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ied He ignite
r cabid témbustion ! ne Beviod ‘of
a $a neon delay Pesipel: — : +
Fhe te “atewal Petieon the injection eLthe |
Suet and the + stast of the self-pniten ot ihe |
Awl is known 6 ignitim Oelay. 7
The fuel doe nwt ignite itemmechadley. bon the
“ag fron” of foal ai vo ‘the! _tenbustion chambers
Tere will be a cefinitley Costin “aamoent of
besisd will be debyesl berocen the beest_duvblet
Of feel iijecked tude the wrnbustitn Chamber
verde terme et Whict 1 Stests the: busi 4
_phane + ‘ o
_ There ave vo chance tet cam caute ignition cles.
@ Prycrcod delay: Physical delay olteto Ke complete
Lvection of “feel: odemnisadicny Vecbottizad on ond
toning of aie feel oc saised to its | celf
igenitien forts Physical detay Aeberda O77 its type.
(Beemer att. of foot i fos Ugnt pre! te
Byysicel delay is small while fer heavy viscous fool
L Ke physic delay ts high- -
(6) Cereal clelays Chemicat delay dee fo He during
Slowly sbris ord Yen occetrdles until te mb!
~apnidien take bace- renealy evict delay is
TR)
Le ghee thon physical delay. 94 cltbends = ~
| pembenste
ond at hgh
teampessdine of He sussadt 7 7
te _chemice! stactwns are
becomes tHe Inger delay than
a Z ignition delay
4
Fei eee ee taco! 3
mse ig. more. dee t0 more fret wilh he
Tneemmpuladed dining. the delay perioels
Pesicd of Contrlled tsombustion - +
“he _nabid! combustion petloweal. PY He thivd s
collad Ke -Cerintled! Crmbuohon. During Ke crepe}
cemburtion He cycle! reaches He ‘rae bressine
Gnd tembewdure - So tte fret. doopletp injects
pede Ke tmbuyton chamber diving He sabre}
Ke zabid Geabustim Stage voill buen footy 81h
weduced ignition delay 0p Seon ar teoy oben)
He “necescovy oxygen ond ony = pasties, ressure
aise is - ontrtted lby tHe injectim-
Bt te pet ot where it reads tHe Maximum
ogee preesuve He wabidl Combushen evda ong
@) AP Busing: — be wobuntion precece wilt raf
4 ontectlesl omburhon torte o Te beied of cnbll
umbuotion 15 aypreed toed ad the maxrmum eyclo tem!
ghey right obter-the cwmblehen of imjcctwn _brecess -
The umbusnt pavheles Left in tHe - combuyhon porticles
toll stow busning OD" Seon Hey get in
prt He ceygen+Te preress tnhnveal hor o cot
beried asmount of time collad He obterreibucing prio!
This perioel, Stort, fom tte pomb.ot maximo, egele*
einbresture. oral (ordinues overs Q bart of Ke -exbansim shot as
[ Monee, —_ shines i : -
Oxides of Nitiyye7 ;
$ @ Now ts Mery Undersirredele « fea wSeh, eta
acduce NOX taniscinn Cordinve theo be trrne verre
ot :
amd More Shivegern 4
| Releoned § NOx 2% In He O8MNCS Bhrerre
do poem omene Od 1s are of Fe aeyore
| cqune of cbhitochemmeot ‘arang. 7
LM cam Is eocoted mostly fron =
Ke ero SI Moygesny
corn her “eye
Tr
y
}
be forrd 1’
Thee ane
Motes «|
No + 020 —>
low dembeardien |
ts Hemeves ot Seep Jayg tea. that 4
St. canbuoton of aan engine» Sessce No __
“beaks cloorny to om
Na —>_R
Syrtitont omort of Mis gonevehed in Fe
: hanbencline monger ef ake at on
frists wy ote Ergues Otee Je
: pSteble og (2 team ewnture. Pet
tend comb bute tee 20°
Hao D> ott bee
| |
|
mh
The highes Ke cgenbustion, ~cachon
He rene Chademie wibrog oxy! (Nz) ere a
de monsatmic Nifegen (N) cook Ke _mwre
Moy uit ube penned. At lo eanperedne
wer “UH le NOx crete} 4
In _sddition to Tombomdoe 2 oes eof Ny
diberda~ (on pressure: onal cur—-frel setio (1p) »
Combustion duction blaye a significant corte im No
Losmation within “He cyfoes. NOx is weolucel
tn _nedesn epgmes wrth vtaot —bUen combushin
chombess Te’ “@mont of N% gererated abo
dzbeds on the Iecotien of sherk ue vont
+ _cmburten Chambes. Te highest) Corcenthm
is feowed around He sbork plug, Whee ke
brug nent eee Gcusg.' °
: é niet
és 2
os ig t 2, = HT ay Ve
Z ff :
7
t Z Ha0-T x =
6 he x | sea
i eee
Io Tee
At Bal) renew fleme +eanp, ee
| Minden NOx “is formed ate Sightly bea
quiere oho of abot groge ~~ £ | Subbhuse=> | SOX) => ;
Z| Mowy fuels nes! in OL “engine contesns small
omomnte of sulphur's hen Zrhavsted in to
horrmn wf S02 ord S09 [ cotted. SOx) they
Conpabtt te acid wesn pesbleen in +he
world. Unteadled ganoline generathy comune
G1 - STO bem Sulphur wy weight: Borne chepes
fuels Gm uns -up+t SS60 bho by weg hd. bu
in _deviebeol Counties Hot 1s sestneted by las |
+o 9 denHorot guig valve ov leas. ‘ |
Ad Wah sernporwehre, Sulbhir’ Gmbires sto My
__hydergen te form Hes and with oxy gon
Fie tf S “> bes
ots > S02:
Exgine exhaut= cam comeun upto 2° bee -pt
"Se2 + 602 Hen wmbmes with oxygen 14
He cur to form 23.
= £ 2ZSozt02 > 26%.
There Gonbines worl, woes Vetbowr in te otmocty,
| te fem sulpheic acid (25%) ond sebbhexoun
ciel (He Sog ), which ore Ingredient In acd
awn.
S0sgF Hoo D255!
$0 + H20 DB Hose.
__ Moxgeseen f=
Ee | The amound of sufps im nate! goo com
rone fern Utlle .Osocet) to large [Soww) emowts .
This cam be oo meyer emission problem _2hen
vetwal gon is ured in FC exgine or oy other
Cra bushi eorgires
eee pa—eQ |
pS
CET
a —
Mowe ‘Testy S|
| Morse. dest ig a_methrd 0 obteint boronvenaty
' : dirdsre
ofia alin
coded power (1°
chased? sabe” Soa’ “teat conciste of waking —]
rnqheradive ‘nin eusy_, cach rds OF He twraing |
and wots the aweduchon 1m bea ke powers deve)
meth is wea os beth (SI) od © ca]
caine Juthig methred each eglindes 5
© ante ingperative ene by mes
cylmolee ic nade inepereshV es =
Lan Diwel (OD) > by entry off He sxbbly
Top pret tocach eqlincbas
yan betel (5). = by shewting te Sherle Pleys
2 |
When ore Oglinlus is mnett..jnepesrtive brake
+] peter obletwed eidsotorkige” her rcigtreletas less, whi
t
feichim pores hs Condknt. :
| Net ihented pores ber eqfinlys gb - PP
yh > gross powes deviv~ped by emyiy
be: Pumbins, poets. :
P oP
‘ 7
\ 2
Sete
—~ | 3 f- aygrem of ) Mn otto gy (get 1D: 28
cena.
{
{
|
i
j
|
tp
| Of Hore are Kk eytinders then,
(b+ tba 4 tba + iba sh pipe =
P_ivdieded poner >
beiS. brake Bowane
Df the fit eyhder is cut vob
t breeluce ony bswer bust rH wie
Faichon k
ies + iby + thy ~~ viPee fs 2 bP tte (a
tp D> frictional pores,
[EIU ned
hare
Hem T
k
SPrRr 2 beg
——>
Tote! vember of i rohcated powers dev iefect
engine ibe is Gimean by
Wheat al thee cyl
by te
Vibes Sippy
v
rol, — ane Wes kivg Vt is
bossible +o fivd tte brake overs bpp of He
ogire. :
Fire pictioval pow of te engire. PAGENO:
ke Pe ote 14°79, 14.3
ae Gra tee indicates
| -ne engire 1S Tummy
ping = 2099
bp294 = 1499, Pa a 14+ 3
“pia 21k os
i ibi= PP i234 —be2 at.
= 2e0Q- 1A
beizg= 1408
T = 600K.
'¥2 => bei234 — boise
eA So med — N4eg = OKO
“Th, = PPi224-—Peicg
e 20-D- tate = BOL KW
ie4e bpizay — epi2d
= 2O-Q— eS = Oe FEW
: aiais
"eit ibe + ths +iby = thay =] Goto Ste Ipod
= 28) KW Pb = be x 66000 a
ni = ————— aa,
: =e
ns 20:9% b0000 '
\
O10 DX TN (0 +075) Ay Beer xq
& =
= S25 KI Pa
= S625 Bee frase,
| A tue moe tot on 6 12 Coli rter )bhvo-~shoke
Lepr gnrtin engine of bere 4oomm arol
Sreke Soom’) sumnmg at Seer Gere He
fellovsyg ocadiegy 3 7
| covets) Boabe too Cond ua) "Brale lo-g,
I [at tray ‘Boge Hh edly gas .
tat tgtndy 1%30 BH, 'g60
ad oy (Soo fa 1g20
| ado 16s0. iA) ? leo
4h " . 1830 Nihon 1390
se N40 lath wy ° 1930
| eh 185° AIL deen) 26d
Te odpubiis ferred fren ely nanmometis vary 1
rod on bp =
[ IA, He brealee ee 1S thn Newt ond pee speed
Nis im obm. Gio 8b | mechemicod
Aifieemy (yn) ond bmep of tee engine «
Pres ovtput When aly cgytineu~ om
five = *24OTROOS, 2 go _
tee ; ¥ =
= 2277.8 ; - ae i |
OS |
[pa eee a eS |
ee Be
————— fered
3 oe BOATS
4 223304
© 5: steer Saas
|__| Qi 7 —
238-9 a
{ 7
j z [ 2ue) nl
4
2s gab 4
23304 4
222-2
7 - 244s |
Total irdicrted pores = tp iP —7 +t Pe
: | = B18 &
a | WMeen= 22778 y pO =m Ib b/=
1 2784-2 "a
Tt t px 60600
wh Pe le
ee = A217 GOO
Eee Kd ZEN 2
4 qr 56x TO Pa = 4-06 ber.
a | Cosbuseton'. >
Process of formation of tombuotile AEM py
Mixing powpern aonont of fret, nt cur cop beperc.
L__adamission +e engine cylinder 1s callet Cosburetien
amd tee device deen this yep ic called casbusedor,
Ara 94 cdgrices fuel ond mines WMA ale jam
in differnt — boxbowhoval.
Erection :+ (D Muot etonice
@_Mvot sepbly comeet amonb of cus feel miydne,
ty tomebl Pr ebesthen ender aul ord ition
oreSpeed of eines |” .
Gal wn ee engine smncthly ie by sepplyieg
Stotre ct | ACRE O-€ Venindey ¢
&) Facto Abb eotwg Cat bywehmn
6 Engine Sbeed f
Q) Nobsecrzadion Chosa'christien~ of frets
( * Vembersabee’ of mauming | ave ine
GB) Ses of Cashier fea *
© Suslily of fel supplieale
&
’
Ber Fudd Mixtecs e a weauin air +0 fos Combile onbtion
chemically Correct wither of Ret (alge otha chihionis
21 Rich “tig Redbone et JESS, Oe Hen Stele mete,
3.) Loom manger, > we were HEA OW Ham stojchionOn ©
PEG LTO 5
—__
been! _ \ 1
ten! | comngatle [Al Ge
a Re
Sout
he LY 7, Lior
SY 3 iy 9 “|
Ph ey wom ay. |
a y
ms
FES |
a Yo
of [Pile cequirernent ot apport oreo onl FS
E
Sheed &. >
er
Nee eountee| ;
ere =
Kent acer
ua ——|
12: |
| +o ole.
>) Mixtee cmapodg TAK)
pores mixkoe vo HA DEM of apbre XK
(arch mae]
pomt,on ste ure &
BE seco af ebEPX Ibs)
eon ae.
simon ie
wxot
=e erealeae corre bondi 0 2717
[entted oot | Exhavyt 40D” Alor ts neglignble.
y Bs, B_Erywe wequry rin Aware »
(7) +0 pe sido. bert poms [nar pov) => 71elh
él to brevet ovesbendiy
{erhaujt! velve enel area
wean ile
ots of Cosbusetos: >
© Fd) stesnes.
Fo preverk posaible blockage of rez2ke by
Guyot —Pusticie , goootive 15 fob filtered by install
ye stores oF inleh to float
aeeensist of wre mesh
@_ Fics Chombes =
2 Sebbly the fed te mezrle ot commer Preume
head
Charnbewr
peste YY mnovmbemig Lonstent level oy Gaoe
fein Pot porl- '
led A fut wut be Shguily below “discharge vozelee
When Aico cose with Luel ming inj suppl valve
close ond steps tte flo of feel tule he chamber
8 M ecbring ord SAUNA Sy ctoan_—
PD Fes, - vontets fuel ebegeitete Apceol pos
ep urimiry geo fret thectle sbeoutun
6) Feet mbinng orfice “ibrovgh “hich poet is
dean treme flord chosmbrs-
evn dechoige nezete. Sheed suming ef vencle enpre- ad
Se be :
> Wen tctle, wakes se closed 1 $9 Saber,
pe es tes fen
mozete+
Be “a Joo bpecasere comet oy te doers on,
i tenttie chee te suchen shete of Buy
Ae feet ose (Sim xtlice tte od core
is Gisthosed Here aay Diachorge bert,
rectly Fe engine intete arenfold-
Sve o,
@ theese ond ttle Valve >
Creke: Wien ches is bavtly closed) ge
brane Iob ccue ot MERE tzoot-
STE ey lege debe at vemuir treet
inducs lenge amount of fuel prem ein 7s22%2
ond -pprovdles eo vey Smack tixtre.
S Used 2g wld
D Sheed eG=0p of aye ise ortelled by ie ol
trate volves : 7 +
D tre more He teottle 15 Closed Hee greets u
the Obstucton Fe. te Hor of Miatee ons) loss
is the quently of sem delet to ghintne
DP _ Pecrened Gespbits' ob mare gua leas
ppetesafet nenbsbe but ml je 5
ane -
DP As trots cbered , oles opegee moor a He ree :
P
wae
ae
Co
a
|
|
cor Quick, cree” of aegve.
Camburetee, o>
. ee ae sheet 7
—_ ity te give itt powers “quack
[= 4
Cre 6
r+}
smrcth engine oferedin od varioun Jond,
Deve suffice povers ot high sp
Simple ond Corba ck _ conytruchiny,
Greod fuel com
Evel toogve. ot [0-9 speed, 7)
ID. Ignition oq - =
D> Flaine prebagehon aap
TTS Ate =e 5 a
2 Sriten ey > (again diag) A Ma
Te me _inksvod oon ee pessege
bs Known ag ignition log os Byrn ih
The ore two chance
that Com) CQude tthe. ka
gnitien delay «
Physical | delay
ond Chal: clodoy » Pry creed tley ct Pen
Cmbvotan ercach ens
Te ignite, clay deferda om om the _heost _pressuse.,
+ Hee _noture orf the uel evel the Re _prsborton _
the“ extaverk gay oes dvel
t Elome Propegubinre ~ ee
+ _Fz_flome poobegedien, meare thet the. prbay i
[ih etn rere simply %e _spocad of.
[oft rove Lb vatian chormbes «
uy Valheny le igre HCN, Pe ae odyacent layed ©
2 E Neges+ ais corpus _terasgent te
bers Te bre
io varrtre _1n tesnterobuaeis Cael
‘tp ighreoal Ke flame
Jakes some tre tes
Re_cormbus ton choonbers + |
_Duning dhs stage. fre. pressure BISES worth vor,
2 Tok ut tromiet Be
= uitle harge tin volume
‘inghomtareow o> we climes 12. be say "te : 7
chal cycle 4
j : ' a ei +
Athy Bueneg+—
Thin apr bucviny stoge Pegs where the eyirien
a 9 lta
hers MA KIGHUTA Pome (0) rn He
__pressuve oa
Flaane propagation grackvolly herrea,
cylieders Also
“ew to He flame veloerby vill duce - |
1 Sve. exbawon stoke Will stasts oF ov oehere His |
Sege+ Se there Will [oe no pressure wise
inthis stages t
: re |
sar [wh buinte
| igwoctames | Qeooetume has! a minal knock
PCE WO,
Octane Numbers t be :
| Octane number is the meanuve ef the pexfoernn,
of a fuel: 16 cadre coed the ondiknock of
IWlhers | uel is: “ware “itty engine » Heo
THe octane nvrnbers,
___¢tfect is aeteol om the kwocking of the fuel
__-effect «Terehure the octane. _nuanbers of leyochone
1s waidered cr 160+ In Corrtsank, tLe cetone
amber i of heptamd ts tonsictered ap 0+ This
is because. heplane cauye the — ™Maxienym knocking
! when uscel in an engine.
|
Te octane humbew is equal te the “peacendege of
Le cuclume of isoctome . pewcomt vin He fret. Fane
example 1 ochre 92 1s He feet yhout ic tommpaced
[of 02% ef isooctme almg wonh gy. of heptene
Jurefore, if he clone yembos is high ibs
te fe geod — to be ect in am vergines
Oclrre Wunbers is word = SE engre ew gonsire.
Dts meanured welotive to TSe-octure ord n-hebtane.
Higher tee oclere vember mcan, more _cambsession,
He _puel cam wWithelord _behore _cletonatiey «
d 3p
Cotane_ “numbes >= c —_—_—_—
Eelane weamber is the meaaure
the _ ignition of a _ fuels ot is
Besely A_Wghea cele nembos ~
lgnition clelay time: pale wneons yt
hoary ig
ignites. quickly , A loves _celare nusnbos indicodes,
. i arme 2 thi meng pit
doyes 1
iquites slowly + Twist fiene js He “tone taker
Re we heel — per ig tembeastimn.
Cotere ts ar wlousless are Dkig a hydwotorbon »
Di ignites eaoiby role fle empression: + Therefore
PE 1S Gwemitte “seatere| menbeo — (FP's Otter
them \ edtame nvmnbes with
chayel dre given
comparision of the ignition” of a cetame Uguich
Compcert 0D poos feet Cif cettre numbes (31),
> waa warye ‘ts “BorsSs
> Shs on verse funetion of a fuel jgnitin doy
> Guly ne for Light clisti ete chenel oils, fee ey
uel “wil Hee ottes scole ore wed'$ CCA ord CMs
D> Alkyl nrbetes ond Dirtert> butyod” Perexidle. ore oe
op additives: to! veuse He! Colmcoamainern bes
7? Dts generally olncted by “en. [ dagree “of whitzasion
= theomas Sremenye power fwegnt who of engine,
Le
Types >
kb Eugine chabt cums super chingers
Erhawt gos enkr tusbine omc) tusbine suns
He subpschiyus (such subeschoger iS knoon 0D
tucbochorgess . )
In Te exgive fival presence | obs supeschegirg
is WS tres -te Dene tee oMnby BrOscince
G_Pdvrrbeses, > :
(9 Higher vootk ord bencee — heigher porws!-
avobbbity ert tingresned thevmel | efficreney .
{2)\ At tng A tidied [-plgut of crecr4t) the
ith “LEM 12 tumaborwed vxbo newmad AEM.
Tee ig reduction 1< _ conwmbton of peel.
_ (3) Tree ts caw, (A SEC of angme ». (Specific
4 bed consern }
—A)__Vol_efficrney et subvacherged) orgie 12 hig hows
—Y kregy ine ha wt gOS ib ublizeol te wm
tube chergers «
—BD Sconiirsieg is muh better in seperen
-_—— engine» LO
__feequenct wenn orel terre ot
Ove,
| Pek ord erly replacement beomen reer,
One 1s
__| sighethes
Oa tenho}
is relomed trom
kuockivg tn ST ES
segires This | jrrewennts:
Uantrduchea, 5
LF
fover of
gyre
chage
supeschager » The
amome of ote
ywdlucteal [tore
yore teakeye ef-aks poasttte port os,
$@ _pisten_of _sxpeschorged ergire duriwy cmbro
ig higher eka oy
Inerere,
indoscsolers ose brow
eegire * cylern of» bebe}
ora ee of 32 xy
dagpen sf Ne «|
ef ous
h
Uw ch
Ren F
(Zeackem
OT
+ Cobre. coctean’ Um'k)
PD Srertkio theres urcocon)
T
t
by Rave dem by
2
fre
2.
Lp They cue proyrecd™ ynlat
_ 2? Dolontiog beacblem 2 Subhy ot us at pruve
7h: deercone” vd, A fierenes Tmheran as higher Hon He
ob Nn Lipressure ot which agree
vedrally rata ke. aa Fa |
Sveecon ble fprehn be tee phosphor.
_ putty > rea et Besive Will “Wof pwefis Coin «
DZ_Ignition detoy — decreaney
ST emgive, ae
Saber chirgiing ih’ bx!" ogee.» on
: Are dew ot imttalée (inte moni l_) Re s{ sapeschon
+ “ 7 teen, ef ale aac =r : 3
Bz embressen stroke forthe Fea... er
Zl As secon’ ow pect is inilected feeh ater pamiea.
2 se ae
2 Temberstre Tes Tgnihen delay hes -- Reduces
Rreckirg stencloney
> eabuston will be propers > Rint Deg, Z
Ey5¢, veaboove’s cam bustin oi leads tm weduchen
Of cmeke. os
(3) at olyo sito la poor quality et peel eo be wed.
ze &tfeets ep ae: D>
j ineremre powers ontpbt7 4
2) Mechenical efficronty (rm) ® (2 rall emomt )
Feet orsermbron’ Mes (sr) fads ony
Feel cewmpnm bo (61) ' 71 oF
[qe wnereone oder _dermprty |
[embressene (power consvmnwrg device) «
|
>]
_ Powers Sonsveninty
MO efened type Of _suborchergma.
ot iwltt we ube
poe engice bowers (er bows of 479
device 1S use -husbine (sun by enhauwst gurer)
(vooste bent ic ahUyedl, ff
(hank entre > wrechricas work)
He Tybe Cel Tuetachegg > .
2 wustirnt pressure a
> _taistovd — bube( Boer!)
PJIno Csrurch-
S
B BS Nosms (Bnasdt Stone nlosys) 1 >
_Growt cteage
idordord’ rupted by the government of Srcha to
areg vote He ovttut of ote priliert, from
emission stordards ( BSES) ore emis
rrdarol Conburou give ord Sbhork — raven
easing equa brent » syoleding ne unctos vehcles-
The rrietereertion steric, dee ord He thoelire
fet vepblesreten sepblemerdahen. gre s2t by
Se cocked bp bnHion- contd —beord indore
WArenchrs 24 Chuveornant gro) Fosse Foca 7rd
Orsnahe hora . :
D2 gn Bie He inshen goverment onnoread toh te
weurhy vod shy te BS VY nosms abtegetter md
odzht BS-vi norms by zor.
While tHe norms rete in preg doon bivtm
evs , it mrveriobly TIE in weaned hick ent
gee to verbo Fechensbegy aed hope, fo pret
lll 208 BW wows hot been emposnd oF te
_ | Covrbry £1 nto Aba 22t7- Howerves, Soper,
Leourt wf raha ordered barrewg of cole of
_ Bhat wtege WY 'OSiL) vthids fem 1 abal
Qae-
Euro Newms: >
JAY
Eure Neams rreben +o He pesmesible emission
ers fin peth pete ord Aine rvehcles , Which
i had beta Ienplemrcendeol 1 Cunspe. However
He govemment im Irdia rors ohopted Ht. veo
hosms for owvoiloble feel quobity md te wm-othrd
of tony.
Pot weguies menufactrrn +o sedusc tee emetiee
peti prelluting cxmesion levels ino nore
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