DESIGN OF A MODERN ELECTRICAL POWER DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM

DESIGN PROBLEM:

Design of a modern electrical power distribution system of a certain town / municipality. The
prospective customers of the town’s electric utility company shall be classified into
residential, commercial and industrial customer.
The residential customers shall be classified and indicated on the distribution map as follows:
A - customers with general lighting and general purposes outlet (GLO) only.
B - customers with (GLO) and one appliance (electric range).
C - customers with (GLO) and one appliance (refrigerator).
D - customers with (GLO) and one appliance (electric water heater).
E - customers with (GLO) and two appliances (refrigerator and electric range).
F - customers with (GLO) and two appliances (refrigerator and electric water heater).
G - customers with (GLO) and three appliances (refrigerator, electric range and electric
water heater).

The commercial consumer maybe beauty parlors; restaurant or refreshment parlors; gasoline
station; hospital r clinic; barber shops; store; groceries or supermarket; and other commercial
establishments.

At one place of the town, an initial customer is located. The customer has the following load;

a. Lighting load: 150kVA, 480Y/277 volts, three phase with 75% demand factor.

b. Power load: 850kVA, 4160Y/2400 volts, three phase with 75% demand factor

Diversity factor for this type of industry is 1.15. the average power factor of industrial plant is
80%. The industrial customer shall be given a primary service to its outdoor substation.
Metering of the service shall be in the primary side of the transformer bank consisting of 3-
phase shell type transformers.

In addition, a multiple High-Pressure Sodium (HPS) street lighting service is to be provided

for the roadway lighting of the town. Furthermore, power is also required to operate a 40 HP,
480 volts, three phase submersible deep-well pump located on the place, which is main source
of water for the whole area.
BASIS OF DESIGN

I. SECONDARY SYSTEM

Single phase residential loads shall be supplied through 120/240 volts, three phase services.
Largest appliances such as ranges, water heaters, and clothes dryers are served @ 240 volts,
while lighting, small appliance and convenience outlets are supplied either 240V and/or 120V

II. PRIMARY SYSTEM

Three phase four wire 34.5Y/19.92kV, multi-grounded, common neutral primary system shall
be used. The fourth wire of this WYE connected system is the neutral for both the primary and
secondary systems. It shall be grounded @ many locations. Single phase load is served by
distribution transformers, the primary windings of which are connected between a phase
conductor and the neutral. Three-phase load can be supplied by three-phase distribution
transformer or by single phase transformer connected to form a 3-phase bank. The ultimate
service reliability is provided in densely loaded business/commercial areas by means of grid-
type secondary network system 2 208&/120 volts or by “spot” network, usually at
480Y/277V. Where the secondary network system, do not supply sufficiently reliable service
for critical loads, emergency generators and/or batteries are sometimes provided together with
automatic switching equipment so that service can be maintained to the critical loads of the
event that normal utility supply is interrupted. Such loads are found in hospitals, computer
centers, key industrial processes, etc.

III. SUBTRANSMISSION SYSTEM

Sub-transmission is that part of the utility system which supplies distribution substations or
from bulk power source, such as large transmission distributions or generating substations. In
turn, the distribution substation supply primary distribution systems. Sub-transmission has
many of wye characteristics of both transmission and distribution in that, it moves relatively
large amount of power from one point to another. Voltage of transmission circuit range from
12 to 245 kV, but like today the level of 69k, 115 and 138 kV are most common. The use of
higher voltage is expanding as higher voltages are receiving increased usage. Current
practice as indicated by a recent informal utility survey show that 115 and 138 kV together
comprise about half the usage, 69 kV about 20%; 230 kV usage is becoming substantial,
reflecting the growing use of 25 and 34.5 kV primary distribution.

IV. TRANSMISSION SYSTEM

Overhead transmission of electric power remains one of the most important elements of
today’s electric power system. Transmission system deliver power from generating plant to
industrial sites and to substations from which distribution system supply residential and
commercial service. Transmission system also interconnect electric utilities, permitting power
exchange when it is of economic advantage and to assist one another when generating plant
are out of service because of damage of routine repairs. Standard transmission voltages are
established by American National Standard Institute (ANSI). There is no clear delineation
between distribution, sub-transmission, and transmission voltages levels.

STANDARD SYSTEM VOLTAGES, KV

RATING RATING

NOMINAL MAXIMUM NOMINAL MAXIMUM

34.5 36.5 161 169

46 48.3 230 242
69 72.5 345 362
115 121 500 550
138 145 765 800
1100 1200

LINE DESIGN PROCEDURE

I SECONDARY DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM

1. Secure a locally map (drawn to scale) of the franchised area

2. Plot secondary distribution system by indicating the location of the applicants, the
probable pole location showing the connection of each customer to the pole, and
the street lightings.

3. Indicate the route of the secondary lines to be supplied from the transformers.
Limit the secondary spanning to 135 feet (40) meters

4. Indicate the location of the guy-supports to firm the secondary lines.

5. Using the connected load as basis, compute for the rating of each distribution
transformer to be used. Calculate also the necessary transformer protective
devices.

6. Choose the initial location of the transformers which will be verified later by
actual computations

7. Calculate the size of the secondary lines and be sure that the sufficient capacity
and allowance for future load. Voltages regulation for the secondary line should
be within the allowance limits. allow voltage regulation of 3% or less for
residential load and 5% or less for the commercial load. The allowable for
secondary conductor shall be No. 8 AWG or 8mm2 THW stranded hard drawn
copper wire.
 8. Emphasize the standardization and final choice and specification of the line
materials and equipment.
9. Finalize the secondary line distribution systems.

II PRIMARY DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM

1. Balance the single-phase loads of the transformer on the three phase legs of the
primary lines (Phase A, B, and C). determine the combination with least
imbalance.

2. Draw the single line diagram of the primary distribution system indicating the
source of the supply, route of the primary lines and the loads it will supply.

3. Compute for the practical and economical size of the primary conductors taking
into consideration such factors as allowable voltages regulation, current carrying
capacity, and the mechanical strength of the conductor. Use a minimum size of
No. 6 AWG Aluminum Conductor Steel Reinforce (ACSR) and maximum of 4/0
ACSR for the primary line. Limit allowable voltage regulations to 3% from the
tapping point to the farthest transformer.

4. Install additional poles or replace existing secondary poles in order to

accommodate primary line attachments. Install also necessary guying and
indicate a required primary design standard. Limit primary line spanning to 250
feet (80) meters maximum

5. Compute for the minimum required length and cross-sectional dimension of the
crossarm to be used.

6. Determine the minimum required length and the class of pole to be installed

7. Install where practicable and economical, line disconnect for the purposes of
isolating of lines in case of faults, repairs and maintenance. Also use line
disconnects to enhance flexibility and reliability of the system

8. Installs necessary grounding on all transformer poles at strategic points preferably

on poles with lighting arrester. Install lighting arrester on primary poles at 1,500
feet (460M) interval

9. Compute for the maximum rating of the series or shunt connected capacitors
kVAR to be connected to each feeder and/or sub-feeders required to correct the
power factor to 0.96% lagging.

III. DISTRIBUTION SUBSTATION

Design a distribution for the entire municipality which shall be connected to an existing power
grid, assumed to be 25 kilometers from the proposed substation site. The load-end substation
shall be enclosed by a wire mesh fence with pad lockable gate. Standard danger signs shall be
posted on all sides of the perimeter fence

1. Power transformer shall have a maximum rating of 50 MVA rated 230 kV-
34.5/16kV, 3-phase. 60Hz, standard impedance, oil immersed self-cooled outdoor
type.

2. Primary disconnect shall be SF6 gas insulated circuit breaker

3. Voltage regulation shall be 3-phase ± 10% regulation, 32 steps, 34.5/19.9kV rated

for ample capacity

4. Overhead tubular bus shall be aluminum of copper conductors and it shall be

supported by hot0dip galvanize steel structures

5. Control house shall a storage battery bank charger, AC & DC panels. The
auxiliary transformer shall be rated 10 kVA, 19.92 kV – 120/240 volts, 1-phase,
60 Hz, distribution type transformer, while battery bank shall be rated 50AH @
48VDC to supply the control panel

6. Protective relays shall be provided in accordance with IEEE Standard 242-1975

7. Typical characteristic load pattern shall be provided for the entire substation load.
Individual load curve shall show the following: 1. Residential; 2. Commercial; 3.
Industrial; and 4. The total system load.

BY:
ENGR. FLORENCIO D. BERENGUEL, PEE, MPA, Hon. FAFEO, Hon. MAFEO, ACPE, AER
ASSOCIATE PROFESSOR II, PUP MARAGONDON BRANCH
COMPUTATION FOR THE CONSTRUCTION OF 34.5kV MULTI-
GROUNDED PRIMARY DISTRIBUTION LINES

A. SPECIFICATION OF CONDUCTOR

I. PRIMARY CONDUCTORS Refers table #

1. # / SIZE / STRAND / TYPE OF CONDUCTOR:

2. SAG @ FINAL UNLOADED CONDITION (mm) @ 15.5 ˚C:
3. SAG @ FINAL UNLOADED CONDITION (mm) @ 80 ˚C:
4. OVERALL DIAMETER (mm):
5. CALCULATED SECTIONAL AREA (SQ mm):
6. WEIGHT (N / M):
7. BREAKING / ULTIMATE STRENGTH (N): WEIGHT (N / M):
8. FINAL MODULOS OF ELASTICITY (KN / SQ.mm):
9. COEFFICIENT OF EXPANSION (˚C):

II. NEUTRAL CONDUCTORS Refer table #

1. # / SIZE / STRAND / TYPE OF CONDUCTOR:

2. SAG @ FINAL UNLOADED CONDITION (mm) @ 15.5 ˚C:
3. SAG @ FINAL UNLOADED CONDITION (mm) @ 80 ˚C:
4. OVERALL DIAMETER (mm):
5. CALCULATED SECTIONAL AREA (SQ mm):
6. WEIGHT (N / M):
7. BREAKING / ULTIMATE STRENGTH (N): WEIGHT (N / M):
8. FINAL MODULOS OF ELASTICITY (KN / SQ.mm):
9. COEFFICIENT OF EXPANSION (˚C):

III. SECONDARY CONDUCTORS Refer table #

 1. # / SIZE / STRAND / TYPE OF CONDUCTOR:
2. SAG @ FINAL UNLOADED CONDITION (mm) @ 15.5 ˚C:
3. SAG @ FINAL UNLOADED CONDITION (mm) @ 80 ˚C:
4. OVERALL DIAMETER (mm):
5. CALCULATED SECTIONAL AREA (SQ mm):
6. WEIGHT (N / M):
7. BREAKING / ULTIMATE STRENGTH (N): WEIGHT (N / M):
8. FINAL MODULOS OF ELASTICITY (KN / SQ.mm):
9. COEFFICIENT OF EXPANSION (˚C):

B. REQUIRED LENGTH AND CROSS-SECTIONAL DIMENSION OF CROSSARMS:

I. LENGTH OF CROSSARMS Refer table # _________________________________

A. = Required minimum clearance between conductors and surface of structure

= 130 mm plus 5 mm per kV over 8.7kV of phase to phase kV.
= = mm
B. = Required at minimum horizontal clearance @ supports between supply
conductor of the circuit
= 305 mm plus 10 mm per kV over 8.7kV of phase to phase kV.
= =
D = Pole top diameter Refer table #
t
= circumference @ top / 3.1416
= = mm
C = 2 ( A + B ) + Dt = = mm
E = C + 200 = = mm
ACTUAL CLIMBING SPACE = 2 + ( A ) + B + Dt =
mm

II. DIMENSION OF CROSSARM CROSS-SECTION (Refer table #) _________________

The minimum dimension of crossarm cross-section required to support pin insulator

units for grade Crossarm cross-section in mm x mm
C. LENGTH OF JOINT POLE = (SPAN LENGTH (S) = meters

I MOUNTING HEIGHT OF TELEPHONE CABLE Refer table #

The minimum vertical clearance is _______mm corresponding to item
of table
II ADDITIONAL CLEARANCE

For spans exceeding 53 meters, the minimum vertical clearance shall be increased by 31
mm for each 3050 mm increased in span length over such limit ____________________

C ◦a = 31 mm x ( - 53,000) =
3050 mm

III. THE TOTAL REQUIRED VERTICAL CLEARANCE OF TELEPHONE CABLE

ABOVE GROUND _______________ + _______________ = __________________
mm

D CLEARANCE @ SUPPORTS:

I. The minimum clearance @ any point in the span is 1,000 (0.75) = 750 mm, with the
primary conductor @ its final unloaded sag @ 80 ◦C, and the neutral conductor (lower) @
its final unloaded sag at 15.5 ◦C.

Csl = 750 mm + (sag of primary @ 80˚C - Sag of Neutral @ 15.5 ˚C

Csl = + = mm

II. BETWEEN NEUTRAL AND SECONDARY (NOT APPLICABLE ONLY IF BARE

SECONDARY CONDUCTORS ARE TO BE USED).

The minimum clearance @ any point in the span is 405 (0.75) = 304 mm, with the
primary conductor @ its final unloaded sag @ 80 ◦C, and the neutral conductor (lower) @
its final unloaded sag at 15.5 ◦C.

Csl = 304 mm + (sag of primary @ 80˚C - Sag of Neutral @ 15.5 ˚C

Csl = + = mm

E CLASS OF POLE:
I. The total projected length of pole # ________ is equal to _______ mm vertical clearance
telephone cable above ground plus 1830 mm TELCO SPACE plus 1,000 mm between
TELCO cable and power lines plus ______ mm SECONDARY POWER space plus ____
mm, Cs2 plus ________________

Ca = __________________________ = __________________________mm

II. SHORTEST STANDARD LENGTH OF POLE # Refer table #

_____________________

USE: _____________ meter pole with grounding distance from the butt of
_____________
Meter and ___________ meter projected height above the ground

III. SPECIFIC OF POLE #

1 ASSUME CLASS OF POLE IS

2 STANDARD LENGTH OF POLE (meter)
3 PROJECTED HEIGHT ABOVE GROUNDLINE (meter)
4 GROUNDING DISTANCE FROM BUTT (meter)
5 FIBER STRESS
(MPA)
6 BREAKING LOAD (KN)
7 WIND PRESSURE (PA) Refer table # 1
8 MINIMUM CIRCUMFERENCE (mm) @
TOP
9 MINIMUM CIRCUMFERENCE (mm) 1.75 meter FROM
BUTT
10 CIRCUMFERENCE (mm) @ GROUNDING
LINE

= #9x#3 = = mm
# 2 – 1.5

IV. BENDING MOMENT DUE TO WIND ON POLE

Mwp = # 7 (# 3)2 (#10 + 2 x # 8) = N-M

6000 x 3.1416

V. TRAVERSE LOAD PER METER ON CONDUCTOR

1. FOR PRIMARY
 WI = #7x Overall Diameter
1,000
= = N-M

2. FOR NEUTRAL

W2 = #7x Overall Diameter

1,000
= = N-M

3. FOR SECONDARY

W3 = #7x Overall Diameter

1,000
= = N-M

VI. BENDING MOMENT DUE TO WIND ON CONDUCTORS

Mwc = S (L1W1 + L2W2 + L3W3 +….)

= = N-M

VII. REQUIRED POLE RESISTING MOMENT @ GROUND LINE (Overload capacity =

2.0)

Mr = 2 (Mwp + Mwc)
= = N-M
1000

Translate the __________________ KN-M Mr to force @ 610 meter below the top
pole

REQUIRED BREAKING LOAD = Mr

(# 3 – 0.610)
= = KN

Refer to table __________ since _____________ KN is less than __________________

KN, the minimum class of pole is class ________________ but for jointly used pole, use
class ________________ with ____________ KN breaking load.
PUP – MARAGONDON BRANCH
ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING

DESIGNED BY: SHEET

NO.

APPROVED BY: DATE

ROADWAY LIGHTING CALCULATION

DATA:

LOCATION :

AREA CLASS :

ROAD CLASS :

MIN AVG MAINT FC :

UNIFORMITY :

ROAD WIDTH :

MOUNTING HEIGHT :
 OVERHANG :

LUMINAIRE TYPE :

ANSI / IES TYPE :

BALLAST ANSI CODE :

SUGGESTED LAMP :

TYPE OF LAMP :

INITIAL LUMENS (VERT) :

INITIAL LUMEN (HORZ) :

DEPRECIATION (MEAN) :

DEPRECIATION (EOR) :

TRANSFORMER NO. ________________________

A. CALCULATION OF TRANSFORMER CAPACITY

POLE NO. AND TYPE LOAD DIV. DEM PER

NO. OF CUSTOMER GLO REF RANG WH POLE
E

TOTAL

LOAD CARRIED BY TRANSFORMER ARE:

GLO with a maximum diversified demand of KVA

REF with a maximum diversified demand of KVA
RANGE with a maximum diversified demand of KVA
WATER HEATER with a maximum diversified demand of KVA

OTHER LOADS
= KVA
= KVA
 = KVA
= KVA
= KVA

STREET LIGHTING

______ x __________ watts HPS lamp, 100% demand factor _______________PF

KVA = _________________________________ = _____________________ KVA
TOTAL MAXIMUM DEMAND OF TRANSFORMER _________________ KVA

Assuming _____________KVA, ____________ KV, 120/240 V grounded, 60Hz, single

phase Distribution Transformer with 3% impedance.

The % loading = _____________ x 100% = _____________ %

1. |Ip (full load) = ________________ = ___________amps

2. The maximum setting of overcurrent protection device in the primary;

I = 3 x Ifl = 3 x ____________ = __________ amps

3. The KVA short circuit in the primary;

KVA (short circuit) = ______________ = ___________

KVA

4. The symmetrical short circuit in the primary;

Ip (short circuit, symmetrical) = ______________ = ___________KVA

5. The symmetrical short circuit in the primary;

Ip (short circuit, symmetrical) = ______________ = ___________amps

THERFORE:

The rating of the transformer shall be ______________ KVA, KV, 120/240V, 60Hz, 1-Phase
distribution transformer with 3% Z. the total load is _________ %. The rating of fuse cut out
shall be ________ amperes. It shall be protected by ______ amperes fuse link. The maximum
fuse setting is ____________ amperes. The L.A. shall be line type rated ________ KV.

B. SELECTION OF THE MOST ADVANTAGEOUS TRANSFORMER LOCATION

Assume T # ______________ is insulated at pole No. _________

______ Ft. ______ Ft. ______ Ft. ______ Ft. ______ Ft. ______ Ft.

P _______ P_______ P________ P _______ P _______ P ______

 LEFT SIDE RIGHT SIDE
POLE KVA NO. OF KVA - POLE KVA NO. OF KVA -
NO. POLE SPAN SPAN NO. POLE SPAN SPAN

TOTAL TOTAL

Transferring one pole to the right/left would make it more unbalanced. Therefore;
T No. _____________ is installed at Pole No. __________

C. DETERMINATION OF SECONDARY CONDUCTOR SIZE

Current at transformer secondary leads;

_________________ = _________________ amperes
This corresponds to No. ______ AWG Type THW, stranded insulated copper
wire __________ CM,

From Table No. ________: Ra = _______; Xa = ________

From Table No. ________: Using __________ spacing between secondary conductor;
Xd = __________: X = _________________: X/Ra = _________________

From Table No. ____________ using _____________% power factor

Drop factor is; ____________

LEFT SIDE

1 1 span - 1 = = Amperes
Vd dc = = Volts
Vd ac = = Volts
2 1 span – 2 = = Amperes
Vd dc = = Volts
Vd ac = = Volts
3 1 span – 3 = = Amperes
Vd dc = = Volts
Vd ac = = Volts
4 Vd ac total = = Volts
5 % V.R. = = %

RIGHT SIDE

6 1 span - 1 = = Amperes
 Vd dc = = Volts
Vd ac = = Volts

7 1 span – 2 = = Amperes
Vd dc = = Volts
Vd ac = = Volts
8 1 span – 3 = = Amperes
Vd dc = = Volts
Vd ac = = Volts
9 Vd ac total = = Volts
10 % V.R. = = %

Distance/Mounting Height Ratios For Test Point Illumination @

Contributing Traverse Ratio Longitudinal Ratio Test Point
luminaires P1 P2 P3 P1 P2 P3 P1 P2 P3
A
B
C
D
E
F
TOTAL
FC (min) = (fc min) (MF) (CF) (LF) UNIFORMITY RATIO:
FC (min) = UF = 1/FC =
(min)