EVALUATION REPORT
EVALUATION OF STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS
USING FREE VIBRATION
CHARACTERISTICS MEASURE USING
ACCELEROMETERS
UNDER THE GUIDANCE OF
PROF. G. R. REDDY
NAME OF STUDENTS
ROHAN BHAGAT (222040019)
UMESH MASKE (222040016)
ANUJ KADAM (222040018)
SHUBHAM AGROYA (222040017)
SAISH GURAV (222040020)
COURSE NAME
CIVIL ENGINEERING WITH SPECIALIZATION IN
STRUCTURAL ENGINEERING
SUBJECT
EXPERIMENTAL METHODS IN STRUCTURAL ENGINEERING
VEERMATA JIJABAI TECHNOLOGICAL INSTITUTE,
MATUNGA
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INDEX:-
SR. PAGE
CONTENT
NO. NO.
1. INTRODUCTION
2. OBJECTIVE
3. EXPERIMENTAL SETUP
4. GEOMETRICAL DESCRIPTION
5. MATERIAL PROPERTIES
6. PREPARATION OF SPECIMEN
7. PRE- TEST ANALYSIS
8. EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS
9. EXPERIMENTAL OBSERVATIONS
10. CONCLUSION
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1. INTRODUCTION
“Safety should be the first priority given when building a structure”.
“Dynamics” the word itself tells us that the structure is not going to be in a
static state. We all know that the structure undergoing dynamic behavior is
very critical considering safety point of view. Dynamic behavior leads the
structure to deteriorate and demolish it under the action of inertial forces. If
the structure is constructed considering all the possible behavior the
dynamic forces will not cause major damage to the structure, but imagine
sleeping on your bed relaxing and suddenly some inertial forces causing the
structure to vibrate and oscillate with varying frequency! One will not feel
safe and comfortable. Here the role of vibration analysis of the structure
dominates while designing the structure.
Dynamic forces lead to the generation of vibrations in a structure. The
vibrations frequency varies depending on many criteria, material property,
support condition, intensity of the forces acting on the structure, etc. Under
this topic our experiment leads us to evaluate the free vibration of the
structural elements under different characteristics.
A structure is made up of many components, e.g., beams, columns,
slab, footings, etc. All these components together form a structural system
and all these individual components are called the elements of the structure.
Here, we are analyzing the “structural element” for free vibration.
Free vibration of a structure can be defined as the movement of an
element under initial boundary conditions causing it to oscillate under zero
damping condition i.e. no restrictions applied on the element or under
damping conditions to bring it to its initial place.
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2. OBJECTIVE
The main objective of this experiment is to analyze the RCC beam
and steel plate for its free vibration characteristics under boundary
conditions (cantilever) and calculate natural frequencies for both sections.
The theoretical and experimental results are compared and
percentage error is calculated.
3. EXPERIMENTAL SETUP
Setup of Steel Plate for Vibration Analysis:-
Figure 1- Specimen under experiment
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Figure 2- Placing of Accelerometer
Figure 3-Setup of Concrete Beam for Vibration Analysis
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4. GEOMETRIC DESCRIPTIONS
Concrete:
Dimension of Specimen = 150mm X 150mm x 700mm.
Cross-sectional Area of Specimen = b*D = 150*150 = 22500 mm2.
Sectional Modulus of Specimen = b*d2/6 = 150*1302/6 = 422500 mm3.
Moment of Inertia of Specimen = b*d3/12 = 150*1303/12 = 27462500 mm4.
Steel:
Dimension of Specimen = 5mm X 40mm x 500mm.
Cross-sectional Area of Specimen = b*D = 150*150 = 200 mm2.
Sectional Modulus of Specimen = b*d2/6 = 150*1302/6 = 166.667 mm3.
Moment of Inertia of Specimen = b*d3/12 = 150*1303/12 = 416.67 mm4.
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5. MATERIAL PROPERTIES
M40 Grade Concrete Mix Design Procedure
Required Data
Table 1- Tabulated data used for the pre-design of
specimen
Grade of concrete M40
Specific gravity of cement 3.15
Specific gravity of Fine aggregate 2.65
Specific gravity of coarse aggregate 2.7
Bulk density of coarse aggregate 1600 kg/m3
Fineness modulus of fine aggregate 3.0
Maximum size of aggregate 25mm
Degree of supervision Good
Non-Air entrained concrete type
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Mean Design Strength
For very good degree of supervision standard deviation value for required
grade of concrete is as follows:
Table 2- Estimated Concrete Strengths for different grades
Standard deviation for different degree of
Grade of
supervisions (N/mm2)
concrete
Very Good Good Fair
M10 2.0 2.3 3.3
M15 2.5 3.5 4.5
M20 3.6 4.6 5.6
M25 4.3 5.3 6.3
M30 5.0 6.0 7.0
M35 5.3 6.3 7.3
M40 5.6 6.6 7.6
M45 6.0 7.0 8.0
M50 6.4 7.4 8.4
M55 6.7 7.7 8.7
M60 6.8 7.8 8.8
Therefore, from the above table, s =5.6
Mean Design Strength fm = fmin. + K.S
= 40 + (1.65×5.6) = 49.24N/mm2.
Mean Design Strength fm = 49.24 N/mm2.
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Water-Cement Ratio
Effective water cement ratio for the design strength of 49.24mpa is not in
the below table. So, consider the minimum water cement ratio and that is
0.38.
Table 3- Design strength corresponding to the water cement ratio
Effective water cement ratio
Mean design strength after 28
days (MPa) Air entrained Non-air entrained
concrete concrete
15 0.71 0.8
20 0.61 0.7
25 0.53 0.62
30 0.46 0.55
35 0.40 0.48
40 – 0.43
45 – 0.38
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Water Content and Air Content
For the slump of 35mm and 25mm maximum size of aggregate, water and
air contents are selected from the following table and they are
Water content = 180 kg/m3
Air content = 1.5%
Table 4- Water content and air content data related to aggregate size
Water content, kg/m3 of concrete for max size of
Slump/air aggregate
content
10mm 12.5mm 20mm 25mm 40mm 50mm 70mm 150mm
30-50mm 205 200 185 180 160 155 145 125
80-100mm 225 215 200 195 175 170 160 140
150-180mm 240 230 210 205 185 180 170 –
Air content % 3 2.5 2 1.5 1 1 0.3 0.2
Cement Content
Cement content is calculated from the water cement ratio.
W/C = 0.38
180/C =0.38
C = 180/0.38 = 473 kg per cu.m
Cement content C = 473 kg per cu.m of concrete.
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Coarse Aggregate Content
Fineness modulus of fine aggregate = 3.0
Bulk density of coarse aggregate =1600 kg/m3
Maximum size of aggregate = 25mm
Therefore, bulk volume of dry rodded coarse aggregate from below table =
0.65
Table 5- Aggregate size corresponding with fineness modulus
Bulk volume of dry rodded coarse
Maximum size of aggregate w.r.to fineness modulus
aggregate (mm)
2.4 2.6 2.8 3.0
10 0.5 0.48 0.46 0.44
12.5 0.59 0.57 0.55 0.53
20 0.66 0.64 0.62 0.6
25 0.71 0.69 0.67 0.65
40 0.75 0.73 0.71 0.69
50 0.78 0.76 0.74 0.72
70 0.82 0.80 0.78 0.76
150 0.87 0.85 0.83 0.81
Then, coarse aggregate weight = 0.65 x 1600 = 1039kg per cu.m of
concrete.
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Fine Aggregate
Fine aggregate quantity is decided by knowing the unit weight of fresh
concrete from the table below.
Fresh concrete density for 25mm size aggregate = 2375kg/m3
Table 6- Density corresponding to different aggregate sizes
Maximum size of Density of fresh concrete (kg/m3)
aggregate (mm) Air entrained Non-air-entrained
10 2190 2285
12.5 2235 2315
20 2280 2355
25 2315 2375
40 2355 2420
50 2375 2445
70 2400 2465
150 2435 2505
Approx. Air content =1.5%
Therefore, fine aggregate weight= 0.985(2375) – (180+473+1039)
= 646 kg per cu.m of concrete
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Final M40 Grade Concrete Mix Proportion
Table 7- M40 grade concrete mix proportion
Water – Cement ratio = 0.38 0.38
Water content = 180kg 180 kg
Cement weight = 473 kg 473 kg
Sand weight (fine aggregate) = 645 kg
645kg
Coarse aggregate weight = 1039kg 1039 kg
Final mix proportion = cement: sand: C.A = 474: 646: 1040 = 1: 1.3:
2.1
6. PREPARATION OF SPECIMEN
6.1 PREPARATION OF STEEL CAGE
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As per chapter number 5, a grinder machine is used for cutting main
reinforcement and shear reinforcement. Shear reinforcement is further bent
using hollow steel rod to desired shape keeping minimum clear cover to
shear reinforcement of 20mm.
After application of steel strain gauges main and shear reinforcement are
tied together using binding wire.
6.2 PREPARATION OF MOLD
Preparing mold is an important step, gaps within components of mold can
lead slurry to drain out, hence to minimize this, old dry concrete between
components, screw holes and screws should be properly removed and
scratched out and remaining gaps to be packed or sealed with sealing
agent. Inside portion of the mold should be properly oiled.
Figure 4- Preparation of mold
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6.3 PREPARATION OF WET CONCRETE & CASTING
CONCRETE IN MOLD
As per our design mix and required volume of concrete, accurate
calculations to be made for required quantity of water, cement, sand, fine &
coarse aggregate considering some wastage. Slump testing to check the
consistency of mix, in case of shear or collapse slump, mix to be calibrated
again to get desired consistency.
Pouring of wet concrete must be done in 3 to 4 layers, with each layer to be
sufficiently compacted manually with steel rod.
6.4 REMOVING MOLD AFTER 1 DAY OF HARDENING
After 1 day of hardening, Specimens can be taken out of the mold. While
removing mold, utmost care must be taken to prevent edges chipping,
damage to specimens and breaking of strain gauge wires.
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7. TESTS ON SPECIMENS
7.1 Compressive Strength Test
The compressive strength of the concrete cube test provides an idea about
all the characteristics of concrete. By this single test one judges whether
Concreting has been done properly or not. Concrete compressive strength
for general construction varies from 15 MPa to 40 MPa and higher in
commercial and industrial structures.
Compressive strength of concrete depends on many factors such as
water-cement ratio, cement strength, quality of concrete material, quality
control during the production of concrete, etc.
Test for compressive strength is carried out either on a cube or cylinder.
Various standard codes recommend a concrete cylinder or concrete cube as
the standard specimen for the test. Bureau of Indian Standards provides
Standard Test Method for Compressive Strength of cubical Concrete
Specimens.
7.2 Rebound Hammer Testing
The rebound hammer test is a commonly used non-destructive testing
(NDT) technique for assessing the surface hardness and strength of
concrete structures. The test is based on the principle that the rebound of
an elastic mass depends on the hardness of the surface against which it
strikes.
The rebound hammer consists of a spring-loaded mass that is released by a
trigger mechanism to strike the concrete surface. The rebound of the mass
is measured on a graduated scale attached to the hammer. The test is
performed by holding the hammer perpendicular to the concrete surface and
applying a single blow. The rebound reading is taken from the graduated
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scale and is used to estimate the surface hardness and strength of the
concrete.
The rebound hammer test is a quick and simple method of assessing the
surface hardness and strength of concrete structures. The test is especially
useful for assessing the uniformity of concrete in a given structure.
However, it should be noted that the test provides only an estimate of the
surface hardness and strength of the concrete and cannot be used to
determine the properties of the concrete below the surface. The results of
the test should be interpreted with caution and should be verified by other
NDT techniques for a more comprehensive assessment of the concrete
structure.
7.3 Ultrasonic Pulse Velocity test
Ultrasonic pulse velocity (UPV) is a non-destructive testing (NDT) technique
used to evaluate the quality and integrity of concrete structures. The UPV
test measures the velocity of ultrasonic waves through the concrete to
determine its density, homogeneity, and elasticity.
The UPV test involves the use of two ultrasonic transducers that are placed
on opposite sides of the concrete surface. One transducer sends an
ultrasonic pulse through the concrete, while the other receives the pulse.
The time taken for the pulse to travel through the concrete is measured, and
the velocity of the pulse is calculated using the formula:
Velocity = Distance / Time
The distance between the two transducers is known, and the time taken for
the pulse to travel between them is measured using a timer or other
electronic device. The velocity of the ultrasonic pulse is influenced by the
density, homogeneity, and elasticity of the concrete. By measuring the
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velocity of the ultrasonic pulse, the UPV test can provide information about
the quality and integrity of the concrete structure.
The UPV test is a quick and simple method of assessing the quality and
integrity of concrete structures. It is commonly used for quality control and
assurance, maintenance, and repair of concrete structures. The results of
the test can be used to identify defects such as voids, cracks, and
delaminations in the concrete, and to monitor the progress of repairs or
maintenance work.
8. PRE-TEST ANALYSIS
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8.1 SDOF
Considering first the free vibration of the undamped system, Newton’s
equation is written for the mass m. The force m exerted by the mass on the
spring is equal and opposite to the force kx applied by the spring on the
mass:
m+ kx = 0
where x = 0 defines the equilibrium position of the mass.
The solution of is
x = A sin ωt + B cos ωt
where the term is the angular natural frequency defined by
ωn = √ (k/m) rad/sec
The sinusoidal oscillation of the mass repeats continuously, and the time
interval to complete one cycle is the period: T
T = 2Π / ωn
The reciprocal of the period is the natural frequency:
fn = 1/T
For this experiment,
fck = 40 N/mm2
Modulus of Elasticity (E) = 5000√fck = 31622.77 N/mm2
Second Moment of Inertia (I) = 42187500 mm4
Length of Specimen = 700 mm
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ωn = √ (k/m) rad/sec
Where,
m = 2400X 0.7 X 0.15 X 0.15 / 2 = 18.9 kg
K = 3EI/L3 = 11668387.25 N/m
Therefore,
ωn = 785.732 rad/sec
fn = ωn / 2Π = 125.053 Hz
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8.2 MDOF
In the free vibration analysis of an MDOF system, we consider a system of
multiple masses that are connected by springs and dampers. Each mass
has a displacement and velocity, which are functions of time. The equations
of motion for such a system can be written in matrix form as:
M x'' + C x' + K x = 0
Where M is the mass matrix, C is the damping matrix, K is the stiffness
matrix, x is the displacement vector, and x' and x'' are the first and second
derivatives of the displacement vector with respect to time, respectively.
To solve this system, we assume that the displacement vector can be
expressed as:
x=Φq
Where Φ is the matrix of mode shapes and q is the vector of modal
coordinates. The mode shapes represent the patterns of motion that the
system undergoes during free vibration, while the modal coordinates
represent the amplitudes of these motions.
Substituting this expression for x into the equation of motion and simplifying,
we get:
M Φ q'' + C Φ q' + K Φ q = 0
Pre-multiplying both sides by Φᵀ, we obtain:
Φᵀ M Φ q'' + Φᵀ C Φ q' + Φᵀ K Φ q = 0
We can simplify this equation by defining the mass-normalized damping and
stiffness matrices as:
C* = Φᵀ C Φ and K* = Φᵀ K Φ
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Therefore, the equation of motion becomes:
Φᵀ M Φ q'' + C* q' + K* q = 0
This is a set of decoupled second-order differential equations, where each
modal coordinate q_i is a function of time t. The solution for q_i can be
expressed as:
q_i(t) = A_i sin(ω_i t + ϕ_i)
Where A_i is the amplitude of vibration, ω_i is the natural frequency of the
ith mode, and ϕ_i is the phase angle.
The natural frequencies and mode shapes of the system can be obtained by
solving the eigenvalue problem:
K* Φ = ω² M Φ
This equation determines the natural frequencies ω_i and corresponding
mode shapes Φ_i for the MDOF system.
In summary, the free vibration analysis of an MDOF system involves solving
the equations of motion for the system, assuming a solution in terms of
mode shapes and modal coordinates, and solving the resulting eigenvalue
problem to obtain the natural frequencies and mode shapes of the system.
Matlab Program for solving a simple system is developed for finding the
natural frequency of the mentioned cantilever system below.
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close all
clear all
clc
%______________________________________________________________
____________
% Determine System Matrices/Determine Force
%______________________________________________________________
____________
%%%%-GIVEN VALUES-%%%%
E=31622.77*10^6; L=0.175; %E(N/m2), L(m.)
inertia = 0.00004218; %Second Moment of Inertia (m^4)
EI = E*inertia; %Beam stiffness
nodes =[0:L:4*L]; %Coordinates of nodes
debc=[1,2]; %Dofs are eliminated at supports
m_bar = 54; %Mass per unit length (kg/m)
dof = 2*length(nodes); %Total No. dofs
K= zeros(dof);
M= zeros(dof);
%%%Generate equations for each element and assemble them.
for i=1:4
lm=[2*(i-1)+1,2*(i-1)+2,2*(i-1)+3,2*(i-1)+4];
ke = BeamElement(EI, nodes([i:i+1]));
K(lm, lm) = K(lm, lm) + ke;
end
%%%Generate mass matrix for each element and assemble them.
for i=1:4
lm=[2*(i-1)+1,2*(i-1)+2,2*(i-1)+3,2*(i-1)+4];
m=BeamConsMass(m_bar, nodes([i:i+1]));
M(lm, lm) = M(lm, lm) + m;
end
K;
M;
%%%Define the load vector
F = zeros(dof,1); F(5) = 10000; %Applied force at specific dofs
%%%System Matrices
[Kf, Mf, Rf] = System(K, M, F, [1,2]);
Kf
Mf
Rf
%______________________________________________________________
_______
% Solve the eigenvalue problem and normalized eigenvectors
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%______________________________________________________________
_______
%%%Solve for eigenvalues (D) and eigenvectors (a)
[a, D] = eig(Kf, Mf);
[omegas,ii] = sort(sqrt(diag(D))) %Natural Frequencies
omegas
a = a(:,ii) %Mode Shapes
T = 2*pi./omegas; %Natural Periods
f = 1./T %Natural Frequency (cps)
save ('temp0.mat', 'Mf', 'Kf' ,'Rf');
function ke = BeamElement(EI, coord)
% ke = BeamElement(EI, w, coord)
% Generates equations for a beam element
% EI = beam stiffness
% coord = coordinates at the element ends
L=coord(2)-coord(1);
ke = [(12*EI)/L^3, (6*EI)/L^2, -((12*EI)/L^3), (6*EI)/L^2;
(6*EI)/L^2, (4*EI)/L, -((6*EI)/L^2), (2*EI)/L;
-((12*EI)/L^3), -((6*EI)/L^2), (12*EI)/L^3, -((6*EI)/L^2);
(6*EI)/L^2, (2*EI)/L, -((6*EI)/L^2), (4*EI)/L];
end
function m = BeamConsMass(m_bar, coord)
% BeamConsMass(m_bar, nodes(con,:))
% Generates mass matrix for a beam element
% m = Mass per unit length (kg/m)
% L = length
% coord = coordinates at the element ends
L=coord(2)-coord(1);
m = m_bar*L/420*[156 22*L 54 -13*L;
22*L 4*L^2 13*L -3*L^2;
54 13*L 156 -22*L;
-13*L -3*L^2 -22*L 4*L^2];
end
function [Kf, Mf, Rf] = System(K, M, R, debc)
%%% Computes System Matrix
%%% K = global stiffness matrix
%%% M = global mass matrix
%%% R = global right hand side vector
%%% debc = list of degrees of freedom to delete rows and columns
dof = length(R);
df = setdiff(1:dof, debc);
Kf = K(df, df);
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Mf = M(df, df);
Rf = R(df);
end
Sr. No. No. of Elements Natural Frequency ( fn)
1 2 179.5730
2 3 180.0184
3 4 179.4921
4 8 179.4866
5 12 179.6916
6 16 179.4862
7 24 179.5683
8 32 179.4862
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8.3 Continuous Systems
One End Fixed and the Other End Free (Cantilever Beam)
At the fixed end (x ¼ 0) of the cantilever beam, the deflection and the slope
must be zero, and at the free end (x ¼ L) the bending moment and the
shear force must be zero. Hence the boundary conditions for this beam are
as follows.
At x = 0,
At x = L,
These boundary conditions when substituted into the shape equation lead to
the frequency equation.
To each root of Eq. corresponds a natural frequency and a normal shape
and a normal shape
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Where,
The first five natural frequencies and the corresponding mode shapes for
cantilever beams are presented in Table
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9. EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS
9.1 Compression Strength Test
Sr. No. Weight W max (KN) F max (N/mm2)
1 8.7 985.5 43.8
2 8.6 950 42.22
3 8.7 1029 45.73
9.2 Rebound Hammer Test
Sr. No. F (N/mm2)
1 44
2 45
3 43
9.3 Ultrasonic Pulse Velocity
Sr. No. F (N/mm2)
1 43.8
2 42.22
3 45.73
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9.4 Accelerometer Data and FFT
a.Concrete
From FFT fn =73 Hz
From Graph (DAQ Data) fn = 70 Hz
b.Steel
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For Steel:
From FFT fn = 14.3147 Hz
From Graph (DAQ Data) fn = 14.222 Hz
10. CONCLUSION
