Arif
“Transforamest
t y
Traneibranen, Aranshrmen is an elechomaynetic static,
“devieg vohich Convers electrical enenay Som one cinourf
jo another Wy Stepup/ Step dawn The ac voltage vaith-
out changing, Frequerey,
“Wes of TTronsfonmen :
| Pecesre > 1. Step Up.
2. ‘Step down.
| Sructure of the cone +
3. Gone ype
2. Shell {ype
3. Spinal +ype
} Resort me to vsoge >
3. Powert Transforunen,
| a, Dietiwution Tronsforunen ,
| 3, Auto “Tronforunen, - .
4. Insinument TroneShrmer.
+ 0) OT
+ b) PT
Those + 4 Sinle phase , 2. BPhase. B TTransfonmen Ratio
Om
¢ 7 oF ; /
Aes) he E, Lead
a a
Pm = Mutual Shug. as Raho / :
Ep = Primary volage Np= Numben of tunns in Aura
Ne = Number of urns in Seem
Eg = Sesondany voltage
Tp.=. Primany Cunnuent
fin ide) tronsfommen PT coeandany. covert
Eplp = Egy
Ep Is
ts7 ap 7°
ago,
E, N
From (iJand (ii)
Fe Me 3s
A= FS > Ne = Tp (bh Practical ‘Transformer on No-load §.
In practical condition coneless and copper loss ane,
present. The primary input under no oad condition. has 49
supply iran loss in The cone and copper’ Oss Mm the ving
No toad inpud power Wo = Wyle 203,
In prodtical esse, n0 lood cunnent 1, has Jo pass bath
pune inductance x taking the mognetizing ounnent Tn
ond Ton Inductve Tesistonee & “okt, won im Qurren
en a :
@ Tue is inphase with gm
‘Ip J Tu" Ti” J
Ty = Te A08q (active cuncent )
ine De Sing (Meackive cunnent)
a a ‘, “EMF Equation of transformer.
‘| Qm = Mactimumn Mudqual Flux |
' | f0 = frequery : fat!
(Tv = Time Lf Pm
[Np = No. of turns IN Primony,» Mog diy
(Ng = No.of turns, 1 Serondany. kal \ 7
Time $rom zero value of lux
®, each Maxim Value=Fge
4
=F
wae S charac seh slut = de Pwo Gan
EMF induced. per, Aur of ani) :
Fave = N. $6 = 1x 4omf = “gmt ae
Fon Ae Smusordul,..., Fonn focton = re 24a
dD) Ey,’ op Evans = Prenage votoge x Toran factor
Somf x41
5 444 mt i
So, Induced EMF fon. Primary = Gah Np welt
"S444 BWAENS vou!
Induced EMF fort Seewndary = 444 Qmf'iNg wort”
= 4:44 BAP Ny volt
fi >
ia Explain Operation of a Tansferonen on load condition
i ——s
L | Pm | 95, on ke
os , I | oj
| ia bo L
BO & ar i 4 Tina]
er x l | bag J
| ‘ | —_ |
|
/ * 4 ro
) oe en weg] ome
tf on 1
|) & P ht Te] 6 id 1) floaal
Lit ” Ne Lim Ms
he : = —
Ly Fig-9 Fig-4
|
|| Explains
Fai: No lood of tronsfrmen, is shown. Tn this con-
dion, The NO tood curmontho} the Aronsforunent flows
ond crentes mutual Sut, Om.
ay
Sif
(F@c2; The Secondary lead of the transforeren is
“connected. As a reeulk, aunnent Te Sows in the seeon-
dony.thig, results in a Stu thot is se0' Oppose, iq-Br 3008 (Pm, Vp» Py’) ANE Shown. Since, P,.
ang ee yo each other, the value of Pm
decreases Slightly. As a result, he, value of vonage Ep
acnos the primary coil deenaases Stigh*ly and the
cHective volage acmoss the primany asi inemesses,
The causes some additional cunnent to Slow in the
primary coil and mutual fluxis created in the eone.
ard Gf are aaa 180" Opposite and cancle, each over --
iqn4; Aflen Q ond O/ ame quenched the mutual
ue returns to the imal etae. —
| Bample - 32:4
|| Given
© Ny
trad, Epe 250vV
Es = 9000 V
Bm= ag. whl
f£ = 90he
emf per dum =8 vour
= —*___
= “emF pon tun
_ —_ 230 —
= 3
= 3025 = 3 @re)
Eg = G44 Fomis
Es = 4445 BmxA Ns
____ 3000 ____
GEUX 50K PEK OFS
= 6:07" (ns)
v
mot |
Np = ?
Ng =?
@ A="
®
Es
OP) Bye ocd
Ns = seqif pan turn
= 200 —
Wer Z
= 8 eo 1e1 Exoomgle - 32:2
Give al,
A= agomx 26m = 0-8
$= 09
Ep = 11000 y it
Fy = 550 v ,
Bm = (O04x0: 088)
+ 01036m™ we : 4
Ep = “td BmA Np
0
us 20900 i
Np =! reyeox FSxOSXOOH
Ne = 31059
noo yee FSX NP mens
” NSF fp i reat iid
a
_-550x 1069
= —T00 vob e
= 53
, ' — 13000 _ 49.
D EMF pen tum = “eG = 10°38 v
Emp per hum = S23 = 1-38 v
>If Primary \ollase is increased by 30% On Wola
thon Tn cunent sill moneased by much mone than 10% I Example 32°3
Give thd.
Ep = 520 @ Bm =?
Np = 100 @ Fs =?
nye am A= GOO
te
SANS Ep Ne
f°
520 x 1000
5 20x a0
E, = Goo 90
J Eg = 1800
{
. 520
Bn = Hix som OXI x 400
F ae
= 0-976 Wha”
a 204
Given that “0 Eg = Ee
Ep = 3000 ' Ft toh
— _3000X5°
Bet . 500
Np = 500° foe i BOO et
Ng = 50
“ey 00
Ty = HUAz2O0 5. 1
tp
_ 25x4900 =
- 300
Sarey 5399 A oad
Th “Transformer on > NO |
Qm = Mutual lust. oy
Jy = MagnetizinA aamnpoment - Trenton —
Se of No-load curr ek
Tone Wonk camnponent of { Ih >a,
No- load cunnent . Ivor less iP
Je = No- lood eunnent. .
6, = No-lood powen factor angle
Wye = No-load cons logs,
Vp = Primary) weheee,
Ep = Primany induced voltage.
F, = Senordeny induced voltage. : I
> Formula t. oc,
4. =- Iw" Th
» Ins Tp sin
Tw = Ie 0086,
Wo = Vpio cs 6,
a = 8 Pp
dw 2 TR tu" lh 829 Yo)
Given trod, @ Tron - less cv went
= 2200
Ep = 2200v toa 4eo =,0:182
Eg= 229% w= 2200
To = O6A er
We = 400 watt ® Magnetising aunnente
Tye Te st Te™-
‘ O57
th 329-b —_
Given had, ie Raita
Ep= 2200, “E015 x0-3,5.0'15A
fg = 220v as red
Ty = O5A ® Iu =p sing
Phe og = O5x sn @a-si) <
“ CASI= 0.3 =0' 476, eed At
ig B24
+O. = WS 20% Ep = “40v
a) C0se@, =OF * Os = ‘ j ee
{I = B6%7 Eg=130¥ sa
| e038) =O2 «Oo = ang70-2
I = 746
>
we wow ato. G
Q= —a0 =
AA0
. = Ig . 228 =
. Ig’ at 30 Amp
i
[- Phase difference 6 = %&-% = F846 - 368?"
= 41:59° \
$0 2 — ,f another
(% a2 Sap wary ease
|
= [AP amas |
= 33:90 Amp
aad PP G6) yo |
Ip L-Op = InZ- % + 62-8)
= 52-746 + sol- 3687
= 33.902- 42:48
P
|
On
|
Tp = 33-20%mp (106)
Rimuny Pf = COS 42-48
-O'73 a3) vn \ tie leakepe: it
8 Magnetic ee the piracy, wid the
raneforenen is connected 40 the AC PRY, the entire
lux created Hows Hragh tre Core and is not comme te
4o the secondary. Some flux flows through the ain ang
campleles the magnetic aineult. Sudh flux is called leokeye
Aux. ‘
“he prinmany ond cocondety lentage Fluxes produce indued
emis of values ip and Eis “They, ane, conmectad in senés.
wHin he wsinding and Techave We On inducle Bil.
Privony leakoae Reaelanee, xp ae bXb'= antlp
Secandany ‘eakige Recta 15 = Elo, He = InSie
Primary leakage, Inductance, ‘lp =p S|
Secondanty leakage Fnduclence, Is =e Ga * Trangforonent with Resiglonce on
tt =
I Inductive,
7m
id Leakone Reoclane
Asaf
| Coponitive,
ane,
2
an
f
oad
ah
S* bm _
_D2_ Generator
ig DC Gene cadont Generation is on eleatrdcal stoshine. tral |
ronvers meahanical enengy into electra) energy Initially |
he generation produces AC voltage. and *hen.Avs vieae |
qo De voltage WY O apmmurator: DE Genenoton
Tgaieatty vooreks according 40 Flemings might ond rule, \
sur Ip Llenz’s law? ‘
Lenz's law states that the direction
of the. electra current induced iN a conductor by
changing Magnetic field is such that the, macne ie
oud eialled by the induced curnent opposes ig
im the initial magneto eld.
BH Amperes low:
~ Amperes law aan be ctated as
he, mrognietic. created by an electuc cunrent ig
proportional to the aize of thot cloctnic aunrent:
with a amstant of proportionally equal to the pero
billy of free space. .
B How we con imenease tha generator by inch
tmious voltage, 2
> 0 Speeding up rotor
* © Increasing caile of rotor
> ® Tnereasing ‘magnetic eld
® Tmereasing the poles,
® Decrease the distaee bho poles. Ta Oe qenertatort working, Principal ,
“a wren a conductor. extomses The magnetic Fie Une, on
EMF is produced shod conductor acoancing to a
prinaiple of clectrcamagnetie. induction.
(for mits 5A oT
a ’ |
| N > ~ tio Pl viel | |
bof a 7 Spo]
(> tb ) Kad J
fora kidip ot When the. coil is in position 4 the: maximum fluse 4 line
fo the, coil. Bud the Tate Of change of She ie mm
SO NO EMF is proauead in te, coll in this conditin,
When the oil cones to position 2,the adil aude o
srl amount af flut and a moll anount of EMF ic
genenoted in the wil. when the ail is in position $, the
least Sur is Linked to the coll Wd the rate of charpe
of Stu is mdodmum. As a recut maximum coound of Ey
is apneniated in this emnaition.
omd yaimum Negative emf ane produced
im tre coil af position 5 ond at position 7 Initially
‘he genenadore produces Aci volage. and then We vellge
1s commented oO Dt woRage ly a erode: Bes of De Generator,
[ 4. separaiely exeited aenerator.
2. sof - exarted generator,
® series generator,
@ Shunk generator.
® Compound qeneroton. — :
0 Short ehunt generar
@ tom shunt qenerato
' £ “jog
{ th Oe Genenatore EMF Equation ?
= flue per pole
p = Number of pole cee
N= speed | Revetstion pert mm. Cree) / nPs
pmalune conduction.
z = Total no. a
Ac No. of armature parole) path.
From Farodooy® dledroargnahe treluction we. Krew
seeoa EMF = Rate of change af ux.
Induced EMF per eonduelon = de 46
2 deme in Sux pet revolution de=$P webert
number of rotation pert second = DL
-Time requited pen evolution, dt = ea
QpNn
60
Induced EMF per conductor > dg | or
dt 7-607
60
. N
Number. of conductors pert panalel path =
“A
Gematedor. aronauna, Induced EMF = 92 yf
K,
Node: Late .
s,simpter =P 9 Torlen A=2P b Simplex > A=2 TU
lo. Duplex > A=4 Ass
2. Puplen A=2P Solty
Given Thad - hy
TL= 450A 7 ae
M= 230v '
Ra = 0:032.
Rey = S02
wh 280.
Teh = Reh = 46 Pimp
Jags Tat
= 46+ 450
= 4sh-& Ainp
i Genercaton EMF, Ea = TaRat We
| = 454.6x 0:02 + 230 = 29bv
| :
Ie oe4s- Tan
Ey 2er4: e peor) Bese >)
tat ele | Gn
T= Ten =F. F Vo
L 50A _ 500! £ \Fa)e, 2
| = Body Ve chy BRR |
R= 0.052 =2A |
Ree 009.2 he '
Ree 2500 a= Ieh+ I
= 2+ 50 =52 Amp
Vp = 2X vy) = 2v = V+ TaRat asa +My
e = 4+ + Ja Rat Red)
= Oot 2 4+ 52 (005+ 0:03)
= 50616 V
Ex-26:5:
—
Given trod,
Ma 220v
J, = 30A
Raz OO52
Rez 0 Fe
Ren = 200
NM, = 2xbve ay
50M
nid ‘
{ oheon
‘VoHoge drop in senies sion” 30x03 =9V
Voltage acress ehunt vsinding We 22019 =229v
, _ Nh. 229
Ish = Ry = Jao = USI5A
iit Teh
30 + ras = 2 31445 fp
y
J. do
= Biss (005109) 424220 = sen9.v
Ea = Taha t+ daRse +44 prod
Poctical Generator
Ta elechical generator i¢ a machine, whith converts
mecrniaal enenay into dleetiical enorey.
3 Tnienpole
| Premature ? EN §
ite Lf Sy of aah ig fol Shot
Hi ot
1 Frome
). Pole ‘h Yoke on Frame
The oulen cosh Ff the te.
Qenenaton, which beds the imen poles and the
bearing rousing is called ‘the, yous on frame.
th Pole core and fle shoes ¢
Pole cone Wasically conn,
afield winding which is necessary to praduce “the
Mux.
ih Arometure Gre t
A de Genenaton hag a aylinde
Shaved: pont in the middle. udhich ts Supported by
beanines on both sides ond CaN easily rotate, this
pant is HE anmotune cone.
Aim aap
The small space, between the pole
hoe and “the anmadune, is called the ain eer.
1 Commutaton $
i The deviee, through. which At ig
nvettted to De }s calles a commutator. BL fm Lab > Winding $
_ The connection tion of conductors
ei fo the vock ode
io he front Is ois = wi.
{Woe wording:
ee Aled oie he eee
m1 ne, he, called
wane uatnding. h 96-23:
Gayen tof,
Poul = 1OKwW
“Mt = 250
N = aeao vP™
2c 534
Ru = 0-64 kw
“M =1Vv
A
—0
A vaniale Resistance is aomected across or paral
to he series Held of a Dea Moray called a avertter
or feld divertten, By Adguett Ine diverden, Hhe evnt
nm ve send thnagh it is decirtad. Thug, the Shor ean
incgueaced or decreased as desired +hue the gped of
motor, oom also be iMereced OW decreased. YD Armature diverter?
<< TT
b 3g | sqnes
e BE .
g t po.,
2 A dwerlen acorss the aroncdune Con be 260 Use
for qiving speed towert than the, normal speed ‘org
anen asratant load donque. If Ta raduead due ty
5 armature diverden. the § rwsd Ve ineresead Tou jp
= & nenenced NxA . Sy cpead will be decnenged.
©) Trapped Field eonirel :
7 ii +
The number off some sented fold undis’ ih! 4the ama!
cancer can be dhamged ,usith Aut load motor. runs
PAM Speed which 0 LE rates) 9 lege
uting oud come of the serio turn, m 7
Wee 2. Variable Resistance in geries;
rear =
l | Series Varucable v NO Resist,
z ~ frei Kesy hance 2
7 | a a
With =
# t Qurnend
The fyune choos a variable resistance eannected in
2 genies with the arandune of a serves motor. The vo ea
applied to the motort teremmale will have some, voktage.
drop due to the variable resisted. As anesult tne aro
~ ture voHage will ve les and due to tow voltage tre ered:
of the motort will be Low.