LABORATORY MANUAL

STUDENT NAME
REG. NUMBER
YEAR
SEMESTER
SECTION
FACULTY NAME
LIST OF EXPERIMENTS:
S. # Title of the Experiment Mode of conduction

1 Generation & Detection of Amplitude NI Multisim & NI ELVIS

Modulated Signals KIT III

2 Generation of Frequency Modulated Signals NI Multisim & NI ELVIS

KIT III
3 Generation of Pre-emphasis and De-emphasis NI Multisim & NI myDAQ
circuit.

4 Generation and detection of Pulse Amplitude NI Multisim & NI myDAQ

Modulation signal

5 Generation and detection of Pulse Width NI Multisim & NI myDAQ

Modulation signal

6 Design of Amplitude Shift Keying circuit NI Multisim & NI ELVIS

KIT III
7 Design of Frequency Shift Keying circuit NI Multisim & NI ELVIS
KIT III
8 Design of Phase Shift Keying circuit NI Multisim & NI ELVIS
KIT III
9 Design of NRZ to RZ and NRZ to Manchester NI Multisim & NI myDAQ
Coding Circuit

10 Design of Digital to Analog Converter Circuit NI Multisim

 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
FACULTY AUTHORS

STUDENT PEER MENTOR AUTHORS

DESIGN TEAM
 A & DC Systems Lab, Dept. of ECE, KL University, A.P., India. 19-EC 2105

2020-2021 ODD SEMESTER LAB CONTINUOUS EVALUATION

IN
S.NO DATE EXPERIMENT NAME PRE LAB LAB POST VIVA TOTAL
15M 10M LAB 10M 10M 50M SIGNATURE
 A & DC Systems Lab, Dept. of ECE, KL University, A.P., India. 19-EC 2105

PROJECT EVALUATION

PROJECT NAME:

BATCH NUMBER:

PROJECT EVALUATION
REVIEW NUMBER MARKS SIGNATURE
1

TOTAL:

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A & DC Systems Lab, Dept. of ECE, KL University, A.P., India. 19-EC 2105

Analog and Digital Communication-Lab-Experiment 1

Generation and Detection of Amplitude Modulated Signal
Lab Report
Name: Branch: Lab Section:
Id No: Project Group:
Pre-Lab Session In-Lab Session Post Lab Session Viva Total Marks
Work(15M) Work(15M) Work(10M) (10M) (50M)

Remarks:

Date: Signature of the Instructor Marks awarded

AIM: To virtually observe AM (Pulse Amplitude Modulation) Modulation &

Demodulation

SOFTWARE REQURIED: NI Multisim

Objectives:

➢ To generate and display basic message signal.

➢ To generate and display high frequency carrier signal.
➢ To generate and display AM modulated and de-modulated signal.

PRE LAB WORK

(a) Study and understand the basic theory required for this lab.
(b) Be familiar with the components in Multisim
(c) Be familiar with various functionalities of components available in Multisim

THEORY: Amplitude modulation is a type of modulation where the amplitude (signal

strength) of the carrier signal is varied in accordance with the amplitude (signal strength)
of the message signal. In an amplitude modulation (AM) communications system, speech
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A & DC Systems Lab, Dept. of ECE, KL University, A.P., India. 19-EC 2105

and music are converted into an electrical signal using a device such as a microphone. This
electrical signal is called the message or baseband signal. The message signal is then used
to electrically vary the amplitude of a pure sinewave called the carrier. The carrier usually
has a frequency that is much higher than the message’s frequency.

Figure below shows a simple message signal and an unmodulated carrier. It also shows the
result of amplitude modulating the carrier with the message. Notice that the modulated
carrier’s amplitude varies above and below its unmodulated amplitude.

Figure 2 shows the AM signal but with a dotted line added to track the modulated
carrier’s positive peaks and negative peaks. These dotted lines are known in the
industry as the signal’s envelopes. If you look at the envelopes closely, you will
notice that the upper envelope is the same shape as the message. The lower envelope
is also the same shape but upside-down (inverted).

In telecommunications theory, the mathematical model that defines the AM signal is:

AM = (DC + message) × the carrier

When the message is a simple sinewave the equation’s solution (which necessarily
involves some trigonometry that is not shown here) tells us that the AM signal
consists of three sinewaves:

▪ One at the carrier frequency

▪ One with a frequency equal to the sum of the carrier and message frequencies

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A & DC Systems Lab, Dept. of ECE, KL University, A.P., India. 19-EC 2105

▪ One with a frequency equal to the difference between the carrier

and message frequencies

Figure 2: Message envelopes

In other words, for every sinewave in the message, the AM signal includes a pair
of sinewaves – one above and one below the carrier’s frequency. Complexmessage
signals such as speech and music are made up of thousands of sinewavesand so the
AM signal includes thousands of pairs of sinewaves straddling carrier. These two
groups of sinewaves are called the sidebands and so AM is also knownas double-
sideband, full carrier (DSBFC).

Importantly, it is clear from this discussion that the AM signal doesn’t consist of
any signals at the message frequency. This is despite the fact that the AM signal’s
envelopes are the same shape as the message.

AM modulator diagram can be shown as:

AM demodulator consists of envelope detector which is shown below:

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A & DC Systems Lab, Dept. of ECE, KL University, A.P., India. 19-EC 2105

IN LAB WORK
AM modulation and de-modulation
1. Connect the circuit as per given circuit diagram
2. Connect all the components and check their functionalities.
3. Generate AM modulated signal and demodulated signal

EXERCISE 1. Develop circuit diagram in Multisim

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A & DC Systems Lab, Dept. of ECE, KL University, A.P., India. 19-EC 2105

PROCEDURE:-

1. The circuit is connected as per the circuit diagram.

2. Apply a sinusoidal signal of 500Hz frequency and amplitude 0.5V Vp as message
signal.
3. Apply sinusoidal signal of 10kHz frequency and 1V Vp as carrier signal.
4. Observe output and take screen shot with proper specification.
5. Draw the message, carrier and AM modulated and demodulated signal.

Table-01

% depth of
2Vmax(P) 2Vmin(Q) modulation
S.No P−Q
Comment
Volts Volts m= X100
P+Q

1.
2.
3.
4.

POST LAB WORK

(a) Complete the lab work in all aspects in the given specified lab time.
(b) Write the answers of the given questions in your lab workbook.
(c) Submit the lab report to the lab in-charge and get the signature in time.
(d) Observations should be taken properly.

Results:
AM Modulation and de-modulation circuit has been designed and output is verified.
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A & DC Systems Lab, Dept. of ECE, KL University, A.P., India. 19-EC 2105

For Advanced Learners

Design an AM system with modulating signal m(t)=10cos(2π×103t) and a carrier signal

c(t)=50cos(2π×105t). Find the modulation index from the results and calculate the carrier
power.

Viva Questions
1. Define modulation
2. What are the types of analog modulation?
3. Why modulation is necessary?
4. Define AM and draw its spectrum. What is its band width?
5. Why percentage modulation is always less than 100 % in case of A.M.?
6. What will be the change in modulation index if there is change in amplitude
of modulating signal ?
7. What will be the change in modulation index if there is change in frequency
of modulating signal ?
8. Explain how AM wave is detected.
9. What is the purpose of using AD633 in the circuit?
10. Draw AM waveform in under, over and critical modulation.

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A & DC Systems Lab, Dept. of ECE, KL University, A.P., India. 19-EC 2105

Analog and Digital Communication-Lab-Experiment 2

Generation of Frequency Modulated Signal
Lab Report
Name: Branch: Lab Section:
Id No: Project Group:
Pre-Lab Session In-Lab Session Post Lab Session Viva Total Marks
Work(15M) Work(15M) Work(10M) (10M) (50M)

Remarks:

Date: Signature of the Instructor Marks awarded

AIM: To virtually observe FM (Frequency Modulation) Signal

SOFTWARE REQURIED: NI Multisim

Objectives:

➢ To generate and display basic message signal.

➢ To generate and display carrier signal.
➢ To generate and display FM modulated signal.
➢ To determine Modulation index of FM signal

PRE-LAB WORK
a) Understand Basic theory of Frequency Modulation techniques.
b) Understanding the circuit diagrams of FM generation.
c) Understanding the data sheets of components used in the experiment.

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A & DC Systems Lab, Dept. of ECE, KL University, A.P., India. 19-EC 2105

THEORY: Modulation is concerned with changing some characteristics of a high frequency

carrier wave in accordance with the amplitude of the modulating signal to be transmitted.
Frequency modulation is a system in which the frequency of the carrier is varied in
accordance with theamplitude variations of the message signal, whereas the amplitude of the
carrier remains unaltered as shown in figure below. In FM, the information is being carried
by the carrier in its frequency variations and not in amplitude. This is a great advantage in
FM because the noise generally affects the amplitudes of the waveform.

IN LAB WORK

FM modulation
1. Connect the circuit as per given circuit diagram
2. Connect all the components and check their functionalities.
3. Generate FM modulated signal.

EXERCISE 1. Develop circuit diagram in Multisim

Circuit diagram for FM generation:

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Figure 1 : FM Modulator Circuit

Figure 2: Output Of Frequency Modulator Circuit

PROCEDURE:-
1. Connect the Frequency Modulation circuit diagram shown in above Fig 1.
2. Apply the carrier signal at the base of the transistor and observe the output when
the modulating signal is zero.
3. Apply the modulating signal of 20 KHZ with 2Vp.
4. Observe the modulated wave on the C.R.O
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5. Find the modulation index by measuring minimum and maximum frequency

deviations from the carrier frequency using CRO.
6. Repeat the steps 5 and 6 by changing the amplitude and /or frequency of the
modulating Signal.
Observations:

S.No Am fc fm fmax fm Modulation

Volts Hz Hz Hz in (fmax-fmin)/2 index
Hz = Δf

POST LAB WORK

(e) Complete the lab work in all aspects in the given specified lab time.
(f) Write the answers of the given questions in your lab workbook.
(g) Submit the lab report to the lab in-charge and get the signature in time.
(h) Observations should be taken properly.

Results: FM modulated wave has been generated and different modulation index has
been verified.

For Advanced Learners

Design a FM system with a sinusoidal modulating waveform of amplitude 5 V, frequency
of 2 KHz and frequency sensitivity of 40 Hz/volt. Calculate the frequency deviation,
modulation index, and bandwidth, from the results.

Viva Question:

1. Define frequency deviation in FM.

2. Give different FM generation methods.
3. Compare FM with AM
4. Define bandwidth of FM
5. What is the maximum frequency deviation allowed in
commercial FM broadcasting?
6. What is the maximum modulating frequency allowed in commercial
FM?
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7. Define percentage modulation?

8. How much VCC is applied in experiment?
9. Why carrier frequency is always higher than message?
10. Which has more bandwidth: AM or FM

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A & DC Systems Lab, Dept. of ECE, KL University, A.P., India. 19-EC 2105

Analog and Digital Communication-Lab-Experiment 3

Pre-emphasis and De-emphasis
Lab Report
Name: Branch: Lab Section:
Id No: Project Group:
Pre-Lab Session In-Lab Session Post Lab Session Viva Total Marks
Work(15M) Work(15M) Work(10M) (10M) (50M)

Remarks:

Date: Signature of the Instructor Marks awarded

AIM: To virtually observe Pre-emphasis and De-emphasis

SOFTWARE REQURIED: NI Multisim

Objectives:
➢ To observe the characteristics of pre-emphasis at the transmitter,
➢ To observe the characteristics of de-emphasis circuit at the receiver.
➢ To draw frequency curves of pre-emphasis and de-emphasis.
PRE LAB WORK
(d) Study and understand the basic theory required for this lab.
(e) Be familiar with the components in Multisim
(f) Be familiar with various functionalities of components available in Multisim

THEORY: Frequency modulation is more immune to noise than AM and is significantly

more immune to noise than PM. Natural tendency of audio is that the amplitude of the high
frequency signal is lower as compared to the amplitude of lower frequency signal.Pre-
emphasis and De-emphasis are compensation circuits used to improve the SNR ofFM
system. The noise has more effect on the higher modulating frequencies than on the

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lower modulating frequencies. Thus, if the higher frequencies were artificially boosted at
the transmitter and correspondingly attenuated at the receiver, an improvement in noise
immunity could be expected, thereby increasing the SNR ratio. This boosting of the higher
modulating frequencies at the transmitter is known as pre-emphasis and the compensation
at the receiver is called de-emphasis.

Pre-emphasis: The circuit diagram of pre-emphasis is shown in Fig 2(a), used before
modulation takes place to boost the high frequency modulating signals. The signal received
has an increased level of the higher frequencies being applied to the modulator results in a
better transmitted audio signal to noise ratio due to the high frequency components being
above the noise as much or more than the low frequency components. Pre-emphasis is
needed in FM to maintain good signal to noise ratio.

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De-emphasis: In order to reduce the effect of noise the high frequency signals are boosted
before the transmission is known as pre-emphasis. When these signals are recovered at the
receiver in order to restore the original amplitudes of high frequency signals are suppressed
at the transmission. This process is known as de-emphasis. This de-emphasis circuit is
placed at the receiving side and acts as a low pass filter.

IN LAB WORK
Pre-emphasis and De-emphasis
1. Connect the circuit as per given circuit diagram
2. Connect all the components and check their functionalities.
3. Generate response for both circuits

EXERCISE 1. Develop circuit diagram in Multisim

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A & DC Systems Lab, Dept. of ECE, KL University, A.P., India. 19-EC 2105

Fig: Multisim Schematic of Pre-emphasis Circuit

PROCEDURE FOR Pre-emphasis:-

1. Connect the circuit as per circuit diagram as shown in the figure above.
2. Apply the sinusoidal signal of amplitude 20mV as input signal to pre emphasis
circuit.
3. Then by increasing the input signal frequency from 300Hz to 20KHz, observe the
output voltage and calculate gain.
4. Plot the graph between gain Vs frequency.

Fig: Multisim Schematic of De-emphasis Circuit

PROCEDURE FOR De-emphasis:-

1. Connect the circuit as per circuit diagram as shown in the figure above.
2. Apply the sinusoidal signal of amplitude 5V as input signal to de emphasis circuit
3. Then by increasing the input signal frequency from 300Hz to 20KHz, observe the
output voltage and calculate gain.
4. Plot the graph between gain Vs frequency.

POST LAB WORK

(i) Complete the lab work in all aspects in the given specified lab time.
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A & DC Systems Lab, Dept. of ECE, KL University, A.P., India. 19-EC 2105

(j) Write the answers of the given questions in your lab workbook.
(k) Submit the lab report to the lab in-charge and get the signature in time.
(l) Observations should be taken properly.
(m)The following is a sample table for taking readings. Make 2 separate tables for pre-
emphasis and de-emphasis.
(n) For pre-emphasis, the input voltage is 20mV and for de-emphasis the input is 5V.

Results:
Pre-emphasis and De-emphasis circuit has been designed and output is verified.

For Advanced Learners

Design a Pre-emphasis circuit with R1 = 10k, C = 7.5nF, R2 = 1k and calculate the

frequency and draw the plot.

Viva Questions

1. Which range of frequencies is more prone to noise interference?

2. Why pre-emphasis and de-emphasis circuits are not used in AM systems?
3. What is the need for pre-emphasis?
4. Explain the operation of pre-emphasis circuit?
5. Pre-emphasis operation is similar to high pass filter explain how?
6. If de-emphasis circuit is not used in FM receiver, what is the demodulated
output?
7. De-emphasis operation is similar to low pass filter justify?
8. Draw the frequency response of a pre-emphasis circuit?
9. Draw the frequency response of a de-emphasis circuit?
10. Give the formula for the cutoff frequency of the pre-emphasis circuit?
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A & DC Systems Lab, Dept. of ECE, KL University, A.P., India. 19-EC 2105

Analog and Digital Communication-Lab-Experiment 4

PAM Modulation and De-modulation
Lab Report
Name: Branch: Lab Section:
Id No: Project Group:
Pre-Lab Session In-Lab Session Post Lab Session Viva Total Marks
Work(15M) Work(15M) Work(10M) (10M) (50M)

Remarks:

Date: Signature of the Instructor Marks awarded

AIM: To virtually observe PAM (Pulse Amplitude Modulation) Modulation &

Demodulation

SOFTWARE REQURIED: NI Multisim

Objectives:

➢ To generate and display basic message signal.

➢ To generate and display pulse carrier signal.
➢ To generate and display PAM modulated and de-modulated signal.

PRE LAB WORK

(g) Study and understand the basic theory required for this lab.
(h) Be familiar with the components in Multisim
(i) Be familiar with various functionalities of components available in Multisim

THEORY: In Pulse Amplitude Modulation the carrier is a periodic train of pulses. It is

discontinuous, discrete process i.e. the pulses are present only at certain distinct intervals
of time hence it is most suited for messages that are discrete in nature. However, with the
help of sampling techniques continuously varying signals can be transmitted on pulsed
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carriers. Generally, pulse modulation and coding go hand in hand as in telegraphy and
teletype. The pulse modulated signal, despite the term modulation is base band signals. The
base band coding schemes are the actual coding schemes for base band transmission. The
following block diagram shows the generation of PAM signal.

PAM may be defined as the type of modulation in which the amplitudes of regularly spaced
rectangular pulses vary according to the instantaneous value of the modulating signal.

Message Signal

Carrier

IN LAB WORK PAM

IN LAB WORK

PAM modulation and de-modulation

1. Connect the circuit as per given circuit diagram
2. Connect all the components and check their functionalities.
3. Generate PAM modulated signal and demodulated signal

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A & DC Systems Lab, Dept. of ECE, KL University, A.P., India. 19-EC 2105

EXERCISE 1. Develop circuit diagram in Multisim

Figure : PULSE AMPLITUDE MODULATION AND DEMODULATION CIRCUIT

Figure: OUTPUT OF PULSE AMPLITUDE MODULATION CIRCUIT

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PROCEDURE:-
1. The circuit is connected as per the circuit diagram.
2. Apply a sinusoidal signal of 500Hz frequency and amplitude 2.5 Vp as message signal.
3. Apply square wave of 10kHz frequency and 5 Vp as carrier signal.
4. Observe output and take screen shot with proper specification.
5. Draw the message, carrier and PAM modulated and demodulated signal.

POST LAB WORK

(o) Complete the lab work in all aspects in the given specified lab time.
(p) Write the answers of the given questions in your lab workbook.
(q) Submit the lab report to the lab in-charge and get the signature in time.
(r) Observations should be taken properly.
Results:
PAM Modulation and de-modulation circuit has been designed and output is verified.

For Advanced Learners

Design AM system with amplitude wave of s(t)=20[1+0.8cos(2π×103t)]cos(4π×105t).

Evaluate the carrier power, the total sideband power, and the band width of AM wave
from the results.

VIVA QUESTIONS:
1. Define PAM.
2. What are the classifications of pulse modulation techniques?
3. What is the transmission bandwidth of Pulse amplitude modulation?
4. What do you mean by sampling?
5. What are applications of PAM?
6. What are advantages and disadvantages of PAM?
7. Which type sampling technique is used in PAM?
8. State sampling theorem
9. Explain the concept of aliasing.

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10. List out the major differences between PAM and other pulse modulation
techniques.

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A & DC Systems Lab, Dept. of ECE, KL University, A.P., India. 19-EC 2105

Analog and Digital Communication-Lab-Experiment 5

PWM Modulation and De-modulation
Lab Report
Name: Branch: Lab Section:
Id No: Project Group:
Pre-Lab Session In-Lab Session Post Lab Session Viva Total Marks
Work(15M) Work(15M) Work(10M) (10M) (50M)

Remarks:

Date: Signature of the Instructor Marks awarded

AIM: To virtually observe PWM (Pulse Width Modulation) Modulation &

Demodulation

SOFTWARE REQURIED: NI Multisim

Objectives:

➢ To generate and display basic message signal.

➢ To generate and display pulse carrier signal.
➢ To generate and display PWM modulated and de-modulated signal.

PRE LAB WORK

(j) Study and understand the basic theory of PWM required for this lab.
(k) Be familiar with the components in Multisim
(l) Be familiar with various functionalities of components available in Multisim

THEORY: Pulse Time Modulation is also known as Pulse Width Modulation or Pulse
Length Modulation. In PWM, the samples of the message signal are used to vary the
duration of the individual pulses. Width may be varied by varying the time of occurrence
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of leading edge, the trailing edge or both edges of the pulse in accordance with modulating
wave. It is also called Pulse Duration Modulation. In Pulse width modulation, the
amplitude of the pulses is constant. The method of generation of PWM is as shown below:

In PWM the width of the pulses is varied according to the amplitude of the message signal.

The demodulation of PPM can be shown in the following block diagram:

IN LAB WORK

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A & DC Systems Lab, Dept. of ECE, KL University, A.P., India. 19-EC 2105

PWM modulation and demodulation

1. Connect the circuit as per given circuit diagram
2. Connect all the components and check their functionalities.
3. Generate PWM modulated signal.

EXERCISE 1. Develop circuit diagram in Multisim

Fig : PULSE WIDTH MODULATION AND DEMODULATION CIRCUIT

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Figure7: OUTPUT OF PULSE AMPLITUDE MODULATION CIRCUIT IN NI MULTISIM

PROCEDURE:-
1. The circuit is connected as per the circuit diagram.
2. Apply a sinusoidal signal of 1000Hz frequency and amplitude 5 Vp as message signal.
3. The carrier signal which is train of pulses will be generated by the 555 timer.
4. Observe output and take screen shot with proper specification.
5. Draw the message, carrier and PWM modulated signal and demodulated signal.
.
POST LAB WORK

(a) Complete the lab work in all aspects in the given specified lab time.
(b) Write the answers of the given questions in your lab workbook.
(c) Submit the lab report to the lab in-charge and get the signature in time.
(d) Observations should be taken properly.
Results:
PWM Modulation and de-modulation circuit has been designed and output is verified.

For Advanced Learners

Design a PWM generator circuit without using 555 timer and observe the results.

VIVA QUESTIONS:
1. What is the other name of Pulse width modulation?
2. What do you mean by pulse time modulation?
3. What is the comparison between the PAM and PWM?
4. What is the transmission bandwidth of PWM signal?
5. Which type sampling technique is used in PWM?
6. What are the applications of PWM modulation technique?
7. Why 555 timer is used to generate PWM?
8. From which pin output is taken?
9. From which pin trigger is applied?
10. State the difference between PWM and PPM.

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A & DC Systems Lab, Dept. of ECE, KL University, A.P., India. 19-EC 2105

Analog and Digital Communication-Lab-Experiment 6

Generation and Detection of Amplitude Shift Keying
Lab Report
Name: Branch: Lab Section:
Id No: Project Group:
Pre-Lab Session In-Lab Session Post Lab Session Viva Total Marks
Work(15M) Work(15M) Work(10M) (10M) (50M)

Remarks:

Date: Signature of the Instructor Marks awarded

AIM: To virtually observe ASK (Amplitude Shift Keying) Modulation &

Demodulation

SOFTWARE REQURIED: NI Multisim

Objectives:

➢ To generate and display basic message signal.

➢ To generate and display carrier signal.
➢ To generate and display ASK modulated signal.

PRE LAB WORK

a) Study and understand the basic theory required for this lab.
b) Be familiar with the components in Multisim
c) Be familiar with various functionalities of components available in Multisim

THEORY: Amplitude Shift Keying (ASK)- ASK is a type of Amplitude Modulation

which represents the binary data in the form of variations in the amplitude of a signal. Any

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modulated signal has a high frequency carrier. The binary signal when ASK modulated,
gives a zero value for Low input while it gives the carrier output for High input.

The following figure represents ASK modulated waveform along with its input.

To find the process of obtaining this ASK modulated wave, let us learn about the working
of the ASK modulator.
ASK Modulator
The ASK modulator block diagram comprises of the carrier signal generator, the binary
sequence from the message signal and the band-limited filter. Following is the block
diagram of the ASK Modulator.

The carrier generator, sends a continuous high-frequency carrier. The binary sequence
from the message signal makes the unipolar input to be either High or Low. The high
signal closes the switch, allowing a carrier wave. Hence, the output will be the carrier
signal at high input. When there is low input, the switch opens, allowing no voltage to
appear. Hence, the output will be low.
The band-limiting filter, shapes the pulse depending upon the amplitude and phase
characteristics of the band-limiting filter or the pulse-shaping filter.
ASK Demodulator

There are two types of ASK Demodulation techniques. They are −

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Asynchronous ASK Demodulation/detection

Synchronous ASK Demodulation/detection
Asynchronous ASK Demodulator
The Asynchronous ASK detector consists of a half-wave rectifier, a low pass filter, and a
comparator. Following is the block diagram for the same.
Synchronous ASK Demodulator
Synchronous ASK detector consists of a Square law detector, low pass filter, a
comparator, and a voltage limiter. Following is the block diagram for the same.

Synchronous ASK Detector

The ASK modulated input signal is given to the Square law detector. A square law detector
is one whose output voltage is proportional to the square of the amplitude modulated input
voltage. The low pass filter minimizes the higher frequencies. The comparator and the
voltage limiter help to get a clean digital output.

IN LAB WORK

ASK modulation
1. Connect the circuit as per given ASK Modulation circuit diagram
2. Connect all the components and check their functionalities.
3. Generate ASK modulated signal.
ASK demodulation
1. Connect the circuit as per given ASK De-Modulation circuit diagram
2. Connect all the components and check their functionalities.
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3. Generate ASK demodulated signal.

EXERCISE 1. Develop circuit diagram in Multisim
PROCEDURE:-
1. The circuit is connected as per the circuit diagram.
2. Apply a square signal of 500Hz frequency and amplitude 10 Vp as message signal.
3. Apply sinusoidal signal of 5 KHz frequency and amplitude 5 Vp as carrier signal.
4. Observe output and take screen shot with proper specification.
5. Draw the message, carrier and BASK modulated signal.
Design of ASK modulation

Transistor will operate as a switch hence choose saturation values from data sheet

i.e VCE(sat) = 200mV VBE(on) = 700mV hFE = β = 50, Ic=10mA and assuming that

Ic=IE.

Design of Demodulation
The demodulator circuit works as a low pass filter, it allows low frequency signal source

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500Hz and filter out carrier frequency 5KHz.

Original message signals is recovered form demodulator by using op-amp.

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POST LAB WORK

(a) 1. Complete the lab work in all aspects in the given specified lab time.
(b) Write the answers of the given questions in your lab workbook.
(c) Submit the lab report to the lab in-charge and get the signature in time.
(d) Observations should be taken properly.
Results:
ASK Modulation circuit has been designed and output is verified.

For Advanced Learners

Assess from your experimental results

1. If a communications system uses 16 symbols, how many bits does each symbol
represent?
2. If the same system has a symbol rate of 10 000 baud, what is the data rate?

VIVA QUESTIONS:
1. Why is ASK called as ON-OFF keying
2. What is ASK Modulator?
3. What are applications of ASK?
4. What are advantages of ASK over FSK?
5. What are advantages of ASK?
6. State the bandwidth requirement of ASK system
7. Define ASK?

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A & DC Systems Lab, Dept. of ECE, KL University, A.P., India. 19-EC 2105

Analog and Digital Communication Systems-Lab-7

Generation and Detection of Frequency Shift Keying
Lab Report
Name: Branch: Lab Section:
Id No: Project Group:
Pre-Lab Session In-Lab Session Post Lab Session Viva Total Marks
Work(15M) Work(15M) Work(10M) (10M) (50M)

Remarks:

Date: Signature of the Instructor Marks awarded

AIM: Generation of binary frequency shift keying modulated signal.

SOFTWARE REQUIRED : NI Multisim

Objectives:
➢ To understand the operation theory of BFSK,
➢ To understand the signal waveforms of BFSK
➢ Design and implementation of BFSK.

PRE LAB WORK

a) Basic theory of digital carrier switching techniques.
b) Understand Concept of switching.
c) Understand working of different IC used in the circuit.
d) Understanding the data sheets of components used in the experiments.
e) Computer simulations (NI Multisim) is performed

Basic Theory of BFSK:

Frequency Shift Keying (FSK) is a digital modulation scheme where the digital data is
transmitted using a high frequency carrier signal. For logic ‘0’ and ‘1’ the carrier signal
switches between two preset frequencies, hence the name FSK. FSK signalling schemes
find a wide range of applications in low-speed digital data transmission system. FSK
schemes are not as efficient as PSK in terms of power and bandwidth utilization. The binary

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FSK waveform is a continuous, phase constant envelope FM waveform. The FSK signal
bandwidth in this case is of order of 2MHz, which is same as the order of the bandwidth of
PSK signal.

In frequency-shift keying, the signals transmitted for marks (binary ones) and
spaces (binary zeros) are
S1(t) = Ac cos (2πf1t)-------- for binary1
S0(t) = Ac cos (2πf0t)-------- for binary0
respectively. This is called a discontinuous phase FSK system, because the phase of the
signal is discontinuous at the switching times. All thw waveforms can be observed in the
following diagram.

IN LAB WORK

FSK modulation
1. Connect the circuit as per given FSK Modulation circuit diagram
2. Connect all the components and check their functionalities.
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A & DC Systems Lab, Dept. of ECE, KL University, A.P., India. 19-EC 2105

3. Generate FSK modulated signal.

FSK demodulation
1. Connect the circuit as per given FSK De-Modulation circuit diagram
2. Connect all the components and check their functionalities.
3. Generate FSK demodulated signal.

EXERCISE 1. Develop circuit diagram in Multisim

Circuit Diagram of BFSK

Fig 1: Circuit Diagram of FSK Modulator

Fig 2: Circuit Diagram of FSK De-Modulator

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A & DC Systems Lab, Dept. of ECE, KL University, A.P., India. 19-EC 2105

PROCEDURE:-

1. Connect the circuit as given above.

2. XFG1 feed a square wave switching signal of 10Vpp and 500 Hz at the pin no13 of
BD4066IC.
3. XFG2 feed a sinusoidal (HIGH FREQUENCY) switching signal of 10Vpp and 50
KHz at the pin no1 of BD4066IC.
4. XFG3 feed a sinusoidal (LOW FREQUENCY) switching signal of 10Vpp and 9 KHz
at the pin no4 of BD4066IC.
5. By using 7404 inverter IC, an inverted square wave feed to the pin no 5 of BD4066
IC having 10Vpp and 500 Hz frequency.
6. Connect the switching, data and FSK output to the different channels of scope.
7. Connect the output of modulator to the input of demodulator
8. After following HPF, envelop detector and comparator circuit as in figure 2
we recovered the message signal correctly.
9. Observe the output and take screen shot with proper specification.

Waveforms:

POST LAB WORK

(e) Complete the lab work in all aspects in the given specified lab time.
(f) Write the answers of the given questions in your lab workbook.
(g) Submit the lab report to the lab in-charge and get the signature in time.
(h) Observations should be taken properly.

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A & DC Systems Lab, Dept. of ECE, KL University, A.P., India. 19-EC 2105

Results:
FSK Modulation circuit has been designed and output is verified.

For Advanced Learners

1. You have an FSK transmitter using a mark frequency of 500 kHz, a space
frequency of 380 kHz, and sending 10 kbps. How much bandwidth do you
need for your transmission?
2. For your experiment results calculate bit rate, baud rate and bandwidth.

VIVA QUESTIONS:
1. Define FSK.
2. What is FSK Modulator?
3. What are applications of FSK?
4. Define the concept of comparator used in the circuit.
5. What are advantages of FSK?
6. State the bandwidth requirement of FSK system
7. What is the use of filter in the given circuit?

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A & DC Systems Lab, Dept. of ECE, KL University, A.P., India. 19-EC 2105

Analog and Digital Communication Systems-Lab-8

Detection of Phase Shift Keying
Lab Report
Name: Branch: Lab Section:
Id No: Project Group:
Pre-Lab Session In-Lab Session Post Lab Session Viva Total Marks
Work(15M) Work(15M) Work(10M) (10M) (50M)

Remarks:

Date: Signature of the Instructor Marks awarded

AIM: Generation of binary phase shift keying modulated signal.

SOFTWARE REQUIRED : NI Multisim

Objectives:

➢ To generate and display basic message signal.

➢ To generate and display carrier signal.
➢ To generate and display PSK modulated signal.
PRE LAB WORK
a) Study and understand the basic theory required for this lab.
b) Be familiar with the components in Multisim
c) Be familiar with various functionalities of components available in Multisim
THEORY:
Phase Shift Keying (PSK) is the digital modulation technique in which the phase of the
carrier signal is changed by varying the sine and cosine inputs at a particular time. PSK
technique is widely used for wireless LANs, bio-metric, contactless operations, along with
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A & DC Systems Lab, Dept. of ECE, KL University, A.P., India. 19-EC 2105

RFID and Bluetooth communications. PSK is of two types, depending upon the phases the
signal gets shifted. They are − Binary Phase Shift Keying (BPSK) and Quadrature Phase
Shift Keying (QPSK). In this experiment we will develop a BPSK modulated signal.
Binary Phase Shift Keying
This is also called as 2-phase PSK or Phase Reversal Keying. In this technique, the sine
wave carrier takes two phase reversals such as 0° and 180°. BPSK is basically a Double
Side Band Suppressed Carrier (DSBSC) modulation scheme, for message being the digital
information.
The block diagram of Binary Phase Shift Keying consists of the balance modulator which
has the carrier sine wave as one input and the binary sequence as the other input. Following
is the diagrammatic representation.

The modulation of BPSK is done using a balance modulator, which multiplies the two
signals applied at the input. For a zero binary input, the phase will be 0° and for a high
input, the phase reversal is of 180°.
IN LAB WORK

PSK modulation

1. Connect the circuit as per given PSK Modulation circuit diagram

2. Connect all the components and check their functionalities.
3. Generate PSK modulated signal.

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A & DC Systems Lab, Dept. of ECE, KL University, A.P., India. 19-EC 2105

EXERCISE 1. Develop circuit diagram in Multisim

Design of PSK modulation

NI Multisim Schematic

PROCEDURE:-
1. The circuit is connected as per the circuit diagram.
2. Apply square signal of 1.35 kHz frequency and amplitude 5 Vp as message signal.

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A & DC Systems Lab, Dept. of ECE, KL University, A.P., India. 19-EC 2105

3. Apply sinusoidal signal of 13.5 KHz frequency and amplitude 5 Vp as carrier signal.
4. Observe output and take screen shot with proper specification.
5. Draw the message, carrier and BPSK modulated signal.

POST LAB WORK

(a) Complete the lab work in all aspects in the given specified lab time.
(b) Write the answers of the given questions in your lab workbook.
(c) Submit the lab report to the lab in-charge and get the signature in time.
(d) Observations should be taken properly.

For Advanced Learners

Sketch the PSK waveform for the sequence 1101010010, assuming the carrier frequency
to be equal to the bit rate.

VIVA Questions:
1. What is a PSK modulator?

2. What are the advantages of PSK over FSK?

3. What are the applications of PSK?

4. What is DPSK in digital communication?

5. What are the advantages of PSK?

6. Explain the use of op-amp used in the given circuit.

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A & DC Systems Lab, Dept. of ECE, KL University, A.P., India. 19-EC 2105

Analog and Digital Communication Systems-Lab-9

LINE CODING: NRZ to RZ and NRZ to Manchester
Lab Report
Name: Branch: Lab Section:
Id No: Project Group:
Pre-Lab Session In-Lab Session Post Lab Session Viva Total Marks
Work(15M) Work(15M) Work(10M) (10M) (50M)

Remarks:

Date: Signature of the Instructor Marks awarded

AIM: Conversion of NRZ signal to Manchester line coding signal and NRZ to RZ
line coding signal

SOFTWARE REQUIRED : NI Multisim

Objectives:

Objectives:
2. To demonstrate the conversion of NRZ signal to Manchester line coding signal.
3. Demonstrate Conversion of NRZ to RZ line coding signal.

PRE-LAB Work:
a) Basic theory of NRZ, RZ and Manchester line coding signals.
b) Be familiar with the components in Multisim
c) Be familiar with various functionalities of components available in Multisim.
THEORY: NRZ Line coding signal
i. Unipolar Non-Return to Zero (NRZ)
In this type of unipolar signaling, a High in data is represented by a positive
pulse called as Mark, which has a duration T0 equal to the symbol bit duration. A Low
in data input has no pulse. The following figure 1 depicts this well.

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A & DC Systems Lab, Dept. of ECE, KL University, A.P., India. 19-EC 2105

Figure 1: Unipolar Non-Return to Zero (NRZ)Line coding signal

ii. Polar NRZ
In this type of Polar signaling, a High in data is represented by a positive pulse,
while a Low in data is represented by a negative pulse. The following figure 2 depicts
this well.

Figure 2: Polar Non-Return to Zero (NRZ) Line coding signal

(a). RZ Line coding signal
i. Unipolar Return to Zero (RZ)

In this type of unipolar signaling, a High in data, though represented by a Mark pulse, its
duration T0 is less than the symbol bit duration. Half of the bit duration remains high, but
it immediately returns to zero and shows the absence of pulse during the remaining half
of the bit duration. It is clearly understood with the help of the following figure 3.

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Figure 3: Unipolar Return to Zero (RZ) Line coding

signal
ii. Polar RZ

In this type of Polar signaling, a High in data, though represented by a Mark

pulse, its duration T0 is less than the symbol bit duration. Half of the bit duration
remains high, but it immediately returns to zero and shows the absence of pulse during
the remaining half of the bit duration.
However, for a Low input, a negative pulse represents the data, and the zero level
remains same for the other half of the bit duration. The following figure 4 depicts this
clearly.

Figure 4: Polar Non-Return to Zero (RZ) Line coding

signal
(c) Manchester or Bi-phase Encoding
The signal level is checked twice for every bit time, both initially and in the
middle. Hence, the clock rate is double the data transfer rate and thus the modulation
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A & DC Systems Lab, Dept. of ECE, KL University, A.P., India. 19-EC 2105

rate is also doubled. The clock is taken from the signal itself. The bandwidth required
for this coding is greater.
There are two types of Manchester Encoding.
i. Bi-phase Manchester
ii. Differential Manchester
i. Bi-phase Manchester
In this type of coding, the transition is done at the middle of the bit-interval.
The transition for the resultant pulse is from High to Low in the middle of the interval,
for the input bit 1. While the transition is from Low to High for the input bit 0.
ii. Differential Manchester
In this type of coding, there always occurs a transition in the middle of the bit
interval. If there occurs a transition at the beginning of the bit interval, then the input
bit is 0. If no transition occurs at the beginning of the bit interval, then the input bit is
1.The following figure illustrates the waveforms of Bi-phase Manchester and
Differential Manchester coding for different digital inputs.

Figure 5: Manchester Line coding signal

IN LAB WORK

Line Coding

1. Connect the circuit as per given circuit diagram

2. Connect all the components and check their functionalities.
3. Generate RZ and Manchester coded signals.

EXERCISE 1. Develop circuit diagram in Multisim for NRZ to RZ conversion

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A & DC Systems Lab, Dept. of ECE, KL University, A.P., India. 19-EC 2105

Figure 6: Conversion of NRZ signal to RZ line coding

signal

Figure 7: Output of Conversion of NRZ signal to RZ line

coding signal

EXERCISE 2. Develop circuit diagram in Multisim for NRZ to Manchester conversion

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A & DC Systems Lab, Dept. of ECE, KL University, A.P., India. 19-EC 2105

Figure 8: Conversion of NRZ signal to Manchester line coding signal

Figure 9: Output of Conversion of NRZ signal to Manchester line

coding signal

POST LAB
1. Illustration of NRZ, RZ and Manchester line coding signals.
2. Compare the results are obtained in hardware lab with that of computer
simulations.
3. Submit your illustration to the lab instructor at next week's lab.

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A & DC Systems Lab, Dept. of ECE, KL University, A.P., India. 19-EC 2105

For Advanced Learners

Encode the following binary data stream into return to zero (RZ), Non-return to zero
(NRZ) and Manchester codes. Data stream: 11000010.

Viva Questions:

1. Define NRZ line coding signal?

2. Name the different types of NRZ line coding signals.
3. State the unipolar NRZ line coding signal?
4. List the advantages of unipolar NRZ signal.
5. List the disadvantages of unipolar NRZ signal.
6. Draw the unipolar NRZ line coding signal waveform for the signal 101011.
7. Define polar NRZ line coding signal?
8. Name the different types of RZ line coding signals.
9. List the advantages of polar NRZ signal.
10. List the disadvantages of polar NRZ signal.
11. Draw the polar NRZ line coding signal waveform for the signal 101011.
12. Compare the RZ and NRZ signaling schemes.
13. Define Manchester line coding signal?
14. Name the different types of Manchester line coding signal.

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A & DC Systems Lab, Dept. of ECE, KL University, A.P., India. 19-EC 2105

Analog and Digital Communication-Lab-Experiment 10

Design of Digital to Analog Converter Circuit
Lab Report
Name: Branch: Lab Section:
Id No: Project Group:
Pre-Lab Session In-Lab Session Post Lab Session Viva Total Marks
Work(15M) Work(15M) Work(10M) (10M) (50M)

Remarks:

Date: Signature of the Instructor Marks awarded

AIM: To Design a Digital to Analog converter using R-2R ladder circuit.

SOFTWARE REQURIED: NI Multisim

Objectives:

➢ To generate analog signal for different digital value.

➢ To calculate the analog voltage for respective digital value.

PRE LAB WORK

a) Study and understand the basic theory of ADC required for this lab.
b) Be familiar with the components in Multisim
c) Be familiar with various functionalities of components available in Multisim.

THEORY:

A Digital to Analog Converter (DAC) converts a digital input signal into an analog output
signal. The digital signal is represented with a binary code, which is a combination of bits
0 and 1.

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A & DC Systems Lab, Dept. of ECE, KL University, A.P., India. 19-EC 2105

A D/A converter with R and 2R resistors is shown in the figure below. The main
components that were used in constructing both circuits were different resistor values;
operational amplifier (LM741) and single pole double throw switches. As in the binary-
weighted resistors method, the binary inputs are simulated by the switches (A to D), and
the output is proportional to the binary inputs. Binary inputs can be either in the HIGH
(+5V) or LOW (0V) state. Let switch A be the least significant bit and D signifies the
most significant bit. The output analog voltage can be obtained by using the formula:
𝑉 (𝑂𝑈𝑇 𝑃𝑈𝑇) = −2𝑉 ( 𝐴 + 𝐵 + 𝐶 + 𝐷 )
0 1 21 22 23 24

IN LAB WORK

Circuit diagram for R-2R DAC:

Figure 1: DAC CIRCUIT

Procedure for D/A conversion:

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A & DC Systems Lab, Dept. of ECE, KL University, A.P., India. 19-EC 2105

1. Connect the D/A ladder circuit diagram shown in above Fig 1.

2. Apply the 5V DC Voltage to the circuit.
3. Now change the switch position of A
4. Observe the analog voltage on the multi meter.
5. Repeat the steps 16 times by changing the switch position one by one from LSB
to MSB and observe the voltage at multi meter.

Observations:

Table 1

S.No D C B A Voltage
Observed
In
Multimeter
(𝑉0)
1 0 0 0 0 0
2 0 0 0 1 4.995

POST LAB WORK

(a) Complete the lab work in all aspects in the given specified lab time.
(b) Write the answers of the given questions in your lab workbook.
(c) Submit the lab report to the lab in-charge and get the signature in time.
(d) Observations should be taken properly.
Results:
Digital to analog converter using R-2R ladder circuit has been designed and output is
verified.

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A & DC Systems Lab, Dept. of ECE, KL University, A.P., India. 19-EC 2105

For Advanced Learners

When all switches in the R-2R ladder are in the “ground” position, the network has a very
interesting property regardless of its size. Analyze the Thévenin equivalent resistance (as
seen from the output terminal) of the following R-2R ladder networks, then comment on
the results you obtain (note:R-2kiloohm)

Viva Questions

1. What are the different types of DAC?

2. Compare DAC and ADC

3. How many voltage levels are generated for 2 bit DAC?

4. How many voltage level are generated for 4 bit DAC?

5. How many voltage level are generated for 3 bit DAC?

6. Why we require DAC?

7. What are the requirements of ADC?

8. Why we use OP-amp in the DAC circuits?

9. What is the gain of the OP-AMP circuit used in this DAC?

10. How many switches are required to construct 8 bit DAC?

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