Biomechanics and Sports 5 Newton’s Law of Motion & its application in sports | Types of Levers and their application in Sports ® Equilibrium - Dynamic and Static and Centre of Gravity and its application in sports § Friction and Sports © Projectile in Sports INTRODUCTION Biomechanics is the combination of two words- bio and mechanics. Bio means, something per- taining to living beings or life, whereas Mechanics is the branch of physics which studies movement, or motion of an object or body with the help of mechanical principles. Thus, when the study of mechanics is limited to living structures and their function, especially the human body, it is called biomechanics. Within “mechanics” there are two sub-fields of study. One is statics which is the study of sys- tems that are in a state of constant motion either at rest (with no motion) and the second one is dynamics, which is the study of systems in motion in which acceleration is present, which may involve kinematics and kinetics, Kinematics is the study of the motion of bodies with respect to time, displacement, velocity, and speed of movement either in a straight line or in a rotary direction. Whereas, Kinetics is the study of the forces associated with motion, including forces causing motion and forces resulting from motion. Meaning of Sports Biomechanics Biomechanics is the combination of two words ‘bio’ which means ‘life’ and ‘mechanics’ meaning study the effect of forces on bodies during static and dynamic situations. Sports biomechanics is a quantitative based study and analysis of professional athletes/sportspersons and sports activities in general 178 [I Biomechanics and SportsMechanies is a branch of physics that is concerned with the description of motion/movement and how forces create motion/movement. Biomechanics in sport incorporates detailed analysis of sport movements in order to minimise the risk of injury and improve sports performance. Sport as well as exercise biomechanics encompasses the area of science concerned with the analysis of the mechanics of human movement. Definitions of Sports Biomechanics “The area of study between wherein knowledge and methods of mechanics are applied to the structure and function of the living human system.” “Biomechanics is the science concerned with the internal and external forces acting on a human body and the effects produced by these forces” Needs and Importance of Biomechanics in Sports Sports biomechanics is limited to the study those indi- viduals who are involved in exercise or sports or any physi- cal activity. Sports biomechanics can be defined as the study of forces and their effect on individuals while he/she is exer- cising or taking part in any sporting activity. The following are some of the areas where biomechanics is applied, to ei- ther support the performance of athletes or solve issues in sport or exercise. Performance Enhancement, ‘Technique Improvement, Equipment Improvement, Training Improvement, and 5, Injury prevention and rehabilitation 1, Performance Enhancement : The ultimate goal of sports biomechanics is improvement of sports performance or improvement in the benefits of exercising. Understanding biomechanics and applying the mechanical principles helps improve an individualj!s technique and enhance perfor- mance by utilising the equipment he/she uses more effectively and by modifying the specific train- ing method. 2, Helps in Improvement of Technique: A sportspersonjis performance can be improved by improving her/his technique 3, Improvement of Equipment: Shoes and apparel (sports cloth) constitute the equipment used in almost every sport. The equipment worn may have an effect on the performance, either directly or through injury prevention. Besides shoes and apparel, many sports require the use of some sort of tools. Lighter and better-designed implements have not only contributed to improved performances by elite athletes in these sports, they have contributed to improved performances by recreational participants as well. 4, Improvement in Training: Biomechanics helps improve a sportsperson’s performance by offering customised modifications in training to suit an individual's capacity and skills. ‘An analysis of the deficiencies of an athlete's technique can assist the coach in identifying the type of training the athlete requires to improve performance. The athlete's performance, for ex- OP A Complete Book of Physical Education - XII \\. 179ample, may be limited by the strength or endurance of certain muscle groups, by speed of move- ment, or by one specific aspect of his/her technique. All these recommendations are based on the principles of biomechanies. Sport events that saw substantial changes in technique in the past include javelin, high jump, and cross-country skiing, 5. Injury Prevention and Rehabilitation: Injuries are fairly common on the sports field. However, a good knowledge of biomechanics helps in preventing injury in various ways. For ex- ample, analysis of the runner's style of running, her/his arm swing, foot strike, even trunk leaning will determine the cause of injury. Facilitates in Understanding of Human Body: Biomechanics helps in understanding the complete human body. Knowledge of biomechanics provides the teachers and learners with a better ‘understanding of the human body and various internal and external forces that affect movement. NEWTON’S LAW OF MOTION & ITS APPLICATION IN SPORTS Newton's First Law of Motion: Law of Inertia The Newton's First Law of motion is known as Law of Inertia, Inertia is a Latin word used for idleness or laziness. The Law of Inertia can be interpreted as everything in the universe is lazy, thus requiring a force to get it on the move (which then occurs in a straight line). Once moving, more force is needed to slow it, stop it, or to speed it up or to change direction. For example, the golf ball remains at rest until it is struck by a golf club. Objects with a greater mass have more inertia, This is often paraphrased as “zero net It takes more force to change thelr motion, force implies zero acceleration”, but this yin, is an oversimplification. vs ‘The key point here is that ifthere is | no net force acting on an object then the object will maintain a constant velocity. Ifthat velocity is zero, the object remains at rest. If an external force is applied, the velocity will change because of the force. In brief, the Law of Inertia essentially makes two important points: (a) An object that is not moving will not move until a net force acts upon it, (b) An object that is in motion will not change its velocity (acceleration) until a net force acts upon it, Tnortia is the body's resistance to change in movement. It is proportional to mass, thus the ‘mass of an object is the measure of its inertia, Therefore, mass is the quantity of resistance to change. ‘The weight of a person (or an object) is the measure of force with which the earth pulls on the body's mass. This downward gravitational force is the body; !s weight directed towards the earth’s centre. Principles related to the Law of Inertia Combining Translator and Rotary Motion: The combined motions, if performed correctly with proper timing and sequence, will produce maximum final velocity of an object in the desired direction of release (eg., discuss toss, bike riding, car, wheelchair ete.) 1, Continuity of Motion: The accomplishment of the first motion represents the overcoming 180 [I Biomechanics and Sportsof a certain amount of inertia and, therefore, any hesitation prior to the next motion will result in loss of some or all of the advantage gained by the previous motion (eg., backward roll, pole vaulting). Interruption of motion costs energy. 2, Effects of Momentum: More momentum can be produced with a longer implement in that ‘the ond will move faster than a shorter implement (eg., donj!t choke up on a tennis racket or base- ball bat), 3, Transfer of Momentum: Momentum develop in a body segment may be transferred to the total body, but only while the body is in contact with the supporting surface (eg., earth, diving board). Application in Sports 1. If you slide a hockey puck on ice, eventually, it will stop because of friction on the ice. It will also stop if it meets something like a player's stick or a goalpost. 2. A skater gliding on ice will continue gliding with the same speed and in the same direction unless an external force acts upon the skater BEA \ eae Newton's Second Law of Motion: Law of Acceleration or Law of Resultant Force The second law states that, the rate of change of momentum of a body is proportional to the resultant force acting on the body and is in the same direction. The law defines a force to be equal to change in momentum (mass times velocity) per change in time. ty Acceleration is produced when a force acts on amass. The greater the mass (of the object being accelerated), the greater the amount of force needed (to accelerate the object). directly propor- Newton's Second Law Force tional to the force exerted upon it, takes place in 1 m the direction of applied force, and is inversely pro- portional to the mass of the body. Force = Mass x Acceleration OP A Complete Book of Physical Education -XII_\\. 181‘When a body is acted upon by a force, its resulting acceleration is proportional to the force and inversely proportional to the mass. ‘What does this Second Law mean? However, the Second Law gives us an exact relationship between force, mass, and acceleration, It can be expressed as a mathematical equation’ F=MA FORCE = MASS times ACCELERATION Important Principles Related with the Law of Acceleration Acceleration is propositional to the force causing it: A sprinter can increase acceleration by increasing the force that he/she applies backward and downward against the surface on which helshe is running and, if he/she should double the force, then acceleration would double. Maximum acceleration and efficiency of motion: To achieve maximum acceleration, all available forces should be applied sequentially with proper timing and as directly as possible in the intended line of motion. Effects of body’s radius on angular velocity: The rate of rotation is increased as the radius of rotation is decreased (For example, tuck head and bend knees; a shorter person will have higher rate of rotation). Conservation of momentum in swinging movements : To build or to conserve momentum in any swinging movement, the radius of rotation should be shortened on the upswing and length- ened on the downswing. Movements while unsupported: When the body is unsupported, movements may occur to aid in controlling balance, but the flight path (trajectory angle) will be unaffected by the move- ments ‘Twisting movements : These are based on the transfer of momentum from part to whole, when in contact with a surface (have to initiate the twist in some way at take-off) Application in Sports 1. As in Shot-put, a player who applies more force and tosses the shot-put at the correct angle has a greater displacement of shot- put, whereas a player who exerts less force has a lesser displace- ment of shot put. 2. In a Discuss throw, if we want to determine the force acting on a discuss (2kg), if it is accelerated at 20 m/ second sq F=mta F=2"20 F = 40 Newton When a ball is thrown, kicked, or struck with an implement, it tends to travel in the direction of the line of action of the applied force. The greater the amount of force applied, the greater the speed the ball has. If a player improves leg strength through training while maintaining the same body 182 JI Biomechanics and Sportsmass, they will have an increased ability to accelerate the body using the legs, resulting in better agility and speed. Newton's Third Law of Motion: Law of Reaction or Law of Reciprocal Action Force Commonly paraphrased as; “For every force (action) there is an equal, but opposite, force (ac- tion)’, the Third law of motion states: All forces occur in pairs, and these two forces are equal in magnitude and opposite in direction. Newton’s Third Law of Motion 4 If a body impinges upon another body, and by its force changes the motion of the other, that body also (because of the equality of the mutual presser) will undergo an equal change, in its own motion, towards the contrary part. The changes made by these actions are equal, not in the veloci- ties but in the motions of the bodies; that is to say, if the bodies are not hindered by any other impediments. For, as the motions are equally changed, the changes of the velocities made toward contrary parts are reciprocally proportional to the bodies. What is meant here is that all forces are interactions - that there is no such thing as a unidi- rectional force. If body A exerts a force on body B, simultaneously, body B exerts the same force on body A. Principles Related to the Law of Counter Force Surface variation and the amount of counterforce: The counterforce is equal to the ap- plied force when a stable surface is used. The less stable the surface, the less will be the counterforce. ‘Examples : (a) decreased friction on ice (fast skating); (b) increased friction running in the sand; and (c) quality of a trampoline bed (ie., new vs. old, as in sagging). Counterforce in striking activities: The amount of force a striking implement imparts to an object depends upon the combined momentum of the implement and the object at the moment of impact (ie., how is the force dissipated). ‘Temporarily stored counterforce: Ifa surface or implement used in a performance has elas- ticity, then an applied force produces bend or compression that represents stored force, and the OP A Complete Book of Physical Education - XII \\. 183stored force increases the propulsive force over what it would be if elasticity were not present, Examples include pole vaulting (e.g., fiberglass poles bend more and store more energy than alu- minium poles) and diving boards (the aluminium board vs, the wooden board). Surface contact while applying forces to external objects: In throwing, pushing, pulling, and striking activities, one or both feet should be kept in firm contact with the supporting surface until the force providing motion is complete, otherwise the maximum force is decreased. Application in Sports 1. In Swimming, a diver needs to push down on the springboard when helshe dives off a diving board. The springboard pushes back the force on you for proper projecting into the air during the performance. 2, When you jump off a small rowing boat into the water, you will push yourself forward towards the water. The same force used to go ahead will make the boat move backward TYPES OF LEVERS AND THEIR APPLICATION IN SPORTS Lever The lever is a type of machine. It is the human body's mechanism for movement, and although it may be viewed as a part of the skeletal system, the role of the muscles in supplying the necessary force for lever action should be kept in mind. The bony levers will be less stationary until they are moved by the muscles, which are motionless until the nervous system stimulates them. All lever systems are made up of four components: 1. the load 2, the faleram | 3. the effort 4. the lever 184 [I Biomechanics and Sports‘The load is the object requiring moving, the effort is the muscular force we use to move the object, the fulcrum is the joint around which the movement occurs, and the bones of the skeleton are the levers. If asked to sketch a diagram of a lever system, you would need to include all four parts. Lever systems have standard symbols that are used to represent each part. Definition of a Lever A lever is “a rigid bar used to overcome resistance when a force is applied. “A rigid piece transmits and modifies force or motion when forces are applied at two points, and it turns about a third.” The Fulerum 1 It is the point at which the lever rotates or turns and identifies the lever class by its position in relation to the other two parts. In human movement, the fulcrum is the joint that dictates the kind of action. The Force/Effort Arm 1. Itis the point at which the force is applied. The Load/Resistance Arm 1. It is the point where the load or resistance is located. ‘Types of Lever ‘There are three typesiclasses of levers: 1. First-Class Lever 2. Second Class Lever 3. Third Class Lever Ist CLASS LEVER 1. First-Class Lever: A first lever has the fulerum be tween the force and the resistance, This class fulerum may be moved about along the lever, thereby changing the rela- tive lengths of the force arm and the resistance arm. If the fulcrum is placed close to the resistance, the force arm is length, and hand and less force need to be applied to move the resistance, but force must be applied through a long dis- tance to lift the resistance a short distance. Conversely, a shortened force arm requires more excellent force applica- FULCRUM tion, but there is a gain in speed and range of motion at the resistance end, Example: When throwing a ball ‘Triceps causing Extension at the elbow 1. Fulerum = Elbow 2. Effort = Triceps tem 3, Load = Arm/ball a OP A Complete Book of Physical Education -XII_\\. 185V- sit-up position. Example: When doing V-sit-up 1. Fulerum = Hip joint 2. Effort = Abdomen 3. Load = Leg/Lower body 2, Second Class Lever: A second class lever has the load resis- tance between the fulcrum and the force. In this class of levers, move- force at the heel, ‘Example: When throwing a ball: a 1. Fulerum = Ankle joint ! 2. Bifort = Gastrocnemius 3. Load = Ankle joint Straight Push-ups. Example: When doing V-sit-up — bree 1. Fulerum = Ball of the foot 2. Effort = Arm Muscle contraction. 2. Load = Body weight 3. Third Class Lever: A third-class lever has the force between the fulcrum and the resistance. In this class of lever, the force arm is always shorter than the resistance arm, and so a large amount of force must be applied, but the resistance is moved through a much longer range of motion than the force application. In the human body, the most common class of lever is the thread. His is particularly impor- tant in the movements of the limps because the desired results are often those of speed or range of motion, albeit at the expense of force. ‘Examples of 3rd class lever Bicep causing flexion at the elbow ‘Example: When throwing a ball: 1. Fulerum = Elbow joint 2. Effort = Biceps 3. Load = Arm/Weight \ 4 2nd CLASS LEVER, ‘ment of the fulcrum will increase or decrease both the force arm and the resistance arm. The force arm is always the longer of the two, and therefore the force needed to lift resisting weight will always be less than the weight ‘Examples of Second Class Lever The foot acting as a whole is a secondclass lever when the ful- ydtexon rum is the ball of the foot, and the body weight is lifted to the toes by 3rd CLASS LEVER 186 [I Biomechanics and SportsSit-ups Example: When doing Sit-ups J 1. Fulerum = Hip joint ( 2, Effort = Abdomen 3. Load = Upper body Application in Sports The human leverage system is built for speed & range of movement. at the expense of force. Short force arms & long resistance arms require great muscular strength to move like biceps & triceps attachments biceps force arm is 1 to 2 inches triceps force arm less than 1 inch, Human leverage for sports skills requires several levers; throwing a ball involves levers at the shoulder, elbow & wrist joints. The longer the lever, the more effective it is in imparting velocity. Examples of lever application in sports are: 1, Cricket bat (2nd class) - The fulerum is the top of the handle, the load is the bat's body, and the force is closer to the neck of the handle. 2, Kicking - Lower limb (3rd class) - The fulcrum at the knee joint, force at tibial tuberosity, (attachment of the quadriceps) load is the foot. 3, Jumping - Plantar flexion of the foot (2nd class) - The load is at the toes, the fulcrum is at the heel, and force is your weight which is anterior to your heel 4, Looking up/down or side-to-side (Ist class) - Your head is balanced on your atlantooccipital joint, which pivots, similarly to a see-saw. EQUILIBRIUM - DYNAMIC AND STATIC AND CENTRE OF GRAVITY AND ITS APPLICATION IN SPORTS Definitions Equilibrium or stability is necessary for performing skills. Naturally, the contre of gravity (CG) shifts with each change in posture. In the standing posture, the centre of gravity, while somewhat different for males than females, is located near the contre of the upper pelvie region. It shifts with each new posture assumed by the body. A significant part of any skill is the continual adjustment of body segments to counteract this change in position and control the centre of gravity. Equilibrium is defined as a state of balance or a stable situation, where opposite forces cancel each other out and where no changes are occurring. Types of Equilibrium With respect to the state of a body, equilibrium may be divided into two categories: 1, Static equilibrium. 2, Dynamic equilibrium, 3, Center of Gravity Static Equilibrium For a body or an object to be in static equilibrium it must not be moving or rotating. All the force and torques acting on the body or object must add up to zero, OP A Complete Book of Physical Education -XII_\\. 187For an object or body to be in a static or static equilibrium, where it is completely motionless it must meet 3 conditions 1. The sum of all the vertical forces acting on the body must be zero 2. The sum of all the horizontal forces acting on the body must be zero. 3. The sum of all torques must be zero. Static equilibrium can be defined as a state when a body is at rest or completely motionless. Static equilibrium is the balance of the body during rest or stationary position. Factors Increasing Equilibrium 1. The centre of gravity falls within the base of support ( Decrease instability when the centre of gravity becomes near the edge of the base 2. Larger base 3. Greater weight 4, Lower centre of gravity 5. When anticipating an oncoming force (i) Place centre of gravity near the side of the base of support expected to receive force (Gi) Extending the base of support in direction of expected force 6. Greater friction between body and surfaces it contacts 7. Rotation about an axis () Moving cycle is easier to balance than a stationary cycle 8. Kinaesthetic physiological functions ( Vestibular system, vision, touch, and kinaesthetic awareness ‘Examples: Stance maintained by the batsmen in cricket, on the starting block by the sprinter, wide stance maintained by the wrestler, etc. Dynamic equilibrium Dynamic Equilibrium can be defined as a state when all the applied and inertial forces applied to a moving body are in balance, resulting in movement with unchanging speed or direction. To control the equilibrium and achieve balance, stability needs to be maximized. When the body or an object is moving with a constant velocity - that is with no change in speed or direction it is said to be in dynamic equilibrium. 188 [I Biomechanics and SportsDynamic equilibrium or dynamic stability is a balance of the body during movement. Example: Body position maintained by a sprinter while running on the track, Cyclist while cycling, dribbling of the football by a soccer player ete. Principles to Determine the Degree of Stability 1, Broader the base, the greater the stability: Broadening the base of support helps an athlete to achieve greater stability. eg., while standing spreading the feet in the direction of move- ment provide stability. Where a stance is required, using both hands and feet creates the widest base. 2, Body weight is directly proportional to stability: The athlete or an object which weighs more will have greater stability. eg., it is difficult to move a heavier person than a lighter one, Combative sports like, judo, wrestling, taekwondo, and boxing are played according to the bodyweight principle. 3. Lower the Centre of gravity, higher the stability: When a player does an activity that needs stability, the player usually lowers their centre of gravity by bending, eg., when a player bends his knees while running, he can stop sooner and more efficiently. Similarly, a wrestler half sits to maintain his stability. Even a shot-put thrower bends his knees in the end so that he may avoid a foul 4, The nearer the centre of gravity to the centre of the base of support the more will be the stability: If the centre of gravity extends beyond the base of support, balance is lost. Keeping the body's weight centred over the base will support and help maintain stability. eg., when a gymnast walks on a balance beam one requires a small base of support. During the performance, if the balance is lost the gymnast raises the arm or legs on the opposite sides to shift the centre of gravity back towards the base of support, 5, Direction of acting force: During a competition, if the direction of an acting/ applied force is known, stability can be increased by moving the line of gravity as close as possible to the edge of the base where the force is expected. eg., when in a judo match the judoka shifts his foot in the line of direction of the force applied by the opponent to use the force of the opponent as a counterforce to throw him down, Definitions of Center of Gravity 1. Centre of gravity is a point at which a body balances or the point at which the weight of body is equally distributed. 2. It is a point in the body or system around which its weight is evenly distributed or balanced and through which the force of gravity acts. 3. Centre of gravity is the intersection point of all the three planes and axis. 4. The centre of gravity is the average location of the weight of anobject. 5. The position of centre of gravity changes depending up on the position of the body or object. OP A Complete Book of Physical Education - XII \\. 189Examples: (a) For wrestlers in snatch and jerk, the widening of legs and | lowering of body to maintain the stability, makes COG come down, (b) During running, the runner's centre of gravity is in the lower region of the pelvis and in front of his body, because his upper body is leaning forwards. Having the contre of gravity lower and in front of his lower body is advantageous for acceleration. P Importance and Application of centre of gravity in Sports (a) Helps the athlete to move (b) Stops the moving object (c) Helps the athlete to accelerate (4) Helps the athlete in throwing objects. (c) Helps the athlete to lift the object. (f Helps the athlete to pull the object FRICTION AND SPORTS Friction is a force that opposes the motion between two surfaces that are in touch, Friction always works in the direction opposite from the direction the object is moving or trying to move. Friction also produces heat. For example, if you rub your hands together quickly, they get warmer. We can also say that frictional force is a contact force that acts in the opposite direction to the motion of an object. This force can cause objects in motion to come to rest, as they act in the oppo- site direction to their motion, For example, if you roll a ball on a surface, it would come to rest after a short while ‘Types of Friction Static friction: Tt occurs when the force applied to an object does not cause the thing to move. Because of static friction, you must use extra force to start the motion of stationary objects. eg., if you try to push a heavy object with less force than the force of static friction between the object and the floor, the object will not move, To make the object move, you need to exert more force than the force of static friction. Once the object is moving, there is no longer any static friction Kinetic friction It occurs when force is applied to an object and the object moves. It includes three different types of friction: (a) Sliding friction: Pushing an object across a surface. This is when two bodies are in contact and one body moves on the surface of the other body hy sliding on it or rubbing over the surface. 190 [I Biomechanics and Sports‘Example ~ skating on ice, planting a pole in the pole vault event and skiing or sliding weight. (b) Rolling friction: It occurs between wheels and a surface. When two bodies are in contact and one body rolls over the other, it is referred to as rolling friction, e.g., when a hockey or cricket ball is hit it begins to move ahead and roll on the ground, After sometimes it stops rolling due to the friction force, this type of friction is often seen in sports. eg., Roller skates and skateboards Fluid friction It opposes the motion of objects traveling through the fluid (gas, air, and water). For example: 1. When you ride a bike, fluid friction occurs between you and the air. 2. Cyclist often wears streamlined helmets and specially designed clothing to reduce fluid friction, 3. Paragliding vs hang gliding when an athlete slides on air. Things that affect friction 1. Applying a lubricant between two surfaces. (Motor oil, grease, and wax) 2, Friction can be reduced by rolling rather than pushing an object 3, Friction increases as surfaces are made rougher. 4, Friction increases when the force between two objects is increased 5. In general, smooth surfaces produce less friction than uneven surfaces. Methods of Reducing Friction 1, Polishing: If we polish and rub the surface to reduce its unevenness and make it smooth, the force of friction can be reduced, eg., shining a cricket ball increase the swing of the ball. 2, Lubricating: A common way to reduce the force of friction is by applying a lubricate such as Motor oil, grease, wax ete, eg., the most widely used lubricants in practical mechanical systems like bearings or gears. 3, Wheels and Ball bearing use: It is easier to roll an object than to slide it by using wheels and ball bearings as we convert sliding friction into rolling friction. This reduces friction between the two contact surfaces and helps us to save energy and time. eg., in roller skates, both wheels and balls contribute to reducing friction, 4, Streamlining: Friction due to air is reduced by streamlining the shape of the body. eg., the Javelin, boats, ships, and vehicles, are made with a sharp point to reduce frictionAdvantages and Disadvantages of Friction in the Field of Sports Advantages Friction is essential in the field of sports. Without appropriate friction, we will not be able to grip any sports equipment effectively. The advantages of friction in various sports can be explained as follows: 1, Athletics: In Athletics, the shoes (spikes) are designed to increase friction so that better speed can be generated. The shoes used for short-distance running events have spikes in the front potion only. Whereas the longdistance runner uses completely different shoes. 2, Badminton: The grip in badminton plays a major role in performing a shot perfectly during a match. That is why a good grip in rackets, will increase the friction with the hand, helping the shot to count and preventing the racket from slipping. 3, Basketball: Friction between the shoes and the court helps players to maintain control of movement, They wipe their shoes often to get more friction for better movement control. 4, Cricket: The cricket players, essentially the fielders wear shoes that have spikes. The helps them increase the friction with the ground and hence, helps the cricketer during the run-up for balling, running between the wickets, and proventing from slipping 5. Cycling: The friction between the tires and the surface prevents cyclists from slipping and skidding. The friction between the brakes and the wheel help cyclists slow down their bikes. 6, Football: In Football, a footballer kicks and catches the ball. Friction helps him/her to run, change and maintain his/her position on the ground. Better friction helps him/her to tackle the opponent correctly. 7, Gymnastics: It is due to friction that a gymnast is able to perform actions on the Horizontal bar. In fact, he uses lime powder on his hands to increase the friction between his palm and the bar 8, Javelin: Friction between the hand and javelin allows the thrower to grip the javelin and friction between shoes and track helps them to generate a perfect ground reaction force for throwing the javelin in the right direction, Without friction, the javelin would just fall out of their hands. 8, Running: Friction between the shoes and the track enables an athlete to run fast, deaccelerate, stop and change direction. If friction is low, the athlete would slip and even fall, 9, Soccer: In soccer also number and size of spikes between a striker to a defensive player are different, this technical difference is based on the type of friction required by the players. 10. Weightlifting: In weightlifting, the weightlifters needs more friction between their feet and the floor to prevent slipping while lifting heavy weights, for which they use specially designed shoes, The friction force is also required for pulling and pushing which is common in all sports activities. Hence, we can say that friction is necessary to give the best performance all forms of games & sports. Disadvantages The disadvantages of friction are as follows: 1, Bicycling: During eycle racing the tires get heated up due to friction. Due to more heat, tires may burst and it may lead to serious accidents. 2, Weightlifting and Gymnastics: In weightlifting and gymnastics, the skin in the palm gets damaged due to friction and the athlete even may slip while performing the lift. Hence, gymnasts and weight lifters are advised to use powder on their palms and wear special shoes to maintain appropriate friction 3. Pole-Vault: During Pole-Vault, a vaulter may lose grip on the pole if less friction is there between palms and pole. Hence, pole vaunters are advised to use adhesive on the palm to increase friction and perform correctly. 192 [I Biomechanics and Sports4. Friction makes movements difficult: Any time you want to move an object, friction can make the job more difficult, as movement is directly affected by mass and force applied and also on the surface condition. 5, Excess friction means extra energy: in other words, more friction means more force to overcome it and more force means more energy. Thus, energy is wasted due to friction. if a player slides/falls across the ground. In fact, friction can 6, Friction can cause injuries lead to critical injuries. 7, Wear and tear: sporting equipment occurs with time because of friction. If, there were no friction, they would last forever. PROJECTILE IN SPORTS A projectile is a force that acts under the influence of gravity and air resistance. A projectile would travel in a continuous straight line if gravity were not present. A projectile is any object, which once projected or dropped continuously in motion by its inertia and is influenced only by the downward force of gravity. A projectile is an object upon which the only force acting is gravity. Projectiles travel with a parabolic trajectory due to the influence of gravity. Projectile Motion (All projectiles thrown with same initial velocity) Oblique rojectile Motion Vertical Definition of Projectiles A projectile is an object upon which the only force acting is gravity. There are a variety of examples of projectiles. An object dropped from rest is a projectile (provided that the influence of air resistance is negligible). An object that is thrown vertically upward is also a projectile (provided that the influence of air resistance is negligible). And an object which is thrown upward at an angle to the horizontal is also a projectile (provided that the influence of air resistance is negligible). A projectile is any object that once projected or dropped continues in motion by its own inertia and is influenced only by the downward force of gravity. In simple words, an object in flight after being thrown a project is called projectile motion. Examples from sports involve projectile motion: 1. Objects acting as projectiles: basketball, football, shot-put, hammer, discus, javelin, golf ball, volleyball, tennis ball, ete OP A Complete Book of Physical Education - XII \\. 1932, The body acts as a projectile in high jump, long jump, gymnastics, diving, ‘The motion of a projectile is due to two separates simultaneously occurring components of motion, (a) One along the horizontal direction (b) Other along the vertical direction (@) With constant acceleration due to force of gravity Hor mtal Projectile Motion Factors Affecting Projectile Trajectory/ Flight Path a. Gravity b. Air resistance ©. Speed of release d. Angle of release e. Height of release £ Spin (a) Gravity- Gravity is the force exerted by the earth on any object towards the centre of the body, and it is directly proportional to the mass of the body. Without gravity, the body will travel in a straight line after being thrown, (b) Air Resistance: Several vital factors bring air resistance into play (i) Surface area: The larger the surface area, the more air resistance will affect the object. Example: Basketball compared to a golf ball. (ii) Speed: As speed increases, s0 does air resistance, Example: The Space shuttle. (iii) Surface of the object: If the surface is rough, then air resistance will be greater. Example: Swinging ball in cricket. (iv) Mass: The smaller the mass (lighter the object), the more air resistance will affect it. 194 [lP Biomechanics and SportsExample: Movement of the shuttle in badminton, (c) Speed of release: This refers to how fast the object is released (thrown or hit). The muscle force largely determines a projectile speed of release. Generally, the greater the release rate, the greater the distance gained. Example: Speed of release in throwing events like javelin, discus, ete. (d) Angle of release/ projection angle: This refers to the pitch at which the object is thrown or hit into the air. In sporting situations, the angle of release varies according to the activity. A basketball angle above 45 degrees is required in activities such as shooting. In activities such as tennis, a lower, around 3-to-15-degree grade is required. (c) Height of release: This refers to how high above the ground an object is released. Increas- ing the height of release improves the horizontal distance an object can be projected. For a given speed and angle of release, the greater the height of release, the greater the distance gained. Example: Height of release in throwing events like javelin, Hammer throw, ete. (f Spin: Spin happens as a ball moving through the air will move in the direction of at least air pressure. This helps the projectile maintain its course and can cause it to change height or direction. When applying force to a projectile below, above, or the side of the centre of gravity, you will impart spin to the projectile. Example: principle of spin in basketball shooting. Application of Projectile in Sports There are many instances where projectile motion is applicable, whether itis in daily life, sports, or technological advancements. Here are some of the applications of projectile motion given below: Sports Projectile motion is very common in sports since most sports involve the motion of a projectile (usually a ball), By using physies, we are able to determine the optimal angle of a ball’s flight in order to maximize speed or distance. Dacca = 1. Pitching analysis Projectile motion is applicable in both throwing and hitting, A thrown ball undergoes projectile motion when it is mid-air since the only force that affects the ball is the acceleration due to grav- + ity. A variety of factors will go into the trajectory of a pitch, in- cluding a pitcher's height, arm angle, and the spin being applied to the ball 2, Hitting analysis In terms of hitting, advanced analytics like to use “launch angle” as a good indicator of the optimal angle that a ball should be hit. Launch angle is the angle at which a ball exits the bat as soon as they connect with each other. The best launch angles, which allow for line drives and home runs, are calculated to be around 10-30 degrees North of East, relative to the bat. This allows for the most optimal ball flight, usually necessary to hit the ball over 325 to 400 feet over the fence. OP A Complete Book of Physical Bducation-XII_\\, 195Basketball Another example of projectile motion in sports is basketball. For a basketball shot to enter the hoop, the basketball must be shot at a certain angle with a certain amount of force, The optimal angle of a shot will vary depending on the height from which the ball is shot and the player's distance from the hoop, According to Professor John Fontanella, the ideal angles from the free-throw line will vary from 48.7 degrees to 52.2 de- grees, with shorter players, Multiple Choice Qustions (MCQs) 1. According to Newton’s Second Law of Motion, the greater the movement of an object, the a, The longer distance will it travel b, Stronger will it resist the external forces c. Speedier it will cover the given distance d. More stable will it remain in its motion. 2, Newton's First Law of Motion is known as the a. Law of Reaction b. Law of Inertia. Law of Effect 4. Law of Momentum 3. Newton’s Second Law of Motion is also known as a, Law of Reaction b. Law of Inertia. Resultant Forced. Law of Effect. 4, Acceleration due to an external force acting on a moving object is technically defined as the change in that object's a, Location b. Direction ©. Velocity d. Movement 5. The three basic components of a lever are a, Mass, weight & velocity. b, Force, Fulerum & Load c. Fulerum, Resistance & Effort d. Both b and ¢, 6. What type of lever is depicted in the picture? a, Ist Class lever b, 2nd Class lever c. 3rd Class lever d, None of the above Push up is an example of which lever? a, Law of Reaction b. Law of Inertia. Resultant Force —_d. Law of Effect 8. In the human body, the most common class of lever. a. Ist Class lever b. 2nd Class lever ¢. 3rd Class lever d. None of the above 9, When the sum of force acting upon the object and sum of the movement acting upon the body is both equal to zero then the body is said to be in 196 [UP Biomechanics and Sports10. 1. 12, 13. 4. 15. 16. 17. 18, 19, 20. 21. 22, a, Equilibrium b. Static equilibrium ¢, Dynamic equilibrium d. Zero force ‘The position of the centre of gravity changes depending upon the a. position of force b, position of the body Cc. position of the intersection of forced. position of stability Centre of gravity is the average location of an object's a. weight b, force ©. balance a. velocity ‘The Friction force aets in a/an direction to the direction of motion of an object. a. opposite b. same ©. downwards diagonal Among the following sports, in which does friction plays the least important role? a. Car Race b. Football ©. Hockey . Ice Skating Friction is a - a, Magnetic Force _b. Non-contact Force ¢. Contact Forced. Couple Force Cyclist often wears streamlined helmets and specially designed clothing to reduce Cali- bration a, Fluid Friction _b. Rolling Friction ¢. Sliding Friction _d. None of the above Factors that bring air resistance into play a. Larger the surface area b, Rough surface ¢. Smaller the mass 4. All of the above ‘The motion of a projectile is due to two separates simultaneously occurring components of motion and they are a. One along the vertical b. One along the horizontal ©. both a and b d. none of above According to Professor John Fontanella, the ideal angles from the freethrow line will vary from ___ to __with shorter players. a, 48.7 degrees to 52.2 degrees, b, 45.6 degrees and 50.2 degrees, c. No specific degree 4. Any degree Who gave Laws of motion? (a) Galileo (b) Pascal (©) Newton (a) Darwin Which law amongst the given ones is known as the First law of motion? (a) Law of inertia (b) Law of reaction _(c) Law of momentum (a) Law of acceleration According to Newton's third law of motion, to every action there is always (a) An equal and opposite reaction _(b) A change of momentum. (©) Unbalanced reaction (@) Balance reaction Identify the movement a (a) Flexion (b) Adduction (c) Extension (a) Abduction OP A Complete Book of Physical Education - XII \\. 197a1. Newton's second law of motion is also known as (a) Law of action reaction (b) Law of gravitation (©) Law of momentum (d) Law of action and reaction Match the Column 1 Match the following ~ 1. Process of moving objects from one position to another _—_(a) Flexion 2, Decreases the angle between two moving joints (b) Movement 3. Increases the angle between two moving joints (©) Abduction 4, Movement away from the imaginary midline (a) Extension @) 2 4 3 1 oo 4 3 1 2 @ 2 1 4 3 @ 38 14 2 Reasoning Questions 1. Given below are the two statements labeled Assertion (A) and Reason (R). Assortion (A): "A change in the acceleration of an object is directly proportional to the force producing it and inversely proportional to its mass” Reason (R): Lighter mass will travel at a faster speed (a) Both (A) and (R) are true, but (R) is not the correct explanation of (A) (b) Both (A) and (R) are true and (R) is the correct explanation of (A) (©) (A) is true, but (R) is false (@) (A) is false, but (R) is true Given below are the two statements labeled Assertion (A) and Reason (R). A. Newton was born on 25 December 1642. R. Adduction is a movement towards a midline, In the context of the above two statements, which one of the following is correct? (a) Both (A) and (R) are true, but (R) is not the correct explanation of (A) (b) Both (A) and (R) are true and (R) is the correct explanation of (A) (©) (A) is true, but (R) is false (@) (A) is false, but (R) is true Very short answer type questions 1 naapen List Newton's Laws of Motion. Elucidate Newton’s Law of Inertia. Define Lever. Draw 3 types of levers used in sports. Define Friction. What is Air Resistance? What do you mean by ‘Friction is a necessary evil”? [I Biomechanics and Sports8. Define Projectile. Short answer type questions 1. What do you understand by equilibrium? What are the types of equilibrium? 2, Give suitable examples of the type of equilibrium applied to sports / games. 3. Define the centre of gravity. 4, What is Air Resistance? list any four factors. Case Study 1 ‘The teachers as well as coaches always make their best efforts to improve the performance of their students in various competitive games and sports. They can help to improve the performance of students if they have adequate knowledge of biomechanics. a = i e.. S —— , aN 1, The more force one exerts on the downward bounce, the higher the ball bounces into the air, Which law is this statement being referred to 2. Among the above given pictures, Newton's 3rd law is depicted in 3, The acceleration of an object depends directly upon the net force acting upon the object and inversely upon the object's 4. The study of human body and various forces acting on it is Ahigh jumper can jump higher off a solid surface because it opposes his or her body with as much force as he or she is able to generate. This example refers to ...... Long answer type questions 1, With the help of suitable examples, discuss the application of Newton's Laws of Motion in sports. 2, How can Newton's second law and third law of motion be applied in sports? 3. With the help of suitable examples, discuss the application of 1st class lever in sports. 4, What do you mean by lever? Explain with the help of diagrams 5. Why do wrestlers spread their arms, knees, and legs on the mat when they fall? 6. Discuss the importance of the centre of gravity in sports with suitable examples. 7. Discuss various types of friction. 8, Is friction advantageous or disadvantageous in games and sports? 9, Write down the methods of reducing friction and explain any two with suitable example. 10. With suitable example explain different types of projectiles in sports. 11. Discuss various Factors affecting projectile motion. 12, Is projectile advantageous in games and sports? Justify. OP A Complete Book of Physical Education -XII_\\. 199