witha dead short. Such faut re nok fare Forinsenes it may dear when, afte an nse sr overhul athe instalation. hecariing ch was nak ‘pened befor the sllape was reales. ‘Thenperatona hese Busha preeton system an is osructonal etre ill gm Be dered neta Operation ‘The Brown Bese system of sts busarprtstion ined ( drcnal compara wos spells oigned to eter forthe compe busbar sens (multiple Basbate with ouplen and cin lator) I always cet nop inion connected und always dreonnects eo the installatin ans eceary witht ame tripping ne 10 1020 x Thinesenal requirement pose aan! pcb. len for he pets gear which can ony be sled ith comespendingy greater outs. 1A proteive stem tha will pea Seley unde all Sireumstances demands separa measurement f the i= Coming nd waiging caren, foreach daconretale ‘Scion of the busbar. In oter words, the sytem ees {itl imap of the iste of connections preving in {he iesalltion Ths nage i povied by changeover ontactors, corrals by the sualary ents of he into Of coun, its ene on pcp to combine ths image of he ator postions with another image now day encountered in any inallstons. ef automatic Sypetonianin or intereching ofthe boats. To esute thatthe seen of he proteston i nt compromised bythe aur af am lator comact (his defect weuld not ave any oes conseguenes all the aust contacts of injwhere orken mie oa defect tone of he ents). $e thatthe imagen longer corresponds othe aul state af the instalation, an alarms eta ad the aed branch i indeated, To inerese the sear, he oltor Posions are alo simulated by changeover contactor This ensures thatthe image ofthe stat sree cor fen even ithe supply shoul be nteruped AAs aleagy state, the base potion Ras to mest ‘xtemely vette requirement Consequently the Brown Bover sytem nat designed to operate only when two tsa ae simultaneously fie, thereby prea em ansing thereby. Apart om this am es eens oF ‘monitoring provided, ease the we measuring evs Imus always give these sternent By caning out he dvctonalcomgation separtel for ach setion ofthe butar, he afested section guy Toca Determination the st critrion Fig. shows the principle of maaurementemplyedin the Static bshar protection fora sleet of busbar al 80 branches Foriesakeof wpe llegar has ben fmt rom ths diagram ‘All he ma current transformers 4 eed the measuring reat through sniirytaaermers ay. Theater ot ‘only pera diferent wansamation ratios ofthe mat Etta be evened ot they ale provi the glance tion betweon the ain ils ante itera mening ‘iret tht io desableiletronc equipment. This {Mfc it eohanced by scretsng winding Gees he Drimary and sconday wings of the maine, “Fhe auaiary transformers areal conered i paral 0 a Sole burden 8 thus prodsag a dierent set ‘The eurentdieton inetd Inthe ira show that anced throuph the secondary ses ofthe eX. Ths Ro ure flows i the iflerenti cst or, mother word, ‘he sm of ll he current is aero. When fal cur fon the Boar, tien longer posite For the caren 10 alunce one anther so hat he sum af the urents mst fow through the dierent cet, With an estrone thera terion san be deters. Allowing for eo in the ratio of the curren tanto and vsturton the Pickup vale ths relay mae such hats jst lo. {he minimum shores cre of the bubs Thi fora balancing creat to flowin the dierent veut ‘wihowt there Being any fuk presen. Sopposing hee Show ewer immediately flomng the main of & orally weaily fades brane (ouside the busbar zone), the whole energy Hows from the busbas Through his Wnaformer and ray cause to teach saturation. The ‘sturated transformer can then no longer transform the primary current proportional Consaueniya balancing ren is prodced andthe sum of the eurens 1 no longer zero: Howeves, many cs, by optimum wiization ‘ofthe min eX and by sting the evecare rely to eft pick eve, i porblet enare that hi rey ‘doetia fat only epand tothe sumo al the caret {othe minimum hori cen ofthe instalation. Determination of he ecndeteron For the ssond eriterion, he drestion of the erent in ach section ofthe busbrs i determines separately. Tit {done by comparing the curr with one another all the Branches feting the patel sation, oper witthe cen in the diferent tei. To determine the ‘eion, his method doesnot need any valage and an ‘hereore fonction realy when a deed shor cus, [hus the vlage to sollnpe altogether Pree the relay. te directional measurements CL atsed: Lethe postive and negative alfonses ate tmcaired in separate elements {avokage proporona tothe caret pete al. Te Shapers Dy sel designs for this este of protection, ‘he normally sinuSldal volo is converted ino aust Seve, the phate ristionhip being sty maine. ‘The comers makes the sobequent srcional com. Barisin independent of the ampitade a he erent being ‘enured and thas ch a senate to stuation of the ‘Curent trasformer By adéional means the dieting Imessrement cam alo be stblizd, so that a Felable Imenurement is asuted unde ll cumstances Iie Iester isnot earring any Tul ctret—pethaps ‘ect this ines open a the a end—hecoresponding Iessiring clement doer not produce asia, ut ths Sbeerce must not be alowed {o block the Sensing ofthe ‘econ Consequently, the abence of signal fom the Inessrng lement rcaies the comparing ate which Orrin whee the lope “0” signals a inp are Simununeos, thereby sxereng am AND function. But fine al he ichematic dram ate base on the lope "SI"Gpral he comparing pt othe later appears as an (OR gre Bu jut a the protection must no be Blocked ‘when feeder nat careying any alt eaten all the rears mst not be operated sl feeders become dead Sethe ret of «normal switching operation. Therefore the comparing gate fe not released uni the messing ‘nent the different cut has picked up andthe Teed are energized (oe the follwing pargrap ‘Thee. waves ae coveted nto rectangle sigs by ‘shaper: The shapers edn elton busbr proton {Salen donot operate alot to sero posible as sor alpine coseuthaveadefrite threshold valu this being {ite the minimum shorteuit corrent ofthe parculat Feeder at eine ime after actual sero (see Fig 2. From the foregoing iis lea that, in normal service, the freaeing sles inal the feeders woul send reesing als fo the eoincdence gate, which would oly be sched bythe blsking signal from the illest ce ‘hic As addtional safety precation hereto the ouput Sion othe comparing tee always compared with be ‘arom the meaorng element fhe ede, ping famnand only being applied tothe breaker concen ‘then he Iu sgoa ie present. Ira tipping command oer reach one reser dept his recauton, ts seo Sider to indicate the presen of faut onthe Basar, tnd ii posbe that ceending upon the plant seerl oF ‘beakers whch didn rece ther ow teppng com ‘rang ilberippedtyanintertippngarangerent Hence Slo those oder ate connected Which ar onlatying {he alimum sores current (on mhich he rating of ‘he poetive sytem was based ad which uncer cen ‘ond tonacouldpotprosice their owntipingcommand). Stabizaion ‘Am itegrtor i connete to the inp ofeach shape, Isak nto hold tneenrgized shaper nie active positon ‘hrs (ie 12" ele) hon the inp sana Sapp This hoing tion only ass 4m in any cae itis lately reret when the neat hallowave ba ane 8 pee level This atonal means ensures that shoul thee ver become saturated, no mate how tang) the econ. ary caren colupiesenely before the tue 20, the ‘Seton of the already stare half-wave being sored foffctetly Tong to enable the measurement to Be com [etd runt the nen haifwneebepine The shaper re {ko equipped nathan adjontale ik-upthesbold, 29 ‘hat ia te event of assorted et overswinging the ‘rectionlhoing ation canna be ree. Likewise wth ‘hating the esti ofthe Busta protection ean Be Sepattely fed foreach ranch ‘Te outilegrars in Fig? sete he untions of the shaper with and without integrator. Te signals shown at {he itl outpts ofthe shapes mean (0° Quiescent postion, the shaper measures no cures 11 Energized postion the shaper ha picked up [As Fig. shows, thre are wo shaper, Dr and Dy for eh branch. Dp pcs up when the cutest Mowing in ‘he postive diecton, Dy when the uments nepativ. Ir bu shapers emit 0 signal tthe same ing no erent te Rowing nthe parcalar branch, othe corte is below the set pekap vale Fig. 2 shows record ofthe operation ofthe to shapers Under nora conlions. A cute of approximately the fated value y Rows (bem 3, the ploup ale ofthe ‘Shaper being St to 06 fy. Te pickup levels Pand Ware ‘ko ingeated inthe onlogrm ‘Beam is he output signal ofthe shaper Tor the postive hal-vave Dy. Beam ei the coresponing sea! Tor the repive hlfnave Dy, ‘he esilogram shows how the shaper immediatly jus from ae qutercent positon tthe woring postion when Uhecuren sescte the preset level At ths sal ure Itsaloabstous thatthe prolongation a the shaper ial Serer hen the ep seal cross he 27 Ie Fig. usrats te onctioning of the sbaper, ith and trtootneraor, in anexteme cae eatration, Since ny four beams were avaiable for resring, im ths ‘ample only the outpts ofthe two shapers or the nga fhe curent were carded) Beam a: Primary current ofthe current transformer. In (hisene the primary crrent fect, which was afeady ‘rrloaded, was incesed tenfold on facing the stra Beam : Secondary cutent ofthe sturated et After bout 3 ms ($4 eee) no longer able to fll the Drimary cure Complse saturation). The secondary cue ent clipes alogether. [ame Outputspnl of «shaper forthe negative half ‘nave with megratar The ata! dection ofthe erent |S upbeld for 3 ms ater ellape of thee arent the Signals emia by te shaper are thus 6 ms tong. As wil ‘eenplaine inthe on ation th cic requires at at Stes to compte the curent dretions of al the branches onceme This pans hat even under hese extreme umauncs# definte dciin il posible ‘Beam Outpt sian oa shaper forthe negative ba Stave without iterator. The output sgn san exact ‘ln ofthe severely toned econary erent. Fi ing the ole of the et current, the econ india ‘an lotFig. 4a and show extracts from osllogams recorded fusing high-voltage Shore test Te oth aes the Sons arent as about five ines the satration level Toattaa manioum shore caret the cut As closed eal at voltage 2270 by. means of 8 syn- pitt (se team © the agra), In ode 0 ag ‘he concions, the et was pemagnlzed With {fore ech te the show eit took pace mas ‘mur emancce in the unftvourable dein forthe tunsformer For ths feaon, the ct. was completely Sturt burly 2 me after slosng the short reat The ttanformer ecovered gradually abd sted down tothe eadystate ster cten (il five ines the satu ton lve, During theft fest (Fig. 4) the primar i ‘ut erie native lead, whe fr the econ (Fig #6) the evel ws made highly indstve, hein ths eae he hort cet onaied a ery large component noth ates lsrated the sorte taper inal (6S ms “The oniograms indicated (Fi 2-4) show that, withthe ‘meats of Sabliztion adopted, the busbar protection is {Di toarsne ata dei Secon aregars te decton ‘renin etreme coneitins and is thus able oleae the Fat enact n ever ease ort Jeena oly onthe die tion, but at on he ampitide ofthe cures. ‘The ataldreional compara takes place incerta sesion ofthe bushes E ip shows the elements ‘utes for hie compara. Beside them the lowing ae ‘own for ene two'cues norma’ operation an hor ‘Sout onthe busbar, wth the eoresponding put ond ‘utp signals foreach Semen, the meaning of © and | Seng as before ‘The square-wave signals ited by the shapers are com area the NOR ges Fy and Fy gates or the postive nd negative halFwaves) the outputs of which are com ‘ected fo the OR gate G.An active | signal only appears Stee output ater aate when al inp Fe Fy i suet re crs henieiee Seteeasty ne te aheamaa ea a nem ctht coun sont! | Sctevinesgtvaetam deren tremens ae i ee eee ae ming et edocs § coger fo ewe oe eee ~ Setar mamunonie 1 prlonganon trePriefer ere eo en st cuit on the busbar, The crrent inthe dierent co snered bythe Inverter This 6 neesary to ‘Subic the eure imosed onthe eiferenia circu in {he event ofthe fal fo flow in he opposte deecton to the cmrent in the rancher The dation of the eoi> ‘Sens sural atthe ouput of fhe OR gate snow ew Sire. Thus nat done sire el trough the etegrtor Tocliminae any dtorance A volage witha ear rise inproduced a te output of thintepatr. the magritue tub is rece esse ofthe duration ofthe coi- ‘hence signal I tht gal ast longer than 3 ms he Socteding meturing tgp K picks up and, a Tonga the short eek pest emis a Command tothe pelon- patlon reut Literal o 10 ms which immediately Ets asstind eipping sen The inegation prod of Sins Chey) was spect ar consoling te reel of ‘numerous tent The tipping times ofthe eerone tem (of batbar proesttn are pten sy the eration ime Ty lus the time ken bythe tiping contactors to pickup JT inthe most favourable ciamtancen, when sare ‘Sailable between the oseereer af he ful andthe est ure aera, amounts to Ty Te~ 54 5 ~ 10s. Tne least favourable ese, when the short cet curs ‘hot afer the core pk he grata tarts ieet {Neurventatroand treater sorter negation pid {Sms In this sne te ttl operating tine ms 7 See Eb 90 me nelading all tolerances 7,2 Sisforquck,~1Omsfornarmal contacter nthe outpet Conlon oer and2 ‘The tripping command from criterion 2 is applied othe Iipping bar Hf and 0 the input of one f the AND [nm proved foreach branch, The AND pate igre ‘hens acive pal arrives rom he corresponding ea Tne or pov shaper though the OR gate O. The res, ff ths eorlation 1 that only branche arying eurent ediconnctd. The output of the AND gate triggers thesteosated tmppingconactor Qtrooph an ampli: P However, hs contactor cin oly pik pit issinuane ‘uy cones ith the minus peo he tery by tbe snake contact Rf the overage rly Tor the Aste on. Afurter correlation ef the wo ein alo takes ‘lace inthe Gretna compsrizon.Arlong ss no ctrent towing in he diferent ceut he negative and pos tive shapers of tate which ara et othe ms trum shore eurenh, emt an O signal This eas That | sgnls are provised ater the inverters. whih ovmaly block the NOR pies Frand Py continuous, ‘hiss an added snepuara agus croneoustPPMg Logic diagram of the protection scheme In Fig the principle ofthe protection scheme i ils tenet ts loge agra i shown in Fig in etal At onal sabiiing measure, counteracting the es of {Ge compos the protectin i only rele for operat ton during about 8 me every hallnave. The mesure- Inet pie provided foreach feeder and each easing ‘stom modu MCT 184). The modules HDT 434 ana ICT 425 form the cenzal pan, one Being provided for ‘ich section ofthe busbar and each measrng stem ‘The aay om the mode BDR 460 Belongs tothe Bastar Inge he protetion stem. ‘Onmodule MCT lear the shapers for he directions ‘Shung the postive and negative bal-waves. The AND fsteson this modele marked 4, BandCand actuated the [tisarimape ely BDR 460, appiy the shepersinas tothe Cental messing part (HDT 54) of the coresponding busbar seston Module MCT€28isthemensringelement forthe diferent eeu ofthe same busbar Seon Protection of multiple busbar systems ‘As mentioned, the ste busbar protection system was ‘pevily deve for use with complied mule buttar ‘Sues, The unconditional enstty sulted is edly Shuained with the sitendesribed, as the itedependent means of protecting each busbar section can bermadeto operate oly or separately, according fo the st of coon fhe iin Fa 6a baie ayour of the cectoni potestive system fo Sf aupiene usnar wih couper and oie scconting Uolator per serio The layout ofthe protectin fan ‘mental the same foreach branch and i consequently aly shown for one branch. This arrangement can be IMaped to st ay ote efron of busts fn this parca ese thee are fut Tour tint se tions which canbe operated separately shen the see ‘ionalizing salut £ ib open. For each ofthe sections in Ais foe 8 Ay 2 Complete se f messing ep Inca Wik the tnoereriadacune i provide. There ‘here are Tour differents cus wh the oveourent ‘els Gin Gn Gy a8 Oy Likewise heres a decor comparator ft each secon. ranches Each branch can be connected to ttn Ay oF Az of he busbar. Consequently the curent of cach Branch in cordance with the ene of connection, has to be me. Sued inthe protective aster of he setons OFA ‘he necessary changeover seedy the aur co lar ofthe oats € through the mage of the bush Tor example, a branch fconneted to tecton A he shaper signals requited for the dveionl comparison Son oop sal 8 Soup a ee gy feta nee tt Aart et sere mee mus alto be connected to the conprator Mi Likewise ‘the curten ofthis branch, ansfered bythe ary et ‘ois fd to the diferent cue with the overcurrent ‘lay Ge As shown in Fi. this changeover feted ‘tout ‘opening the crc of an suory ts Beene ‘he ater vay have the shapers Bude, Sectioning ators Closing one ofthese lators mets that wo sections ase Joined oper, forming busbar item which exon be feparted nthe event ofa sort sat From the pe tection apet ths Sterne by connecting theo ‘een cies in parallel and combining the feo Sretioal deans sand. The su that only one “een! eeu ext in proce and the dectons ‘comparison is extended to the whole set of busbar. The Combination ofthe two direction! comparisons a> 10 fr 28 + 2b effected by aig topeter the mente ‘ments ofthe NOR gue refered oabove shal an eve Tgal ony produces a the onto the itgator ‘when the tents of ll ranches of bath sections ima {eouy ow in the same dren For all changeover operations win the measuring 9 tem, special felys wth dred contacts are sey thu ensuring perfect switching under al ieumstances. These Felys oe grouped together for cach branch and actuated bythe image a he Duaric deis masa: Coupling ere ae two sf urn transformer prtent inthe ‘Coupling it isda aif there were two Branches cach permanently econecte to ont of babar By aleating {he uunforne” By tothe mexaring sytem of the busbar Sesion ay ane Bo section doy the we protected zones Sremadeto overlap throuph he burcouplr bi that doubly prove. Supposing thee is fault on busbar 1 ag the coupler is ‘lores the ene ows rom busbar 2 though he coupler forthe fal In ths case the protective gear detects an xeral aul 5 a a Am is eoncered, Deca the ca Tent Rows na Pom Ap through By For sya A the otter hand i detects an iceral Toul because the ‘arent ows trough #0 busbar Ay The element o> fevting ay emis 4 pine command to al euren- Creying branes connected to ah 2 the same tie {othe coupler Busbar Ay remains in operation. The pos ‘Gos ofthe setonliz fave no infnce on he pote "om ofthe ous. athe casein poit whe he ston bedlaconnctes: when open only di ae fal cites at the coupler, both tems detet Sninternal fat and comtequeiycaconnes both set of In the event of onl oe sof erent wransformers bring provided per coupler whch poten the cae at Bah etages on account of he pie ar appropiate solution iraleo sable issomevhat moreenravagan, bees the Function ofthe mising Wansormer have Tobe taken ‘ver by some adional clement, ad the measure be omer Sepending ofthe suation a the bs coupler Teh cue an ausilary eurten asformer i corpo- rated forthe measuring Stems of he two busbar sections Tm order tha ls between the mtn cand the breaker in Be detced-—such faults can only be detected un leery “Tollow-up” crus inloged. On expiry of the cing ime ticks wheter the fault cents Sil Bowing i he coupe Its te couperisexcuded from the measurement andthe basta sation fering the In order that thoveFeders whoveshortsrtcurent hoes not reach he ee of the eure fr which the erder ‘messing systems intended, can berelabl dsconeced, hinteripping circus inorponted, This seas each feeder connected to 4 given busta secon, 10 check Sienl fom the feeder which bas tppe to al the her {eters ff he stme busbar section. The corporation oF ‘he interpping cic atthe tpt ofthe babar pro- tein tem docs not lect mestrement in 829 Wa)Test facilities Since proteie gear seldom has o operat, itis essen tohave some means a verying ha is cape of Fane ning corey. When # flaca: every protective Stem can operate in one of two way, Eiri caus an {stones ip o rps prope a eure there ata the rik of not operating tain an ergy, To feck that the electron protective ear always ay foun. itis quite suerte it pedal. eel In ew ofthe fac that independent messing atm re already provided forthe postive tnd repair hallwaves [At repares the prevention af fle trp however, po ‘gical check alone snot stent, beease there wi a. Way bea rk of «abe tip when a faut gccus, For mati safety in this spect, thee en aerate but {0 duplicate the ent protesive stem. This mas au rally ineorpoatd ia the electron sytem of bar Protection by making i ely on two eters he Bal Slement. Hence no mater where defect ota nthe Drtecve gear, ir impose for thi to cause fae ep because bath output spre have tobe present a he same tine before the ripping contactor wil operate Moreover, by vie ofthe condition that both erie (8 produce the same sina gute st to om {yttem continuously ‘To test a protective sytem fr its operations cating, ‘must be subjced Call conditions ely tobe encoun: ‘ered in pace. For the leon steno bar pro. "ction, his means that for every section of the bus fn external Fatt and ft on the busbar mus be Simulate. Furthermore forthe text tobe relly compete ‘must be repeated Tor the postive and neti Pal ‘aves Ths isthe only ay te sure that vey cement |S propery tested and wo relin the advantage of dupicn “Tocarry out such a complex tet by hand fran exensne Installation woul take up fa 109 muck time. or ths ‘eat, an automatic tet yetem has bees devsed witha Programme switch which feeds the various crite it the Protective gear one afer the other und checks the outputs tthe elements concerned, an thetpping sont To Drevent te breakers om beng tipped ll the ping Nesarefir interrupted Should any element not emi the ec signal ring the et phe the et stoped the point concerned and an alarm it ff nieating tht the busbar potetion system it celete. ‘An annunciator indicates what ind of defect has bees Getcted, whereupon the teter can st the Buin ful locate ination and, once the defective element has een localized, replace Sine ll the eetoni suits are oF the plupin pe. defect can be shimiated in quite short tine, The command tos the acomati tex procedure ‘maybe given at arbitrary ineralseg. bya ime-ich, ean also be ginen at ay time by hand. To run though the ent tent procedure foray 4 tpl st of bass ‘wh 20 fede tahes about 4 ‘Means of eliminating external noise Iisa wetbtnown fact that very high vera oten ‘occur in bauery crete The eletraie cus operate ‘nualan volage of 24V ae If theres no 2° batey alae, tis supply mst be obtained fom the sation ater throughs de-bconverer To prevent he ove oi voltage rom disturbing the syste,» ie nore orate immeslately allowing the pet tral forthe Supply voltage Liewie ales coming From the suk itty comacts of the sites ae alo passed thrush iter vey ster the input terminal, Although these les are gavanal seperated from the measuring 9s tem bythe contctrs inthe ator simulator, the mea. sures fo avoid inductive infoence were incorporated inthe wig. ‘When posing he elemens, care was kent ensure that all ements he protetive par that remot con. rected tothe insallation are nat mounted inthe sme ‘line asthe eeceoni cect (ae page 12) Also the Wiring tenements ws un spurte rom ato he Femaning internal eonnertions. Al these pretation a euing nie fam outside source ae fart posible Dimensioning the protection scheme ‘The minimum fault cutent,expreied in terms of the smanimum service cure Steines to what ett the ‘Sivie caren sill owing wena fault ours iafeeses Ineasurement and whether pheeo-phawe currents ay be sed for measurement. The following cls ae applied TR NRT] Pein > 25 Fs [far < nia < 25 Fa A Slens|s a 4 In wich a = nium Fa caren Knowledge of te fctor appieblet0 Fe is 8 prere- gui or he pining aed eos eximaton a pe The fiior28 Mfr iateephase measuring seems and (08 Fon fr sitflephae mensring stems i bed on the sic caren owing dating faut Te tures me Sement most i he eave ofan interphate short seu hoWen meturing bree R and T eve sent Tet te2~ Sly tons Since the momentary vate me ‘rein the busbar protein stem. hs met 3 fo "Ford fy Toemsre thatthe menorng sytem dott Pot alow fri currer, the pikup lee! for be eer Imesuing tem st toa minim Of 23 lo ower this oes nt nan ta a plu bas to eveched in very cer Prove at least Oe ede sre to reach his lhe ther eee conned ote sane busbar ection mil be este dieonsed by he imerepping eu Main current transformers: nina instaliations the crent of twa phasis men- red by the busbar protection sytem. Therdore to ‘ain utent uanformer aerated for exch bene, Tn soli eared netwarks the erent fie rd pase ‘8 pssued ya comply separate messring stm thi reguing sc in eared yt means al ts can Be detected bythe poeve oem Regalrements tobe fale by thee. When ashor cet cus onthe sta! busbar al ier ‘hat can supply ener fed it the fault Hence he oa aren i the sum ofthe erent in the ini fran- ‘hes Normally he feeder carrents ar between 1 5p 20 tes the ated ale. that this typeof fl doesnot preset any erent deal. This contrat with ondtiont ‘shen a faut situated on an outgoing le jas outside the protected 2one In thi ete the entire sherreuit energy fows through the alflesed line In earone ces ‘he shor-cieutcurtent may beas much as 100-5100 1imes the ated value of the parca ine Nevers, the busbar protection must not pick up. in spe of these nue ala be Bore fn mind ha the short cat power ‘ofa et of busbare may vary quite aprec bly Tor opr $ignl reasons The generation ete posers y the ‘consumption, inthe event of land peak all avalable generating unis are clleé upon, whereas a tims of os Toad those hat te not neded ean be tat dove. Inthe formersas the shorereut carte aevery hem, ve tn the ater ease hey my sven De Del the rte care sa feeder From the aboxe follows that the busbar protson must beable to operate in avery wide range of erent Wher planing an instalation ts thereloe important kro the minimum and makimim shortcut sume the busta aswel ss the sherri caren of The ‘iva incoming eeers. For the protective cos ofthe lower acuracy is see, but a much higher vecut rent factor, e, the utile ofthe rated crest ofthe mary at whch the current efor re 10-10% at ates Barden and a secondory power factor of 06. Thee shouls y curtents over as wide a rane s posible. Fr protee. thn, cores with an oerrent factor of at lent 30 are ‘recommended: Depending onthe shore conions andthe capacity ofthe cra t may wall besuiint Te use cores wih actor of 10 or more Estciet we of ret rasonmers Ira curetwransforme is operating below its rte bar- den, a corespondinaly ger overcuret factor may be flowed. te PP were 1 Maximumpossblemulipeoftheovereurent icons eo Raed output ofthe ranafomer ‘PL Convesed burden fred te anor cr ‘Pe ~ Transformer consumption arated carat ‘Te consumption of he electronic busbar protection sy ‘emis vey low amounting oubout 0. VA (elated othe Pckup vale) per feeder so tha compare with he con impli of he leas. ean be ignored. I separate c ort ate provied for the proteton, ie owl to Stain ‘vereatent fetes f 6-100, provided the ct Tease shor and of unt lrgeeroseseton. Ths the linea erent ange ore with an overouret ae: tor of 20 may be thee to Be tines slg as when ‘arin ated burden Sepa cores forthe busbar peoecton can be wed in ew instalinone In ms networks, tout the prise of the equipment beg apprecaby fected. For exsing insallnions andor hv. ores. networks, however ths ‘regiment cnt be mel. Her therein aterive but to use the avaiable types of current wasformes ‘Special pecatons then have to be taken nthe priectve itr, whch lenis eras he vere factor NNeverineess, at heey shortcut eaten especialy Sikes the fat outs the protected aon, thee. may {each saturation, The rest of this that the secondary arte ries with the primary cutet fora few ill Seconds Ss. but at soon at the stration lt is fesshe, clipes The same take place during the next alowave Inthe protective gea square-wave Sigal are Droceed for the messremeat, hese beng independent tthe curen amplitude. Thus fr these saturation phe ‘omens twas pose ake stable ep nich epder ‘he inorect behaviour ofthe nfs “This means that he protesin sytem Is racial una feed by et saturation and that iis wualy posable to femploy evsting ct [As rl ofthe sabiing mesures the protection oy: {em sill operates satisfactory with ets whch catty thee rated burden and short-sirut surens op oa ma tomo $10 tines the ated veruren ftr ft Transformer fr pimaty rated uments up to 60 A of tetween 600 and 3000 A respectively Rated primary cutenof ct up to 600A Te Rated peimary current of, betwsen 500 and 200 A: IConstructional design ‘Thecletronieguipment ofthe busbar protection stems omposed of ements ofthe standardized Brown Bover Flecrone sys The vatout meturng cris ae 08 ‘edit modules which are ploged ino standard ‘ire The entire protective tem i boas ins abe of Mandurd dimensions For small instalaions «all ‘mounting easing canbe supplied Designs areal avaiable forflsh mounting in sstehboards In every eae the ee tronic es ae ays aaced fo «hinged ume 50 that thersura the equipments accenibieand pacts avilable fn for mounting forte ements In onder that the equipment may be wed fr as wide 2 ‘arity of appliation as posible, baie cements have Deen designed for ue in any instalition (balding Block ‘sem) The mesurn elements for eah rateh andthe ‘Sretonl comparator cies Toreach busbar section are ‘nveprate module Simlrly the laa simulator. he Irppng contactors and the aay efor each Branch te arranged a sepratenuembles of suber ‘Wath cesipn st 8 posse to extend the protective ‘system at Some ater dt, simply by plusig nthe ee Init neded forthe aditonal banat It, however siento wite the equipment for the Fal extension (ca the very Beining ‘major advantage ined by using eleetone crits is theenormous gain in space The modules ae so sal that ‘he complete protsive sat can be housed ios ape bine Tes thus pssbie forthe sytem tobe delved ‘endy nite and tented afar a he outpt terminal. Fre aod Fig lua ase of protective par upp for a 204V vt of bosare wh dopiente busbar and teaar barbus coupler ntended fora otal Yeeders Inthe alse In Pig the ont view ofthe mounting ame Sen {he ters conan the folowing element (om the tp downward) Ter ower supply forthe electronic iets, requting on = Ge, comserer unit and to itr units ers 2106 “asring elements forthe branches and coupler. The ‘empl spaces ae fr Ture extensions. ‘Tes Vand & [Astmatc testing tem, wth the indzstor lamps and ‘roprammevletor on the fon pe. ‘Astomatc time switch fr the sing sytem, pl and fae for hen, voltage. Ters 1010 12 Contactor assemblies forthe lator simulator separately ‘mounted foreach ranch The nesessry spre spect re to provide Ree Fi. § shows th cabinet with the ektroniceauipment ‘Sogou On the ear wal of te cabinet re he Png contactors atthe op (plugin small contactors the au ‘iy curent tasformes inthe mile apt he Bottom e the terminals for he leds tthe airy coma ofthe iolstore ‘The us of andar ers eign for the customary p= ate and ile busbar stems has prea simplified the ‘design The tier for ape busbar system contains the ental unt (Grecia! omparson and esuring Ce rents or nin ede). Fo age insalaione a abe ‘ofthese tr can be interconnected, the eng pera {ng farther rationaliantion as mot ofthe hardware can be mass produced ‘Avery import advantage accruing fom the intodue- thn of etronis the conierable ving of spece Th Dracice the amount of space needed is governed no 30 ‘much bythe proactive deve sl but by the onneing ferminals and cables, The cabinet can be dlvered fo the Ste rend wired and teed, whch consigebly spl Practical experience Upto 198 Brown Bove supplied about 0 sac usar ‘thot ay period of il operation or any addon Bet relye and mere fan oe prety sate. Stores test wre prtermed on aver oF these Salitions a the conuson of eommisonne. An ek tack ologagh was ue in es etter he ‘eis ibe inet aaormes andthe mon porta fe inorder o check the perormance ofthe protect Stem Fig 1! show some of he slope cba ‘uring hes tes. The main object wats thatthe three mon impoan requirement of» Boar preston ‘suo ee Fld Sates These tes were cated out on a duplicate busbar syzem Sith ap auaiiry bar, Busbar {as fed with fe Shore conection. The creat wax so arranged at ‘when both the ely bars (No.2 ad the aur) vere fiteed on. power Rowe through the breaker a he uaa ui fo bat No_? and am bere tothe fal it the bs eouplr To mais the tet conditions even ote ‘grou al breakers nthe ere, fading those ofthe ‘outgoing feders which could not ed nergy back tothe buses, were cote. Te tripping signal to the cove Spondng beakers were alo gen during the Est le he eer supplying current to No.1 busbar were Ii connected aswell asthe bus coupler beeen Sart 3082 ‘A outgoing eer rom busbar? andthe airy bar Sire eft loses. This demonstrated conlaiey thatthe ‘Seton protection only escones he smal secs08 {hat can be isoltedwtth a constant tripping time in ‘ery aseeaving he heathy busbar ie operation ven ‘ough hey maybe supplying current the ul Silat {essen other ntlatinsyelded the same resale aut not onthe babars Faults ecurting jst beyond the ransormers of theca ong feces pace very severe cemands on the busarco Fy tcin mgm eo 04 sb protection A fut of his nature was simulate on ferer {hats nor ight loaded, thal the au power owed throuph he warsformer ofthat feeder when short ‘rei wasextadshed For histet sn unloaded generator ‘ras sltehed dec ont the short scut Although lute de component ha tot taken nf aseount daring the short eet, additonal auxiliary wansormers were onnecieébetecn the min tensformer and the prove: ‘om which, y nreasing the erent bya factor of 51 Image the condtons tl more rigorous Inter words the busbar proton had tocope witha curren ve tines ‘restr than ncrmal, a wl asthe highde. component Assatuation aso oecarredin the main transform ths arialr feet during this tes the secondary current of TReausiarytmsormer vas severely ditared. Thesis ‘bined canbe seen nthe osilogram in Fig. 9 ‘Asan be see, ipping took place even with this cur ‘ent whichis ay ditorted and laced ith espe fo ero. The peokshorecreut curren say 122 KA, Expt forthe sort-ieuted fede. he cuven fwed fom i the other fender to fhe barbare. Therefor the Biscking Spal depende ety om the distorted current (ack $). Blocking was acomplished bythe shperoutpt signals (tacks sna8)thibeing mae posuble by che sing remotes desrbed hewbee ‘Shor ripping time Fig. 1 and 1 show osilograms of two examples where the busbars wee shoreciculted. The fs tet ih the faulon the boars was arid out unde sist code ios to those deseibed for exes fuks. The same [everator Was used to feed the busbar withthe short ‘rit core through feeders and B. The same son liay waraformers were ako ied to sup up te shor ‘Seu cuten an the vaio 1-5. Thi le caused similar Saturation conditions to those experienced during the pre= Soul described texte The scilopram in Fp 0 shows the spnale obtained Ican be seen rom Fig 1 that the riping signal was ie afte the fest 6m ofthe frst halen, i spt of Saturation being cased by the de component and the Stsplacsmen lve to zero asymmetry) The supply was ineraptedafer 2 eyes bythe cei ener, The pes Sortie caren was 1.9 ka inthis ete. The second shortirt tent (Fi TI) withthe fat on the busbrs was performed with he otal power aise From the network binge in through ornare and 2B. The poiion a thetraksin the ollogram the same asin Fig. lO whee vachs2and Sinden the postive snd {those for feeder B and rack 5 the shone caren ‘nfeeder B mevuted o the pinay silt the susary {tanforme nthe busbar protectin} Tn this ese the tping signal was given after 7 me and the breakers opernted inthe third ela he short Eieut occured The pak fal cuenta 24 KA ‘This oslogram shows pancular clesdy another phe: nomenon which may be experienced hen ration fccurs ima main ansformer, When the hor cit a en interop, a small dsayng current Rows in the Seconda us thecrrent raptors comepon Ing tothe magnet energy ofthe ascent tansormer b‘This crrent ssl detected by the eletonie measuring slements, which o notre fr some ime ater tener: upton, a shown by teks 2d ‘similar phenomenon oer with pronounced de. com Ponens which eoul resin ubsequnt wrong operation bythe burar protein. Kiso pss Torito occur then an ester fault as een interrupted by ante pro- Tetive device, For hit retsona farther sablzne deer ‘cer incorporate rom the uel, though i as ot beet ‘efeed hither, lesinultetisapparen aul bu, ike {he sey measure previously Seeibed always reflects ‘he momemary sate ofthe sal e-mail sets teach change inthe crrent This sey devieenses ‘ara lacking sal produed forever external al, fen when eteme de comporens ee present ‘Arcam be seen fom the aulograms in Fig 10and 11, {or aus on the busbars the ping signal Was ven thin the fst halve. Tn every other ease when the ‘ult was beyond the busts, busbar protetion early ‘Sha ented locked 0 that thew ful ate inter: pte bythe appropriate ine protection. “These teats proved conlsive tht the setronic busbar Proteton system proces an ievoesble Blocking OF Trppngigal im every case wihin 1310 20m, acorn ‘he type of outpt contactor. and that ers busbar Fas ith maximum seni Heavy-current tests Using he Brown Bons static busbar protection sytem. sees of shore este ware erie ot at KEMA ih Holland during the automa of 1967, the mala object of Sthich wastobure the behanouro! the sytem anerex treme conditions incoking vey Rey load ‘Themes fie tk fora besbar protection system sre abe blocking shen shor srt sur ute one of responsi In such ess feasible thatthe ene ‘Sorel powe' of the insliaton flows inane ougoing Feeder and tht the current trsformer of ht feeder be ‘ome hei saturated. Bu is et Then ha the Bcsion te block o ip depends on thse saturated transformers 1s pron of core bebvior.prtiulaly ithe ca Gesribed, the tts were pete unde the oon ‘treme condition. Test conditions 1 Transformation ofthe iacomingcurets was rendered 2 nay near as posible by considerably underonning the soresponing caret tasfomers (Fig 12 There was only one ousing curent and his was ‘very stored, due fo the heat london the earent transformer in that feeder (B 9 Fi 12). Maximum displacement wit ae tine constant (por 100s forthe. componet ofthe primary eure, Manian remanense ob ertenttesformes de {fo interruption ofa hey shereceit caren exaly at ero and making he same faut cutet again inthe dite thon of eemanence with masimum dipacerent he fale ‘rent ware heny tha it nore than saarted Thee ‘hen nthe ymca ase) «An orgiary sted crrent ansformer wth ngvoune, ‘wed ton cut ot hgalloy alison sel, vag pro ounce stration Kinki i harcterstie Tost Set-up For these tess a ple pole set of busbar with we inputs {done outgoing fede vas arranged a shown i ip. The felowingsourees of power were avaible: ‘Two shonceuit generators (3 and #) Fora mated voltage of 1080 Shortarei caren’ each) SOKA (ems) ertesponding toa short-cieit pero ape. 100 MVA ‘Themaincurent raaformers used were as flo Brown Bove bre crtent transformers ype NPT. Lams Transformer 4: Rave: 1000/1 Rated ouput: 3SVA, cas $20 Consumption: 82 VA Transformer 8: Ratio: 10000 A Rated ouput: 15 VA, dass $20 Consumption: 43 VA ta of he state busbar pretetion system ‘ype WG Olse, seat No 67/1995) ‘usoar protection for: dupistebutbars with llogether thre utgeng faders, ont couple, ora sh earthed ‘tn, Measurements wee cared out by two indepen: ent meatring sytem inthe phases RT tS. 1 = Yrpepole intra se eu 5 Solbitps ear or on ny Sand 7 ura 1 Riper ent er an re SSeS SEE!‘Tests performed “The shoring inks forthe arouse are area in 1 ease sme numba ne piven blow {ex | Tipp ner sort crea. ‘est 2: Triple pol external shor ee. ‘Test: Doubiepe earth alton phy Sand 7: fut eral ‘Test 4: Dovbepole eth au that on phase S being ‘ermal that on pase Tine Tes $:Trilepol internal shore with ars For this test the inpping crew of the protection sytem was “To: As or test 5, bt withthe tripping cic read Comments on the tests Frail tests the shortest enery wa witebed on with thesid oa syacronous dosing device a Voge eos ‘hat maximom displacement nay ccrred in phase i pan ems sna wc aeee ESouieyemenet omar ice i y‘The current and the conesponcing digital evaluation Signals were identical forthe ty genertors For tht Featon, only the curent aod the dg signals of gener: or 3 re recorded (oe osllognms in Fig 13-18, rent ranormer load 1 ghowt he ests the load on te current ransormers Sersaaythe ame, Transformer 4 (inputs) were loaded tri? Va and transformer B (opt) with 18 VA In the pressing seston » meted was deseted for sppronimaely cleulting the dep of ulation ofc {Tent tunsformers In the present case th acuation Sele the following aul Relative to he ase of a symmerical shor crt, the transformers 4 wee anderan by factor of 13, whereas {he anformerB waste ties overs eaturation ink ‘The trplepole internal shor cit was carried out to emontrte the extremely hor ppg ine under the ‘ery adverse conditions describe. Even wh soc severely GG oo. ee nodures® BROWN BOVER TYPE INK 5 Description and general data Author K.W.2wahlen , Baden APPLICATION The INX 5 bustar protection is intended for very rapid and selective protection of high and extra-nigh-voltege suitchgesr in 50 and 60 Hz networks. This busbar protection schene detects all types of faults in systems with solidly earthed or insulated neutral. It can be used for the protection of outdoor systems 5 well as indoor, metalclad and ges insulated switchgear. The INX 5 is particularly suitable for application in aystens with high short-circuit capacities and eritical stability conditions, because of its extremely short tripping time and high reliability. Tt is equally well suited for subsequent installation in existing substations, even if seperate current transformer cores are not available. ‘The INX 5 buster protection forms part of the BBC modures® protective system and is distinguished by sn especially versatile, modular fora of equipment construction. This modular construction systen permits the INX 5 protection equipment to be optimally adapted to suit the various system configurations. The modules are then strictly assigned to the different parts of the syste, such as busbars, sectionalisers, feeders and couplers. Bustar protection systens can be provided for Substations having @ maximum of @ quadruple busbar system and total of 63 feeders (1 coupler = 2 feeders).MAIN FEATURES = liigh functional reliability oving to the separate evaluation of the current signals in two channels + Magnitude and phase position of the DIFFERENTIAL CUERENT al * Magnitude and phase position of the STABILISING FACTOR k (quotient of differential current and suauation current) = Digital directional comparison with SATURATION BLOCKING SIGHAL generators, actuated by primary currents exceeding 1000 A. = Small requirements of the main current transformers : ‘owing to the saturation blocking signals a secure blocking is achieved for external faults, even if the main current transformers saturate after 1.5 to 2 as. = No switching in the secondary circuits of the main current transformers and protection of the input c.t. by means of high capacity Zener diodes. = Burden independent of the adjusted settings. = Other protection systems may be connected into the sane main current transformer circuit. = High-speed tripping with defined measuring time (integration) of 1/8 cycle. = Separate detection and evaluation of the 3 phase currents. = Wide range of settings. = Sensitivity independent of the number of connected feeders. = Full selectivity assured with unrestricted freedom of operation by using a bus image of all isolators in the installation that are significant for its protection by the INK 5. = Continuous monitoring of all input circuits : * current transformers (differential current monitoring) * Dc and AC supply voltages “ controi volteges for the bus image input circuitsPermanent supervision of important protestion functions : + Bus image up to the switchover device # Internal electronics voltages * Internal current circuits (differential current sonttoring) © Tripping eirouits up to the output amplifier Built-in automatic testing facility. Eesy to operate and no maintenance, Logically designed and easily extendable. Fig. 1 INK 5 BUSBAR PROTECTION FOR A SUBSTATION WITH DOUBLE BUSBAR SYSTEN: 1 BUSBAR SECTIONS 28 FEEDERS 2 SECTION COUPLERS 2 BUS COUPLERSDESCRIPTION PRINCIPLE OF OPERATION The measurement principle of the INX 5 busbar protection is based fon the wellknown stabilised differential current measurement together with a digital directional comparison system, This systen gives a saturation criterion which allows a secure blocking, if during an external fault the main current transformers of the faulted feeder saturate in such a way that an internal fault is simulated (see also signal chart 3 4). The following section gives a few cefinitions and the tripping conditions : The DIFFERENTIAL CURRENT I ts equal to the vectorial sum of the currents of all feeders of @ busbar and corresponds to the short-cireuit current on this busbar in case of an internal fault, The SUMMATION CURRENT 3II| is equal to the sum of the absolute values of the currents of all feeders of a busbar and corresponds in normal service to twice the busbar transfer current. The STABILISING FACTOR k 4s equal to the analog ratio (quotient) of differential current and suamation current : at Stabitising factor k = Ot : aT For a busbar fault (internal short eireuit) : k= 1, provided nt and no superposed there is no saturation, no phase displace service currents. For a through fault (external short circuit) : k = 0 , provided there is no saturation, Tne SATURATION BLOCKING SIGNALS , which are also generated during normal service by (primary) currents exceeding 1000 A, provide ‘the DIGITAL DIRECTIONAL COMPARISON : The saturation blocking signals sre combined with the aieferential current measurement in such a way that they have no influence for an internal fault but make tripping impossible in case of an external fault with saturstion of the main current transformers.The TRIPPING ORDER can only be issued by the busbar protection Af the following conditions are fulfilled : "The fault current I (differential current) must exceed the adjusted pick-up value Ixain ‘The momentary value of the quotient k (stabilising factor) must exceed its adjusted setting ‘Both of the above criteria must simultaneously be fulfilled during the integration tine (5 ms at 50 Hz) “The saturation blocking signals B aust not have a blocking effect during this time For the better understanding, we first describe the function of the SATURATION SIGNAL GENERATORS w:th reference to fig.2. The direction of current of the positive half wave is indicated with a full arrow (—»), that of the negative half wave 1s shown with a dotted arrow (--»). We consider the behaviour of the saturation signal generator for the positive half wav: that for the n behaves in exactly the same way at reversed direction of current. During the positive half wave the voltage UR is a true image of the current and during the negative half wave it is equal to zero. The capacitor is loaded during the rise of current, then holds its voltage until zero passage of the current, whereby it is forcibly discharged, and during the negative half wave it is held at the forward voltage of its parallel diode. The pick-up value of the circuit lies near 1000 A primary current. The signal chart 2 @ shows the normal service with primary currents in the range of 2-4 kA. Fig.2 b shows the signals of a primary current of approx. 20 kA with saturation of the main current transformer atter Z.5 ms. The constant "reset time” (from zero passage of the current) of 2.2 ms results from the saturation of the integrator. It should also be noted that the ratio of Uc/UR grows additionally larger with increasing current.MEASUREMENT PRINCIPLE The principle of operation of the busbar protection INK 5 is illustrated in the block diagram of Fig. 3, where the protected object is shown as a busbar system having only two feeders (E1 and £2), drawn as single line diagram. The sane principle applies equally to busbars with several feeders (lines, trans~ formers and roteting machines); it can be imagined that ll incoming feeders are concentrated in branch £1 and all consumers in branch £2. In Fig. 3 the directions of current for an internal short circuit (Fint) are shown with a full arrow (—+) and those for an external short ciroust with a dotted arrow (--9), and all thet for half a period only. The secondary currents of the main current transformers (11 and 72) are brought from the input current transformers IW 95 to the current preparation units AI 91. The IW 95 serve for compensation of different ratios of the main current trans- formers, for galvanic separation of installation and protection as well as reduction of the current from installation level to protection level, where we work with a current of 50 mA per 3000 anpe primary current. The input ¢.t. are provided with a screening and protected by Zener diodes. These can carry the full Load current during @ short time, should there be an interruption in the current path, and st the same time they limit the secondary voltage of the e.t. to + 33 volts. In module AI 91 the current flows across the two saturation stgnel generators @ and through the current splitting device @, where the phase current is separated into positive (ip+) ane negative (ip-) half wave. On the current bus (I) the half wave currents are added up and they return through the current measuring unit IR 91. In module IR 91 the the positive half waves flow through the resistor Ry and the negative ones through R2, thereby producing the voltages U1 and Uz which are again proportional to the half wave currents. The to voltages are each converted by two impedance transformers to electronic level ang rurtner made up in two separate channels. )In the upper channel the differential current signal aI, which is directly proportional to the fault current during @ short circuit fon the busbars, is formed by subtraction of the analogous voltage signals I+ and I-. Ag long as the differential current (at) exceeds the adjusted threshhold value of the current setting Ixmin, the measuring triggers deliver the digital signals oI land i=, which again correspond to the positive and negative half wave of the differential current. xe during an external fault the main current transforaer of the faulted feeder saturates during the negative half wave, as indicated in signal chart 3d, then a positive differential Current sa produced (fed by the positive half wave of the Snfeeds). At the sane time the saturation signal generator of the negative half wave delivers a blocking signal (B+). To avoid tripping. in this ease, the signal gts 48 combined with Be Geignal@) and gle is combined with Be (esgnal@). In this way the differential current. signal that is caused by saturation is supressed from the beginning of the saturation until zero passage of the current of the saturated c.t. ne combination @) of these two signals signify the first tripping eriterion. From the digitel differential current signal @ a blocking signa? @ is derived by signal Limitation, This blocking signal allows tripping at any time for a fault on the busbars. However, St prevents tripping in good time and in a seoure way, if during fan external fault the short-circuit currents contain such great d.c. components that the differential current caused by o.t. saturation could still effect tripping of the protection after resetting of the saturation blocking signel. From the analogous differential current signal aI the differential current monitoring Iq, whose response value depends on the protection setting, is tapped.In the lower channel the differential current signal is once more formed and in addition the summation current signal is generated, By means of an analog divider the quotient k (stabilising factor) is derived therefrom. This corresponds approximately with the ratio of operating current to restraint current in a standard stabilised differential relay. At a busbar short circuit k is mostly somewhat smaller than 1 , because phase displacements or Feverse currents may appear. A lower setting of k also pernits tripping under suct difficult conditions. On the other hand tripping caused ty a defective current transformer in installations with several infeeds can be prevented if k is set sufficiently high. Trerefore the setting range of 0.45 to 0.65 18 normally electronically blocked. As Long as the adjusted threshold value of the stabilising factor k 1s exceeded, the messurenent triggers celiver the digital Signals k+ and ke. These are combined to the release signal © and fora the second ripping eriterion. Further processing is done in two separate channels which are mutually supervised and therefore prevent spurious tripping that might be caused by a component failure. The coincidence of the two tripping criteria and the iieiting signal (signals @,@4®) ts determined and if the coincidence signai (Q becomes longer than the integration time, tripping puises @ are generated whicn set electronic memories. The tripping signals @ are fed in inverted form to the tripping bars A. In single busbar systems a central tripping amplifier AB controls the tripping relays D of all feeders of the busbar concerned. In multiple busbar systems each feeder has its own tripping amplifier which is controlled according to the isolator position of the feeder by one of the tripping bars associated with the relevant busbar, As may be seen from the signal charts the electronic tripping time amounts to s maximum of 7.5 ms, measured from the first zero passage after inception of the fault.Fig. 2 FUNCTIONAL PRINCIPLE OF THE SATURATION SIGNAL GENERATORS W935 4 1s eaa] S| ama] S| ae Le Die ® ® a ates \ Aus LA 4 UU oats Signal chart 2 2 NORMAL SERVICE WITHOUT SATURATION OF THE MAIN CURRENT TRANSFORMERS A POSITIVE HALF WAVE NEGATIVE HALF WAVE Signal chart 2 WITH SATURATION OF ‘TEE MAIN CURRENT ‘TEANSFORMERS POSITIVE HALF WAVE.Fig. 3. PRINCIPLE OF OPERATION (Designations in text) ya an yeSELECTIVE MEASUREMENT IN DOUBLE BUSBAR SYSTEM Fig. 4 139) tev se i ne-PROTECTION OF MULTIPLE BUSBARS The busbar protection for multiple busbers requires = bus image (replica) of all isolators that are of importance for its selectivity. Each such tsolator must be equipped with one normally-open contact and one normally-closed contact, both complying with the requirements of the isolator auxiliary contacts. By means of the image of isolators (bus image) a true image of the installaton ia formed within the busber protection, as it is plainly shown in fig. 4 for a double busbar system. There the signal bars, called measurement bus, corresponding with the busbars and containing the tripping bus A , the current bus T ‘and the saturation blocking signal bus 8 , are clearly visible. The relay contacts within the switchover units HI 92 that correspond with the isolators are equally well discernible. In an INX 5 protection for triple and quadruple busbar systens the switchover units HI 92 are extended by similarly constructed supplementary units HI 93 or HI 94. Where busbar seotionalisers are provided in an installation, they are also implemented in the bus image of the protection. The changeover unit HI 91 and its supplenentary unit CI 91 are used for the necessary switching of the appropriate measurement bus. In order not to increase the tripping level of the connected busbars, the current circuits to one of the interconnected measuring units are then interrupted. a136‘COUPLER MEASUREMENT Each coupler is treated within the busbar protection as consisting of two feeders. Where current transformers are provided on both sides of the coupler breaker, they are connected for overlapping protection of the zone inbetween, In the case where the coupler is provided with one set of main c.t, only, the corresponding input o.t. are connected in series. Fig. 4 shows a non-conmutatable coupler, where the changeover units are omitted. They may be replaced by a connecting unit HI 96 and by the always required coupler blocking unit HI 95. The module HI 95 contains a breaker image of the coupler circuit breaker, 9 tripping amplifier with a selection logic and a coupler blocking logic with its associated timer. Under certain operational conditions the coupler measurement hes to be blocked. This is done in module AI 91 where the current circuits of the coupler are short-circuited at the input c.t. and disconnected from the measuring circuits of the protection. The coupler meagurement is blocked when the bus coupler is open. Blocking is effected by means of the breaker image, delayed by the time-Lag set for the back-up operation. Hence, when the bus coupler is opened, the extinction and possible restriking operations are included in the measurement, Blocking with the bus coupler open is necessary to ensure selective disconnection of the busbar section affected by the fault in the event of » short cireust between the ¢.t, and dus coupler. Fig. § illustrates this ease, where busbar II is affected by the fault. If, during such a short circuit, the current of the coupler c.t. Were to be included in the measurement, the letter would be felsified, The protection would measure an external fault for the faulted section and an internal fault for the unaffected section, Blocking of the coupler measurement can only function correctly When the positions of the auxiliary contacts agree with that of the bus coupler. If the contacts are not mechanically inter connected, this is not always assured. In order to be ready for immediate measurement in the event of closing on @ latent short 1acircuit (e.g. closed earthing switch), the coupler measurement must be unblocked before the coupler is closed. This is achieved by the CLOSING COMMAND supplied to the busbar protection which compels the busbar image to assume the "ON" position and thus to cancel blocking, As soon as the bus coupler is closed, unblocking is sustained by the auxiliary contact for the "ON" position. Coupler measurement is also blocked when the coupled busbar sections are additionally interconnected by isolators. In this case, if the coupler measurement were not blocked, the measurement of the protection would be falsified. Blocking is effected via a logic, based on the combinations of the positions of the bus coupler and isolators relative to one another. The back-up circuit is used in combination with the circuit for blocking the coupler measurement and is essential for couplers having only one set of current transformers. It is employed, when the bus sections are coupled, to clear a short circuit between ‘the c.t. and the coupler breaker. Refering to fig. 4, an internal fault Ss again measured for the unaffected section (I) and an external fault for the faulted section (II). Consequently the unaffected section is immediately disconnected from the network by the feeder breakers opening. But since the fault is still being fed from the other busbar section, this one must also be Gisconnected. To achive this the coupler measurenent is blocked on expiry of the back-up time (corresponding to the breaker opening time) initiated by the tripping command. Then an internal fault is also measured for the section affected by the short circuit, which is then cleared. At the same tine this circuit acts as breaker back-up protection for the bus coupler, even for couplers with two sets of current transformers. If, in the event of an internal fault, the busbar section that is faulted cannot be disconnected from the network owing to failure of the coupler breaker, the coupler measurenent is blocked on expiry of the back-up time, causing the other section which w Feeding the fault through the failed coupler to be discennested as well. o15-SELECTIVITY AND TRIPPING LEVEL. Busbar protection systems are justly required to operate with complete selectivity, so that in case of a fault only the smallest possible section of busbar that can be isolated by circuit breakers and is affected by the fault, ss disconnected. ant THis requirement can only be fulfilled when the necessary protection type current transformers for the messurenent are available in the installation. During an internal fault, the busbar section that is affected by the fault and which can be isolated by circuit breakers, is dis connected by imparting a trip command to the breakers concerned. On the other hand, if busbar sections are interconnected vie sectionalisers or busbar selection isolators, this busbar assembly will be disconnected in the event of an internal fault. Each busbar section that cannot be subdivided further has its own Measuring unit IR 91 in the busbar protection scheme. Tripping will take place in the case of an internal fault when the current level set on the measuring unit is exceeded. If two busbar sections are Joined by a sectionaliser, this sembly is allocated only one measuring unit IR 91. The asuring unit that 1s allocated to the section located to the right of the sectionaliser (seen schematically), is disconnected from the measurenent. As a result, a busbar assembly formed by a sectionaliser is also disconnected in case of an internal fault, when the current level set on the measuring units is exceeded. On the other hand, if busbar sections are interconnected by busbar selection isolators, the allocated measuring unite If 91 Femain porolleled in the measuring circuit, Tue Uusbar fault current is therefore divided between these units, so that the tripping level increases in proportion to @ factor corresponding to the number of measuring units in parallel. 16Even when they are open, the bus coupler and line breskers may receive @ trip command. As scon as the logic of the busbar protection detects a possipility of coupling with the section affected by a fault, or if @ feeder is connected with the faulted section by an isolater, a trip command is imparted to the breaker concerned, even if it is already open. CONTINUOUS MONITORING ELECTRONICS MONITORING Most of the electronic modules of the INX 5 systen are equipped with permanent monitoring. If one of these cireuits operates, this is indicated by the external signal "ELECTRONIC DEFECT". ‘The following elenents and circuits are monitored in particular + Quartz oseiiiators, timers and pulse generators Tripping channels up to and including the tripping amplifiers Interruption relays for blocking of tripping Coupler blocking logic and blocking circuit Complete bus image cireustry from the electronic memories up to the switchover relays * cos supply and reference voltage for the setting elenents ‘The electronics monitor either causes only a signal to be given, or if there is a risk of a false trip, it also results in the affected module being blocked. In the former case the red LED of the electronics monitor or the affected module flashes, whereas in the letter case the green availability lamp on this module goes out too. If there is @ defect in the bus image ctreuitry of modules HI 91 to HI 94, the corresponding measuring units IR 91 are simultaneously bloeked and their availability lamps go out. The defective changeover unit is indicated by irs electronic defect indicator. The electronics monitor can be used by choice for automatic blocking of the protection,VOLTAGE MONITORING The electronic voltages +24V, +15V and -15V are supervised by the voltage monitor UY 91. Included in this monitoring is the voltage of -24V which, though produced by the power supply unit (be/pe converter) is not utilized by the electronic circuitry. The CMOS supply voltages of all modules are monitored by the signal & operating unit BV 92. If one of these monitors operates, the measurement of all modules IR 91 42 blocked (rapid blocking) and the interruption relays of the tripping lines drop out. This blocking always takes place, regardless of whether blocking with the electronics monitoring signal is utilized or not. DIFFERENTIAL CURRENT MONITORING In the measuring unit IR 91 there is a differential current monitor (Ig) which sets off an alarm es soon as an unbalance occurs in the differential current measurenent. By means of the differential current monitor all current tranformer circuits within and outside the busbar protecton are continuously supervised, that is from the ain current transformer in the installation to the measuring unit in the protection. The pick-up value of the monitor is automatically determined when setting the pick-up value of the short-circuit current (Ikmin) on module IR 91 = Standard setting : Ip = 108 of Txain = Special setting : Ins $4 of Iknin The occurence of a differential current is indicated by the yellow LED "I," immediately lighting up on the module IR 91 concerned, This determines which busbar section is affected. On expiry of the time-lag set on module £V 92, the affected phases are indicated on EV 92 by the corresponding LED "IaR", "Tas", stat" lighting up and by the appearance of the external signal “DIFFERENTIAL CURRENT". =18 wwtne differential current alarm can be used by choice for automatic blocking of the protection, The magnitude of the differential current can be measured at the test sockets "Ig" of the indicated phases on the front of the affected measuring unit IR 91, using a high-resistance voltaeter, or better still, with a cathode ray oscilloscope. BUS IMAGE ALARM The position of the auxiliary contacts on the soolsters indicate nether the latter are closed or open. This state is signalled by applying @ voltage for each of the positions "ON" and "OFF" to the busbar protection. These voltages are converted by the bus image input relays to the electronics voltage level (24 V) and control the isolator image on the changeover unite AI ¢1 to HI 95. The isolator images are electronic memories which store the ‘states "ON" and "OFF", so that this information is retained even when the contol voltage fails. A monitoring circuit on each changeover unit keeps @ check on the presence of the ccntrol voltages, The latter ust be present in non-equivalence, i.e. Gither the voltage for "ON" or "OFF" must be present at the isolator image. If the voltage is missing or if both are applied ‘at the same tine, an alarm is actuated. Inmediately, the red LED at the top of the corresponding changeover unit begins to flash land on expiry of the set signal time-lag the yellow LED "4" on the EV 92 (fig.6) also flashes, In addition, the two exzernal signals "BUS IMAGE ALARM and "SWITCHING PROHIBITED" also a>pear. by means of the external commend "BUS IMAGE ALARM ACCEPTED" or by pressing button "4" on EV 92, the slerm ie acknowledged. This frees the signalling channel for an additional signal. With the alarm acceptance the indication also changes. The flashing of the LED on the changeover unit and on EV 92 change to continuous Light, The external signal "BUS IMAGE ALARM" vanishes; the signal "SWITCHING PROHIBITED" however, 18 sustained. During the time the alarm prevails the flow of current in the affected feeder may on no account be switched over to another busbar section. eis