2/21/23, 2:34 PM 300+ TOP CONTROL SYSTEMS LAB Questions and Answers 2023
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2/21/23, 2:34 PM 300+ TOP CONTROL SYSTEMS LAB Questions and Answers 2023
1.What is control system?
A system consists of a number of components connected together to
perform a specific function. In a system when the output quantity is
controlled by varying the input quantity then the system is called
control system.
2.What are the two major types of control system?
The two major types of control system are open loop and closed loop.
3.Define open loop control system.
The control system in which the output quantity has no effect upon
the input quantity are called open loop control system. This means
that the output is not feedback to the input for correction.
4.Define closed loop control system.
The control system in which the output has an effect upon the input
quantity so as to maintain the desired output value are called closed
loop control system.
5.What are the components of feedback control system?
The components of feedback control system are plant, feedback path
elements, errordetector and controller.
6.Define transfer function.
The T.F of a system is defined as the ratio of the laplace transform of
output to laplace transform of input with zero initial conditions.
7.What are the basic elements used for modeling
mechanical translational system?
Mass, spring and dashpot
8.What are the basic elements used for modeling
mechanical rotational system?
Moment of inertia J, dashpot with rotational frictional coefficient B
and torsional spring with stiffness K.
9.Name two types of electrical analogous for mechanical
system.
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The two types of analogies for the mechanical system are Force
voltage and force current analogy.
10.What is block diagram?
A block diagram of a system is a pictorial representation of the
functions performed by each component of the system and shows the
flow of signals. The basic elements of block diagram are block, branch
point and summing point.
11.What is the basis for framing the rules of block diagram
reduction technique?
The rules for block diagram reduction technique are framed such that
any modification made on the diagram does not alter the input output
relation.
12.What is a signal flow graph?
A signal flow graph is a diagram that represents a set of simultaneous
algebraic equations .By taking L.T the time domain differential
equations governing a control system can be transferred to a set of
algebraic equations in s-domain.
13. What is transmittance?
The transmittance is the gain acquired by the signal when it travels
from one node to another node in signal flow graph.
14.What is sink and source?
Source is the input node in the signal flow graph and it has only
outgoing branches. Sink is a output node in the signal flow graph and
it has only incoming branches.
15.Define non-touching loop.
The loops are said to be non touching if they do not have common
nodes.
16.Write Masons Gain formula.
Masons Gain formula states that the overall gain of the system is
k-No.of forward paths in the signal flow graph. Pk- Forward path gain
of kth forward path ∆ = 1-[sum of individual loop gains ] +[sum of
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gain products of all possible combinations of two non touching loops]-
[sum of gain products of all possible combinations of three non
touching loops]+… ∆k = ∆ for that part of the graph which is not
touching kth forward path.
17.Write the analogous electrical elements in force voltage
analogy for the elements of mechanical translational
system.
Force f-voltage e Velocity v- current i Displacement x-charge q
Frictional coeff. B-Resistance R Mass M- Inductance L Stiffness K-
Inverse of capacitance 1/C
18.Write the analogous electrical elements in force current
analogy for the elements of mechanical translational
system.
Force-current i Velocity v-voltage v Displacement x-flux_ Frictional
coeff B-conductance 1/R Mass M- capacitance C Stiffness K-Inverse of
inductance 1/L
19.Write the force balance equation of M ideal mass
element.
F =Md
20. Write the force balance equation of ideal dashpot
element.
F = B dx /dt
21. Write the force balance equation of ideal spring
element.
F = Kx
23.What is servomechanism?
The servomechanism is a feedback control system in which the output
is mechanical position (or time derivatives of position velocity and
acceleration,)
24.Why is negative feedback invariably preferred in closed
loop system?
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2/21/23, 2:34 PM 300+ TOP CONTROL SYSTEMS LAB Questions and Answers 2023
The negative feedback results in better stability in steady state and
rejects any disturbance signals.
25.What is synchro?
A synchro is a device used to convert an angular motion to an
electrical signal or vice-versa.
26.What is servomotor?
The motors used in automatic control systems or in servomechanism
are called servomotors. They are used to convert electrical signal into
angular motion.
1.What is transient response?
The transient response is the response of the system when the system
changes from one state to another.
2.What is steady state response?
The steady state response is the response of the system when it
approaches infinity.
3.What is an order of a system.
The order of a system is the order of the differential equation
governing the system. The order of the system can be obtained from
the transfer function of the given system.
Produce Bette
Sensors
Linear Integrated System
4.Define Damping ratio.
Damping ratio is defined as the ratio of actual damping to critical
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damping.
5.List the time domain specifications.
The time domain specifications are i.Delay time ii.Rise time iii.Peak
time iv.Peak overshoot
6.Define Delay time.
The time taken for response to reach 50% of final value for the very
first time is delay time.
7.Define Rise time.
The time taken for response to raise from 0% to 100% for the very first
time is rise time.
8.Define peak time.
The time taken for the response to reach the peak value for the first
time is peak time.
9.Define peak overshoot.
Peak overshoot is defined as the ratio of maximum peak value
measured from the Maximum value to final value.
10.Define Settling time.
Settling time is defined as the time taken by the response to reach and
stay within specified error.
11.What is the need for a controller?
The controller is provided to modify the error signal for better control
action
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12.What are the different types of controllers?
Proportional controller PI controller PD controller PID controller
13.What is proportional controller?
It is device that produces a control signal which is proportional to the
input error signal.
14.What is PI controller?
It is device that produces a control signal consisting of two terms –
one proportional to error signal and the other proportional to the
integral of error signal.
15. What is PD controller?
PD controller is a proportional plus derivative controller which
produces an output signal consisting of two time -one proportional to
error signal and other proportional to the derivative of the signal.
16. What is the significance of integral controller and
derivative controller in a PID controller?
The proportional controller stabilizes the gain but produces a steady
state error. The integral control reduces or eliminates the steady state
error.
17.Why derivative controller is not used in control systems?
The derivative controller produces a control action based on the rate
of change of error signal and it does not produce corrective measures
for any constant error.
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18.Define Steady state error.
The steady state error is defined as the value of error as time tends to
infinity.
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19.What is the drawback of static coefficients?
The main draw back of static coefficient is that it does not show the
variation of error with time and input should be standard input.
20. What is step signal?
The step signal is a signal whose value changes from zero to A at t= 0
and remains constant at A for t>0.
21. What is ramp signal?
The ramp signal is a signal whose value increases linearly with time
from an initial value of zero at t=0.the ramp signal resembles a
constant velocity.
22.What is a parabolic signal?
The parabolic signal is a signal whose value varies as a square of time
from an initial value of zero at t=0.This parabolic signal represents
constant acceleration input to the signal.
23.What are the three constants associated with a steady
state error?
Positional error constant Velocity error constant Acceleration error
constant
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24.What are the main advantages of generalized error co-
efficients?
i) Steady state is function of time. ii) Steady state can be determined
from any type of input
25.What is the disadvantage in proportional controller?
The disadvantage in proportional controller is that it produces a
constant steady state error.
26.What is the effect of PD controller on system
performance?
The effect of PD controller is to increase the damping ratio of the
system and so the peak overshoot is reduced.
27.What is the effect of PI controller on the system
performance?
The PI controller increases the order of the system by one, which
results in reducing the steady state error .But the system becomes less
stable than the original system.
28.Name the test signals used in control system
the commonly used test input signals in control system are impulse
step ramp acceleration and sinusoidal signals.
1.What is frequency response?
A frequency responses the steady state response of a system when the
input to the system is a sinusoidal signal.
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2.List out the different frequency domain specifications?
The frequency domain specification are i)Resonant peak. ii)Resonant
frequency.
3.Define –resonant Peak?
The maximum value of the magnitude of closed loop transfer function
is called resonant peak.
4.Define –Resonant frequency?
The frequency at which resonant peak occurs is called resonant
frequency.
5.What is bandwidth?
The bandwidth is the range of frequencies for which the system gain is
more than 3 dbB. The bandwidth is a measure of the ability of a
feedback system to reproduce the input signal ,noise rejection
characteristics and rise time.
6.Define Cut-off rate?
The slope of the log-magnitude curve near the cut-off is called cut-off
rate. The cut-off rate indicates the ability to distinguish the signal
from noise.
7.Define –Gain Margin?
The gain margin, kg is defined as the reciprocal of the magnitude of
the open loop transfer function at phase cross over frequency. Gain
margin kg = 1 / | G(jω pc) |.
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8.Define Phase cross over?
The frequency at which, the phase of open loop transfer functions is
called phase cross over frequency ωpc.
9. What is phase margin?
The phase margin ,γ is the amount of phase lag at the gain cross over
frequency required to bring system to the verge of instability.
12.What is Bode plot?
The Bode plot is the frequency response plot of the transfer function
of a system. A Bode plot consists of two graphs. One is the plot of
magnitude of sinusoidal transfer function versus log ω.The other is a
plot of the phase angle of a sinusoidal function versus log ω.
13.What are the main advantages of Bode plot?
The main advantages are:
i) Multiplication of magnitude can be in to addition. ii) A simple
method for sketching an approximate log curve is available. iii) It is
based on asymptotic approximation. Such approximation is sufficient
if rough information on the frequency response characteristic is
needed. iv) The phase angle curves can be easily drawn if a template
for the phase angle curve of
1+ jω is available.
Produce Bette
Sensors
Linear Integrated System
14.Define Corner frequency?
The frequency at which the two asymptotic meet in a magnitude plot
is called corner frequency.
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15.What is Polar plot?
The Polar plot of a Sinusoidal transfer function G(jω) is a plot of the
magnitude of G(jω) versus the phase angle/argument of G(jω) on
polar or rectangular co-ordinates as ω is varied from zero to infinity.
16.What is minimum phase system?
The minimum phase systems are systems with minimum phase
transfer functions. Inminimum phase transfer functions, all poles and
zeros will lie on the left half of s-plane.
17.What is non-minimum phase transfer function?
A transfer function which has one or more zeros in the right half of s-
plane is known as non- minimum phase transfer function.
18.What are M circles?
The magnitude of closed loop transfer function with unit feed back
can be shown to be in the for every value if M.These circles are called
M circles.
19.What is Nichols chart?
The chart consisting if M & N loci in the log magnitude versus phase
diagram is called Nichols chart.
20.What are two contours of Nichols chart?
Nichols chart of M and N contours, superimposed on ordinary graph.
The M contours are the magnitude of closed loop system in decibels
and the N contours are the phase angle locus of closed loop system.
21.How is the Resonant Peak, resonant frequency, and
bandwidth determined from Nichols chart?
i) The resonant peak is given by the value of .contour which is
tangent to G(jω ) locus. ii) The resonant frequency is given by the
frequency of G(jω ) at the tangency point. iii) The bandwidth is given
by frequency corresponding to the intersection point of G(jω ) and –
3dB M-contour.
22.What are the advantages of Nichols chart?
The advantages are: i) It is used to find the closed loop frequency
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response from open loop frequency response. ii) Frequency domain
specifications can be determined from Nichols chart. iii) The gain of
the system can be adjusted to satisfy the given specification
23.What are N circles?
If the phase of closed loop transfer function with unity feedback is α,
then tan α will be in the form of circles for every value of α. These
circles are called N circles.
1.What is Nyquist contour?
The contour that encloses entire right half of S plane is called nyquist
contour.
2.State Nyquist stability criterion.
If the Nyquist plot of the open loop transfer function G(s)
corresponding to the nyquist control in the S-plane encircles the
critical point –1+j0 in the counter clockwise direction as many times
as the number of right half S-plane poles of G(s),the closed loop
system is stable.
3.Define Relative stability.
Relative stability is the degree of closeness of the system, it is an
indication of strength or degree of stability.
4.What are the two segments of Nyquist contour.
i. An finite line segment C1 along the imaginary axis. ii. An arc C2 of
infinite radius.
5.What are root loci?
The path taken by the roots of the open loop transfer function when
the loop gain is varied from 0 to α are called root loci.
6.What is a dominant pole?
The dominant pole is a air of complex conjugate pair which decides
the transient response of the system.
7.What are the main significances of root locus?
i. The main root locus technique is used for stability analysis. ii. Using
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root locus technique the range of values of K, for as table system can
be
determined.
8. What are the effects of adding a zero to a system?
Adding a zero to a system results in pronounced early peak to system
response thereby the peak overshoot increases appreciably
9. State-Magnitude criterion.
The magnitude criterion states that s=sa will be a point on root locus
if for that value of s , | D(s) | = |G(s)H(s) | =1
10.State – Angle criterion.
The Angle criterion states that s=sa will be a point on root locus for
that value of s,∟D(s) = ∟G(s)H(s) =odd multiple of 180°
11. What is a dominant pole?
The dominant pole is a pair of complex conjugate pair which decides
the transient response of the system.
12.Define BIBO stability.
A linear relaxed system is said to have BIBIO stability if every
bounded input results in a bounded output.
13.What is the necessary condition for stability.
The necessary condition for stability is that all the coefficients of the
characteristic polynomial be positive.
14.What is the necessary and sufficient condition for
stability.
The necessary and sufficient condition for stability is that all of the
elements in the first column of the routh array should be positive.
15.What is quadrantal symmetry?
The symmetry of roots with respect to both real and imaginary axis
called quadrantal symmetry.
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16.What is limitedly stable system?
For a bounded input signal if the output has constant amplitude
oscillations Then the system may be stable or unstable under some
limited constraints such a system is called limitedly stable system.
1.Define Phase lag and phase lead?
A negative phase angle is called phase lag. A positive phase angle is
called phase lead.
2.What are the two types of compensation?
i. Cascade or series compensation ii. Feedback compensation or
parallel compensation
3.What are the three types of compensators?
i. Lag compensator ii. Lead compensator iii. Lag-Lead compensator
4.What are the uses of lead compensator?
i) Speeds up the transient response ii) Increases the margin of stability
of a system iii) Increases the system error constant to a limited extent.
5.What is the use of lag compensator?
Improve the steady state behavior of a system, while nearly preserving
its transientresponse.
6.When is lag lead compensator is required?
The lag lead compensator is required when both the transient and
steady state response of a system has to be improved.
7.What is a compensator?
A device inserted into the system for the purpose of satisfying the
specifications is called as a compensator.
8.What is Compensation?
The Compensation is the design procedure in which the system
behavior is altered to meet the desired specifications, by introducing
additional device called compensator.
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9.Why Compensation is necessary in feedback control
system?
In feedback control systems compensation is required in the following
situations.
i) When the system is absolutely unstable, then compensation is
required to stabilize the system and also to meet the desired
performance. ii) When the system is stable, compensation is provided
to obtain the desired performance.
10.When lag/lead/lag-lead compensation is employed?
Lag compensation is employed for a stable system for improvement in
steady state performance. Lead compensation is employed for
stable/unstable system for improvement in transient- state
performance. Lag-Lead compensation is employed for stable/unstable
system for improvement in both steady- state and transient state
performance.
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