UNIT 8 MODES OF TRANSPORT
Structure
8.0 Objectives
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Development of Means of Transport
8.3 Road?krmsport
8.4 Rail Transport '
8.5 Water Transport -
8.6 Air Transport
8.7 Role of Transport in Tourism
8.8 Towards a National Transport Policy
8.9 Let Us Sum Up
8.10 Keywords
8.1 1 hswers to Check Your Progress Exercises
Annexme
.
8.0 OBJECTIVES
A tourist can travel by a variety of means. Hence, it is necessary for both -the tourist as well
as the tourismprofessional to familiarisethemselves with the various modes of -t. Aftea
reading this Unit, you will be able to:
learn the stages of development of various modes of hransport,
idenhfy the differentmodes of transport,
appreciate the importance of mmspaain &e promotion of tomism, and i
6 understand the need of anational transport policy.
8.1 INTRODUCTION
Transport contributes significantly to our socio-economic needs. Transport industry has
acquired a fundamental place in the global network system by Eacilitating mobility of persons
and goods frm one place to another through various modes of transportation. The
development of tourism depemds on the Mlnspart industry. A toclrist always thinks of safe,
comfortable and convenient mode of transport. And of course, costs and time are also
rmportant considerationswhile deciding on the mode of travel. Here lies the challenge before
the tmspoa industry to attract the tourist by offering suitable means of travel as per then
req-nts.
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This Unit s m with a brief discussion on the development of various means of transport m
their historical setting. It goes on to explain the major modes of transport available m India and
their relevance. The role of transport in tourism and the need for national transportpolicy have
also been discussed.
8.2 DEVELOPMENT OF MEANS OF TRANSPORT
From the advent of human c ~ m t i o nthe , means of transport hbbe been changing according -. .
to dunged conditions and the development of technology. The propulsive means used were qL
mainly animals on land and sails at sea. The discovery and application of steam and electricity
in the 19thcentmy and the mternal combustion enginein the 20th centuryrevolutionised travd
and transport and introduced the present era of mass transport. ?he next spectacular
breakthrough came in the late 1950 with the propulsion of aircrafts with jet engines opening to
the whole world the immense benefits of air travel. In Unit 3 you have read about the impact
d such breakbuugh in transport technology on tourism. Travel became faster and more and
more people cqdd travel. -. -. .
Well, let us have a brief look at the development of transpoa system in India 'I'his can be
broadly divided as:
. Pre-colonial Period,
Colonial Period, and
Post hdegmn- Era.
i) b&lanial Period: The Indian transport industry daa% back to ancient days wherein
mde mutes linked,[email protected]:&id mban centres to ports ahd markets in the country.
&wk.&~ establish a link between eves. rock art and travel. Many caves were
on the ancient trade routes in India The town plans of Harappa and Mohanjodm indicate
well-plarmed roads m townships for transport pmposes. This trend continued until the end of
the Mughal period. For example, the famous Orand Tnmk mad was laid during h e aign of
sher Shall Suri.
ii) C d d a l Period: Road transport and sea ports continued to be developed during the
British rule m India. A network of roads was built up by the colonial regime. 'Ihrs was done
to link the ports with the hinteiland to carry raw materials fram India to Europe and impart
W e d products from the European continent for Indian markets. Railway emerged in 1854
to further supplement this n e t . & besides quick movement of tmops and police to cater to the
administrative requirements. The fmt scheduled air service started m 1932 and continued to
be symbolic for many years.
iii) Post Iodependence Era: The priorities changed after independence. Rehabilitation of
the raihvays and reconslruction of highways damaged or neglected during the second world
war and rebuilding the transport netwodc to cater to the developmentd needs of the m o m y
and society became matteas of prime concern. Attenha was also paid to the development of
sea, air and other modes of transport. From merely h W n g the administrative rleeds of the
government, today in In@ the thrust is for the development of transport to meet the growbg
deanands of society and overall development of the country.
Despite the implementation of the 5 year plans and the achievednent therein, the tmqxnt
system still fmds itself in a state of inadequacy. For example, the msport sector is heavily
dependent on foreign technology, capital and loans which have resulted m the slow rate of its
developmeat. The JATO has been consistently urging upon the government on behalf of its
members to liberalise the import of air-conditioned mutist coaches. The growth of various
modes of transport has been, during this perm& largely urnelated to each other and thus failed
to develop as a well integrated mdti-model system. The investmm in this sectca haw been
on the decline m the various plan periods. The total e q m d b on ~ ttampt in~Justryin the
fmt three plans was 23% which came down to 14% in the fourtb plan and 12%themaftex.
8 3 ROAD TRANSPORT
As on date four majar modes of transport m prevalent m India They are:
Road T m p d
RailTranspoa
WaterTranspoIt
Air Tmsport
Let us fiast begin with road transport.
Road tmwpoa is one of the most promiring and potent means suitable for short and medium
distances. It provides the basicinfrastructure for bringing the rnajalty of the people who are
living in far-off v w e s into the mainstreamof national life by connecting them with different
place% It offers a number of advantagessuch as flexibility, reliability, speed and door-to-doordoor
semi&, besides supplementing and increasing the efficiency of the other modes of transport.
It has a vital role m the opening up of interior and remote areas and is relatively cheaper and
less capital intensive. .
Indian mads are classified into the following five categories:
. N & d Highways
State Highways Modes o l t w
District Roads
Village Roads . -.--D-9-.
.'
Unclassified V i e Roads.
The national hihways are the principal arterial routes connecting the union capital with tbe
srate cqitals, major polrts and various highways. "hey constitute 2%of the total road network
of 19 lakh kilomew (1988) m the counay and c a t .to 40% of the tmlroad aafec m India.
Stab highways connect state capitals with district headquatteas, important cities and towns
withm a state, the national highways and the highways of djamnt states.
District roads take the M f i c from the mah roads to the interior of each d@trictand to rural
areas. They are
a hi& standard a
sub-classifiedinto major district roads which are me&kd and have
d ~ e a e i o nand other dirBfPid roads which are relatively of law&
speciftcation and design.
C
Classified village roads connect villages or grorlps of villages with each 0 t h and tq the
nearesa district road and other main highways, railway stations and river ghats. These mads-
provide the basic infmmcture in rural -.
-Uneltissified village roaI am mostly earthen mads. Having a far lower standard in most
cases,they are merely &a& in m d areas.
Two-thirds of the mlkges m the country (approxhmt.ely 4 taghs villages) are without
all-weatherroads while one-third are without any nrad link at all despite the roadlength m India
increasing from 4 lakh kibnetres (1951) to 19 lakh kilometres (1988). As per IATO Mamral
"most of the mads am quite good, however, link roads leading to National Parks and Wildlife
&inctuaries may not always be good". In Appendix-I we have mentioned some destinations,
distance and time taken to travel.
Mechanised vehicle -c m India has increased from 3.06 lakhs (1951) to 166.93 lakhs '
(1989). Among the mechanised vehicles, the share of buses has declined from 11% to 1.84%
(1989), the actual number of buses on roads being 594,000-6096of the road m q o r t is in the
private sector while 40% is m the public sectm. The passenger Wfic carried by the public
S€Xtofis, however, 51% as against 49% by the private &tor and is mainly through the state
transport w~deatakings.The inter-state bus system is well develaped and the quality of buses
varies. For example many State Transpert Corporations mn frequent a d h a y buses, some
semi-deluxe and deluxe buses and a few airamditioned coaches. Advance bookings are
available in the last three categories.Jltl M f m o n is available at $ bussran&--&
- ~ ~-~ ~ M-&; inwDew practidy allstate emsport mpomtMns
ppovide infoanation and advance booking c o u n t . , Except for airconditioned and ctelmre
coaches baggage is genmlly canied on the roofs. Hence, one should advise the tourists to
ensure the safety of luggage and was p~oofmg.Not many foreign tomist prefex ofdimq bus
travel. However, for dcmmtic foluisis it is apopub made of trawl. llmmghout the year p ~ e
f r n d c e ~ B l r s ~ c o n d u ~ m m - ~ ~ l y f o r1 ~ - t o ~ ~
covering many phcm at a h e . Taxis,clzaffe0 driven cars, carmnkd systems, maWmtype
vansaremmeMfig~cesmroad~
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1n thelight of fhis infomation on road manspart,your !irst task3is to collect infom&uI
about the tollrist p h which can be covered by road tmqmt 'Ibe existing facilities
available to cmy tourists by road aansport are to be identifiednext For example,Mr. andm.
Grover have reachedPmi fromRelhi, They want to see the famous Sun texnple at Kcman& rmd r
other historical sites mund P d . Raad rnmspoais the most ideal mode for them to vlsit t h w 1
places. ~vaiiable modes of transport are l a buses, lwury coaches of difkrent types or tach. j
Your job here is also to collect data about different needs of tourists and accordingly !
ad- them. In fact your advise is based aceding to different categmks and the
diverse tourist requiremen$. Far instance, Mr. and Pulrs. Grover are well off and fwd of
privacy m travel. ?bey also do not have much time in hand. So, for them the ideal doice :
would be a taxi. It is expected that you keep yo& updated on various sorts 6f infomath
also of innovative ideas to propose to the tourists.
and.--- -.
8.4 RAIL TRANSPORT
Railways are the principal carriers specially suited for long distance level. In a vast country
like India they serve as the main artery of inland transport. After independence 8000
.
kilometres of new railway routes have been added to the railway network. The present route
length of I n d i i Railways is 62,000kilometres out of which 12%is electrified. Yet it is Mi's
largest, and world's second largest, state-owned railway system under a single managment.
The railway trdcks in India are of three types:
i) Broad Gauge (1.67 metres)
ii) Metre Gauge (1.00 metre)
iii) Narrow Gauge (0.76 & 0.61 mews)
Among these, the broad gauge lines account for 55% of the total network and carry 85%of the
total traffic.
The Indian Railways have been concentrating on long distance passenger traffic as against
short distance which can be more economically carried by road traffic.
Along with its vital role in economic development the railways play a significant role in the
tourism system. In a vast country Wre India, stretching from Kashmir to Kanyakumari, the
majority among the domestic tourists are primwily dependent on railways for long hour travel.
One basic reason for the choice of railways as a mode of transport is that it is
Moreover, the LTC facility given to the employees permits rail travel as per the sa&y slabs
and relevant category. Replacement of the steam engine by diesel and electric engmk has
defmitely increased the speed of mobility. Electronic signalling and other scientific devices
are being ixicreasingly used to make rail journey more faster and comfottable. For exam& ' '
initially Bombay and Calcutta were connected with Delhi by superfast Rajdhani Express. N ~ w '
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Bangalore and Madras are also connected by Rajdhani. Introduction of superfast Shatabdi
Express between Chandigarh-Delhi and Bhopal-Deihi have saved much time of travel and the ' .
journey has been made more comfortable. Toy trains nmning between Kalka ami Shimla or
New Jalpaiguri and Darjeeling are major attractions for the tourists. Similarly 'Palace on
Wheels' which takes the tourists to major historical places in Rajasthan via Agra was
introduced to offer a package tour to the tourists. Recently, the railway authorities have
introduced the weekend package tours starting fiom Delhi to nearby tourist places for 2 to 3
days. Similarly more "Palace on the Wheels" like trains are to be introduced in the near
future. Indrail tickets are sold abroad for foreign tourists.
As a tourism professional it is yourresponsibility to collect information about the various trains
and their destinations, departure, arrival, fares, etc. as well as different concessions and
facilities available to tourists. For example, you want to take a group of 70 tourists to South
India from Delhi What you have'lo do? First task is to contact the local railway commercial
manager or chief reservation superintendent. 'Best suggestion could be to reserve a separate
coach for your tourist group and by telegram, message should be sent to different railway
stations where you want to stay for one or more than one day. This facility is available and it
proves very economical and free from hastles of reservations at different places.
In the existing facilities available with the railways and a large number of trains that connect
various parts of our country together you have to plan out different tour programmes to offer
to tourists.
Tounwn Services and
Operations -- I
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Rail car to Shimla
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Rail car interior
Modes d k s p o r t
Check Your Progress 1
1) Specify some of the significant changes in tramport in post Independence India.
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2) How would you organbe a tour by bus? Answer iq 10 lmes.
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3) Write in 5 sentencesabout bow to do booking in diffeaent trains.
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8.5 WATER TRANSPORT
Before thc coming of road and rail transport it was water transport (regarded 2s die oldest
transportittion mode) which carried goods and persons from one place to another. In spite of
bridge construction over rivcrs it still has relevance because of environmental considerations
and less costs. Bcf'orc analysing its relevance in tourism let us explain the three broad
categories of water transport. They are:
Coastal Shippi1;g
Inland Witr~.twa;s
Tnodsm Services and 1) Coastal Shipping: India has a vast coastline of about 5500 kilomerres. There 1s
opemth~~fI- considerable scope for utilisatioc of coastal shipping for wsport of goods and passengm. It
is the most energy-eficient and cheapest mode of transpbtt over long distances. Passenger
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traffic on this mode is at present from mainland to Anrjaman and Nicobar Islands and
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W a d w e e p Islands. One seasonal service also operates from Bombay to Goa
2) Inland Waterways: The inland waterways like Coastal Shipping has i n h e ~ nadvantages
t
like being the cheapest mode, energy saving, low investment, etc. The share of inland
waterways in the country's transport system is 1%though the navigable inland waterways
extend to 14,500 kilomems comprising of a variety of river systems, canals and backwaters.
Nearly half of these are suitable for mechanised vessels. ?his mode is still grossly
undemtilised. The Inland Waterways Authority of India constitutedin 1986 has been entrusted
with the responsibility of development, maintenance and regulation of National Waterways for
-- - which is yet to take effective sham and tao the vast wtential of this mode of trmsvort
shimin2
in India.
3) Foreign Going Traffic: There are 11 major and 139 minor ports in India. The major
ports are under the control of the Ministry of Surface Transport of the Union Government The
nunor ports are under the state governments. The number of ships calling on the major ports
in 1991 was 9416 with a baffic of 152 million tomes. India's share in the total world sea bade
~n terms of value is a mere 0.6%. The development of Indan Shipping industry is exaemely
slow. India's share in the world sea fleet is 1%.
Afler knowing this basic information on water transport, you must be interested to know how
one can think of using it to promote tourism. Cities having rivers and seas have tremendous
poentiality to plan differentpackage tours on boat, steamer or ship. For example, West Bengal
tourism department introduced special tourist launches to carry tourists to Sunderban (famous
for the Royal Bengal Tiger). In the launch itself various facilities were provided to make the
journey and stay comfortable. The project has been a success. The approach to Elephanta
Caves is through motor launch only which ply from Gateway of India (Bombay).
Similarly, Goa Tourism Department organises sea cruises of half day and full day. The most
interesting experience is that of tourists going to Lakshadwcep islands on cruise ships. During
day they are taken to the islands by boats and at night they stay back at the ship where different
kinds of entertainment is provided. Some travel agencies also conduct sea cruises for tourists
-the leading being the Travel Corporation of India. Tourists going on a holiday to Antlamans
take a ship either from Madras or Calcutta.
There is a further variety of tourist attraction like staying in a houseboat at Dal Lake in
Kashmir; taking boat &ips at Varanasi or Allahabad; boating at Nainital (boating and water
sports are picking up fast in the country. See (Unit 13, Block4 TS-2).In Cochin, bc l t buses
ply between the various islands. Though they are the local mode of transport tourists enjoy
travelling in thean.
You should keep yourself updated in relation to tourist attractions or waterways as more areas
are being developed in this regard.
8.6 AIRTRANSPORT - .
Scheduled air transport started in India rn 1932. Until its nationalisationin 1953, the existence
of air transport was only symbolic and played relatively small mle in the economy of the
nation As its use to the British government was limited and technologicallevel of this mdustry
being inadequate, they never took any efforts to develop the .same.
After the enactment of the Air Corporatimi, .ict, 1933 nationalishg the air transport industry
in India two Corporationswere set up r i ~ Indian
, Airlines and Air-India The former operated
domestic services and to neighbouring countries while the latter catered to i~~lernational
aaftic
in and out of the country.. Vayudoot was formed as a subsidiary of Indian Aillnes and
Air-India and c am to the:feeder routes in remote hilly and inaccessible &. Pawan Hans
was formed in 1985 to run the helicopter services and was initially named the Helicopter
Corporatial of India. Its objective was w provide helicopter service in support of the offshore
oil tirillin? in India hesides linki~lgAndaman Nicobar, Lakshwadeep Islands with themainland
and connecting inaccessible areas and difficult terrains in Jammu & Kashrnir, Sikkim and the
North-Eastern Stam.
After nationalisation, the two Air Corporations updated technology in the indusuy and today
Indian Airlines and Air-India have an all-Jet fleet of the most modem type of aircrafts equipped
with the state-of-art technology with matching infrastructure on ground.
Indian Airlines fleet comprises of 57 aircrafts and Air-India has 23 aircrafts as under :
Aircraft Type Indian Airlines Air-India
Airbus A300
(200-plus seater)
Airbus A310
(100-plus seater)
Airbus A320
(100-plus seater)
Boeing-737
(100-plus seater)
Boeing-747 - 11
(300-plus seater)
Boeing-747 @ash 400) - 01
(400-plus seater)
Since nationalisation, the union government has invested Rs. 100 crores by way of equity and
loan capital in Indian Airlines and approximately Rs. 153 crores in Air-India The annual
hirnover of these two Corporations is more than Rs. 2000 crores per year each. While Air-Indii
carries annually 22 lakhs passengers, Indian Airlines carries 88 lakhs, Vayudoot carries 4.10
lakhs and Pawan Hans 2.5 lakhs.
Since 1990 the government has permitted private operators to operate trunk routes within India
and compete with Indian Airlines. There are a few small companies operating along with
Indian Airlines on domestic routes. These are East West Airlines, Trans Bharat Aviation,
Jagson Airlines, Modi Luft, City Link Airways, Sahara India Airlines, etc. Recently the Air
Corporation Act has been modified to facilitate the 'open skies' policy.
Tourism Sewices and Air transport to Indi is primarily used'for passenger &msportation and hence it has a very
Operations -I
important 1-016to play in the development of tourism in India. The Government is now
spending huge amsunts to upgrade and modernise the airports as per the requirements of today
and the future.
h i d e An Air India Plane
r *
8.7 ROLE OF TRANSPORT IN TOURISM
In a vast country like India with extensive geographical diversity, fast and e.fficient means of
transport is very essential to link the various places. Tourism as an industry c a i only be'
developed if the time taken to cover the long distances is cut short to the minimum. In loday's
industrial society, the time at the disposal of a tourist is very limiled. A leisure tourist may have
only 21 few weeks wliile thc business tourist can afford to spend only a few days. Consumer
psychology is as present in tourist industry &s in any other service industry and thus tl~etourists
like to lnaxitnise the returns of their spendings by covering in their itinerary as many places as
possiblc within the limiled time-frame. Likewise, busiiless delegates cherish sight-seeing and
visits to placcs of historical value at. (he end of their session.
India's chare of world tourist Waftic is 0.29% with around a million per annurn visiting India.
One rmongst the various obstacles in achieving aniincrease in internatio~ialtourism in India is
the serious deficiency in travel facilities from the mail1 points of arrivnl in the country to the
centre of lourist attraclion which they want to visit and stay at. The growth of air travel
capacity during the next decade will have to cater to this requirement. Tourist traffic is
estimated to grow at 6% annually.
The road tansport plays a major role in diort distance travel. However, the share of buses
being only 1.3% and cars, jeeps and taxi 7.8% in the total road traffic,% is inadequately
developed. The role of luxury coaches and rent-a-cllr system is virtually insignificant and has
only il symbolic existence in and between certain metropolitan cities. The service through this
mode offcrcd today is lacking in comfort and choice and is thus an impediment in the growth
of domestic as well as international tourist traffic. In spite of. Ihe short-comings it is one of the
m%jormodes of transport for inland touristy.
I
Tlie advantagcs offered by the railways in long distance has made this mode thc main merial
link between the lcngth and breadth of the country tor the tourist traffic and its role hi inland
transportation is no less important. Along with the road tansporl, it provides the basic
ilifrastructure for movement of tourists inland, though ils popularity and ufility for the foreign
tourists is very little as (hey prefer the air transport which provides geatest speed and comfort.
Tl:e share of water ways, both inland, coastal and overseas, is negligible in tourist traffic.
Ropeways also have a distinct advantage in hill rangcs and rapid streams, tl~elatter with
frcquent changes in their courses. More than 16%)of the country's areas is hilly. However, the
total length of ropeways in Indiais hardly a few hnndred kilometres and thus this mode, though
quite suitable in specific areas, has remained untapped till date.
The importance of air transport in tourism stems from the fact that India hay a well eslablished
surface transport system. This, however, suffers from serious shortcomings :
road transport being stagnant is unable to play its full role in the promotion and growth of
tourism,
* the rail system, on the other hand, though fairly extensive, is good only in parts.
In a large country like ours and the short time at the disposal of the average tourist, rail travel
is too slow to satisfy the needs of international tourists. Tlic railways are trying hard to cope
with these shortcomings.
At present 40% of the incoming traffic by air consists of tourists. Because of geographical
reasons, the vast m+jority of tourists (90%) coming to Tndia arrive and depart by air. After
arriving in India the tourists are again largely dependent 011 air transport for their movements
within the country. This is so because of the vastness of the country and unlike developed
countries we do not have a roadlcoach system offering tl:e necessary quality of service and
choice.
Bombay
I Delhi
~~ Calcutta
Madras
Tourism Services and Surveys of Indian Aiulines passengers prolile indicated that 73%)of it5 tola1 traffic constituted
Operations -I
business travellers while 17% on vacation and thc rest arc on account of personal reasons.
Eighty-two per cent of Ule passengers were residenl Indians, while 18% were foreign nationals
and NRIs. Most of Yie foreign tourists go through one of the 4 metros as they are major entry
points. Apart frorh the 4 metros, Agra, Jaipur, Varanasi, Bangalore and Goa were among the
10 top tourist places visiled by the foreign tourists.
8.8 TOWARDS A NATIONAL TRANSPORT POLICY
It is a fact that all modes of transport available in India at present are inadequate to mect the
growing demand. Some of the modes like inland waterways or coastal shipping are still
untapped.
Since 1950 onwards, the search continues for a National Transportation Policy clearly laying
down the role of various modes of transport with short-term and long-term objectives and
programmes for thcir devclopmcnt.
In 1950, the Motor Vehicle Taxat~onEnquiry Committee stressed the necessity for
co-ordinatin:: development of all means of transport. In 1951, the Transport Advisory Council
repeated the need for development, co-ordination and preservation of a nation-wide transport
system by water, road, rail &s well as other means. The Committee on Transport Policy and
Co-ordination set up in 1959 (also known as Neogy Committee) submitted its report in 1966 to
draw up the broad outlines of a National Policy covering all modes of transport. Further, in
1970, Inland Water Transport Committee emphasized the need for enunciating a National
Transport Policy which would define the role of each mode of transport and lay down clear
principles and proce$ur~~ffor,their co-ordination and integration where feasible and necessary.
The search continued with the formation of the Pande Committee in 1978 lo proposc a
comprehensive Transport policy for the country. It was required Lo recommend an '~ptimal,
inter-modal mode of different systems and also suggest appropriate technical choices within
each system. This Committee also submitted its report in May 1980. This Committee
recommended the co-ordination of all modes of tmnsport and felt that there should be an
over-riding accent on euergy conservation in ;rNational Transport Policy. The Government of
India accepted the recommendations made by this Committee, in full. However, its
implementation is still awaited for various reasons.
I Check Your Progress 2 I
1) Give your suggestions to promote water transport in order to attract tourist.
2) What is recently the major change in policy in air transport?
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3) How tourism is dependent on tmspon industry'! Modes of Transport
4) What is the relevance of anational policy on transport?
8.9 LET US SUM UP
This Unit has introduced you to a broad profile of different modcs of trailsport existing in India
Starting from railways to air travel every mode of transport is important keeping in mind the
different physical condition of our country and varied mterests and demands of the commuters.
What we need today is lo develop an integratedplan in order to move forward creatively and
cconomically, With technology advancing every day transport industry needs reorientation
accordingly and this is an essential pre-requisitc for the development of tourism.
8.10 KEYWORDS
Colonial : Here it is used to define the different historical periods. Colonial relates to the
British rule in Inclia.
LTC :Leave Travel Concession. Irimost of the organisations employees are given this facility
to travel by the organisations. Rules of LTC vary from organisation to organisation.
Sea cruises : Sailing in h e sea far pleasure.
Toy train :This is run in 3 tourist places, Ooty, Shimla and Darjeeling. It is one of the major
attraction of the tourists visiting these places.
8.11 ANSWERS TO CHECK YOUR PlROGRESS
EXERCISES
I Check Your Progress I I
1) See Sec. 8.2.
2) In the light of information given in Sec. 8.3 and from your own understanding you have to
answer this question.
3) You have to write collecting information on your own.
Check Your Progress 2
1) You have read about water transport in S e c . 8.5. This would help you in formulalirig plan.
2) Permission glven to private air operators as well as abolition of air corporation act of 1953.
See Sec. 8.6.
3 ) See Sec. 8.7.
4) See Sec. 8.8.
I'uudsm Services and
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Onrr:~tir,ns ANNEXURE
Some Essential Information for Travel by Train
I) Reservation
Where to go for yow reservation, how you would get your reservation, different types of
reservation, system of onward reservation and return reservation. etc. You will get up-to-date
information on all these from your area railway reservation centre.
IIj Lost Tickets and Refunds
Contact Chief Commercial Officer, Railway Reservation or Station Superintendent.
HI) You must have a current Railway Time Table and you have to learn how see the Time Table.
IV) Different Class Structure in various Trains i.e. 2nd class ordinary, 2nd class sleeper,
AC chair car,etc. Trains like Rajdhani Express, Shatabdi Express, for example, do not have
m y non-AC class.
V) Facilities Available at Station
Cloakroom, Waiting room, Retiring room, etc.
VI) Different Concessions and Facilities for Travel
Indrail Pass, Old Age concession, Hill concession, Student concession, Circular Trip, Brcak
journey, etc.
VIII) Left Luggage
A tourist can check the luggage into a cloak room for short periods.
