User Manual

FEMWATER-GUI
FEMWATER-LHS comes with Graphical
User Interface (GUI)

(Version 2018)

Wahyu Hardyanto

Edited by Sri Wuli Fitriati

 v

FEMWATER-GUI: FEMWATER-LHS comes with Graphical User Interface (GUI)

Copyright
c 2018 by UNNES Press.
ISBN 978-602-285-154-7

All rights reserved. This book or any portion thereof may not be reproduced or
used in any manner whatsoever without the express written permission of the
publisher except for the use of brief quotations in a book review.

First Printing, 2003

Unnes Press
Jl. Kelud Raya No.2
Gajahmungkur, Semarang 50237
Preface

A groundwater modeling code FEMWATER-LHS was developed based on the

three-dimensional finite-element groundwater flow model for saturated-unsaturated
media (3DFEMWATER) and the three-dimensional Lagrangian-Eulerian finite-
element model of waste transport through saturated-unsaturated media (3DLE-
WASTE). There were originally written for the U.S. Environmental Protection
Agency (USEPA) by Dr. Gour-Tsyh (George) Yeh in 1992 at Pennsylvania State
University. We also included the Latin Hypercube Sampling (LHS) as a stochas-
tic approach. The LHS mode provided for FEMWATER-LHS allows the analyst to
specify distributions, control correlation sampling, perform a simple Monte Carlo
uncertainty analyses, and the more advanced LHS, and additionally performing both
using either random or restricted pairing techniques.
This software was done by the development of the model called FEMWATER-
LHS which comes with an Argus ONETM GUI (Argus Open Numerical Environ-
ments Graphical User Interfaces). The GUI for FEMWATER-LHS is based on a
public-domain Plug-In Extension (PIE) to Argus ONE that permits the use of Ar-
gus ONE to automatically create the appropriate geospatial information coverages
(information layers); provide menus and dialogs for inputting simulation control pa-
rameters and geospatial information, and it is also possible to visualize the results
of the FEMWATER-LHS.
The software is available for downloading from the Internet from the repository
at http://kuliah.unnes.ac.id/. Any updates to or new versions of this
code and report will be made available for downloading from this site.
I am indebted to those who provided helpful criticisms and contributions during
the software development and the preparation of this manuscript. Of special note are
Prof. B. Merkel, Dr. R. B. Winston, J. Margolin, J. C. Helton, M. J. Shortencarier
and Sri Wuli Fitriati, Ph.D.

Wahyu Hardyanto
Universitas Negeri Semarang

vii
Contents

1 Groundwater Modeling Software . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1

1.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
1.2 Installation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
1.3 Program description . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3

2 FEMWATER-GUI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
2.1 General settings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
2.1.1 FEMWATER-LHS Type of Simulation Problem . . . . . . . . . . 7
2.1.2 Model Title and Type . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
2.1.3 Run Control Parameters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
2.1.4 Iteration Parameters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
2.1.5 Time Control . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
2.1.6 Output Control . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
2.1.7 Fluid Properties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
2.1.8 Material and Soil Properties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
2.1.9 Layer and Calibration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
2.1.10 Latin Hypercube Sampling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
2.2 Boundary Conditions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
2.2.1 Dirichlet Boundary Conditions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
2.2.2 Cauchy, Neuman and Variable Composite Boundary
Conditions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
2.2.3 Distributed and Point Source/Sink Boundary Conditions. . . . 20

3 Example Applications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
3.1 Areal Groundwater Flow Simulation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
3.1.1 The input of Hydrogeologic Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
3.1.2 Mesh Generation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
3.1.3 Running FEMWATER . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
3.1.4 Displaying Results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30

ix
x Contents

4 Step-by-Step Applications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
4.1 Steady 2D Drainage Problem . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
4.2 Steady 2D Drainage Problem (LHS mode) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
4.3 Transient 2D Drainage Problem . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42
4.4 Transient 2D Drainage Problem (LHS mode) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44
4.5 Steady 3D Pumping Problem . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
4.6 Steady 3D Pumping Problem (LHS mode) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49
4.7 Seawater Intrusion in Confined Aquifer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50
4.8 Seawater Intrusion in Confined Aquifer(LHS Mode) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57
Chapter 1
Groundwater Modeling Software

1.1 Introduction

A 3-dimensional finite element groundwater model for density-dependent flow and

transport through saturated-unsaturated porous media with approach (i.e. Latin Hy-
percube Sampling) FEMWATER-LHS has been developed. Numerical models like
FEMWATER-LHS cannot be regarded as representations of the real world because
the complexity of natural hydrogeologic systems can never be captured in the dis-
cretized parameters of a numerical model. Instead, numerical should be understood
as a means of testing hydrologic hypotheses based on model parameters that best
represent measured phenomena. In this case, the FEMWATER-LHS code is also
written in FORTRAN. However, testing hydrologic hypotheses often become time-
consuming because numerical models require complex data.
To facilitate the modeling process, graphical user interfaces (GUI) are needed to
handle geospatial information and simulation control parameters, as well as visual-
ize the simulated results. For this purpose, a FEMWATER-GUI has been developed
using Borland DelphiTM . This GUI for FEMWATER-LHS was developed using
commercially available software developed by Argus Interware. The Argus Inter-
ware product, known as Argus Open Numerical Environment (Argus ONETM ), is
a model-independent, programmable system with Geographic-Information-System-
like (GIS-like) functionality that includes automated griding and meshing capabili-
ties for synthesizing geospatial information and linking it with finite difference and
finite element discretizations techniques. This GUIs must be used in conjunction
with the Argus ONE commercial package. Together, these codes provide a conve-
nient graphical pre- and post-processor, that significantly reduce the time and effort
required for use of FEMWATER-LHS as a hydrogeologic tool.

1
2 1 Groundwater Modeling Software

1.2 Installation

The groundwater modeling code FEMWATERLHS for saturated-unsaturated porous

media by combining and modifying three existing codes: groundwater flow, solute
transport (FEMWATER) and probabilistic Latin Hypercube Sampling (LHS). The
GUI for FEMWATER-LHS is based on a public-domain Plug-In Extension (PIE)
to ArgusONE that permits the use of Argus ONE to automatically create the ap-
propriate geospatial information coverages (information layers); provide menus and
dialogs for inputting geospatial information and simulation control parameters, and
allow visualization of FEMWATER-LHS simulation results.
The FEMWATER-LHS has been developed only for computers operating un-
der Windows. The user must have the Windows version of Argus Open Numeri-
cal Environments (Argus ONE). However, the evaluation mode edition is allowing
the user to install it on the PC. This mode is fully functional but the user can not
save or print the projects and export is limited to 625 elements. Additional infor-
mation and software about Argus ONE and FEMWATER-LHS can be found on
http://www.argusint.com and http://kuliah.unnes.ac.id.

Table 1.1 Files and the installation directory

Files required for installation Location to install
fwgui301.dll [Argus directory]\ArgusPIE\FWGUI30
femwater lewaste lhs.met [Argus directory]\ArgusPIE\FWGUI30
FEMWATER List.dll [Argus directory]\ArgusPIE\List
FEMWATER GetMyDirectory.dll [Argus directory]\ArgusPIE\GetMyDirectory
BIN2ASC.exe [Argus directory]\ArgusPIE\GetMyDirectory
PCCSRCP.exe [Argus directory]\ArgusPIE\GetMyDirectory
EditContoursPie.dll [Argus directory]\ArgusPIE\EditContours

All the files used by the PIE should be placed in the ArgusPIE directory or in
subdirectories under the ArgusPIE directory. Unless otherwise noted, it is generally
a good idea to place each PIE in its own subdirectories under the ArgusPIE directory.
The export templates used by the PIE (femwater lewaste lhs.met) should be placed
in the same directory as the FEMWATER PIE (FWGUI301.dll) (Table 1.1).
The executable version of FEMWATER-LHS (FEMWLHS.EXE) is assumed to
be located in a directory with the pathname C:\FEMWATER\; the full pathname of
the executable for FEMWATER-LHS is assumed to be C:\FEMWATER\
FEMWLHS.EXE.
1.3 Program description 3

1.3 Program description

The FEMWATER-LHS can be used to simulate saturated-unsaturated flow and con-

taminant transport including density-driven flow. This program is also capable of
performing sensitivity and uncertainty analysis (hydraulic conductivity, porosity,
water content, etc.). Therefore, the uncertainty and sensitivity associated with the
predictions have to be quantified. Consequently, this program provides this capabil-
ity by utilizing Latin Hypercube simulation techniques. For a better performance,
FEMWATER-LHS source code has been compiled with the GNU Fortran compiler
(gfortran).
FEMWATER-LHS can be run in LHS mode so that probabilistic estimates of the
material properties parameters of the saturated-unsaturated zone from the source
area can be made.
A schematic representation of the uncertainty and sensitivity analysis is given in
Figure 1.1.

Figure 1.1 Schematic representation of example analysis. (*): programs (Hardyanto, 2003;
Hardyanto & Merkel, 2007).
4 1 Groundwater Modeling Software

The analysis involves the following steps:

1. Mesh generation, setting the input parameters and importing data from GIS (Ge-
ographical Information System). There is some file format that can be imported,
such as simple TEXT, DXF (AutoCAD format), Images (GIF, TIFF, Xbitmap,
MacPaint, Windows DIB, Sun Raster or Nexpert Objects Images format), and
Shape (ArcViewTM format) files.
2. Obtaining random samples from the probability distributions of the inputs.
3. Performing FEMWATER-LHS for the combination of sampled inputs.
4. Performing CALSTATS and PCCSRCP for the calculation of the cumulative dis-
tributions, means, variance, and partial correlation coefficients or standard regres-
sion coefficients.
It should be noted that BIN2ASC is a program running behind the FEMWATER-
LHS for visualizing the results in deterministic mode.
Chapter 2
FEMWATER-GUI

2.1 General settings

Groundwater numerical models like FEMWATER-LHS cannot be regarded as rep-

resentations of the real world because the complexity of natural hydrogeologic sys-
tems can never be captured in the discretized parameters of a numerical model.
Instead, numerical modeling should be understood as a means of testing hydro-
logic hypotheses based on model parameter s that best represent measured phenom-
ena. However, testing hydrogeologic hypotheses often becomes time-consuming
because numerical models require complex data. To facilitate the modeling pro-
cess, graphical-user interfaces (GUI’s) are needed to handle geospatial informa-
tion and simulation control parameters, as well as visualize the simulated results.
For this purpose, a FEMWATER-GUI has been developed using Borland Del-
phiTM Professional 4.0. This GUI for FEMWATER-LHS was developed using
commercially available software developed by Argus Interware. The Argus Inter-
ware product, known as Argus Open Numerical Environment (Argus ONET M ), is
a model-independent, programmable system with Geographic-Information-System-
like (GIS-like) functionality that includes automated griding and meshing capabili-
ties for synthesizing geospatial information and linking it with finite difference and
finite element discretizations techniques. This GUI’s must be used in conjunction
with the Argus ONE commercial package. Together, these codes provide a conve-
nient graphical pre- and post-processor, that significantly reduce the time and effort
required for use of FEMWATER-LHS as a hydrogeologic tool.
Let us now consider the practical aspect of setting up the model. To access the
interface, activate Argus ONE. An existing project can now be selected by clicking
on File and then Open. From the resulting dialog box, one can be select an existing
.mmb file prodused during an earlier investigation (see Figure 2.1).
Alternatively, if a new project is to be considered, one can click on the PIEs
menu and select New FEMWATER Project. Plug-in extensions (PIEs) are functions
or groups of functions that add capabilities to the basic structure of Argus ONE. The
FEMWATER PIE contains the following functions:

5
6 2 FEMWATER-GUI

Figure 2.1 The first step in setting up the FEMWATER-LHS model using Argus ONE is to make
sure that the model to be used is FEMWATER-LHS. This completes by selecting New FEMWA-
TER Project from the PIEs menu.

1. A function to create an Argus ONE project for FEMWATER. This function is

executed by selecting PIEs | New FEMWATER Project.
2. A function to edit the project information using FEMWATER-GUI dialog, exe-
cuted by selecting PIEs | Edit Project Info.
3. A function to run FEMWATER, executed by selecting PIEs | Run FEMWATER.
The first two of these functions are always available on the PIE menu. The third
is available in the PIE menu when the FEMWATER Mesh layer is active. It also
contains several functions that are hidden to the user.
After selecting the New FEMWATER Project option, a FEMWATER-GUI dialog
box will open, as shown in Figure 2.2.
The FEMWATER-GUI dialog boxes are used to enter simulation control param-
eters and other nonspatial information. The information in these dialog boxes is
synthesized to build the structure of geospatial information layers needed for the
FEMWATER-LHS simulation. In the following, the selected parameters in each
of the dialog boxes are described. A complete description of the parameters is
contained in 3DFEMWATER/3DLEWASTE reference manual (Yeh et al., 1993),
FEMWATER (GMS version) reference manual (Lin et al., 1997), and the user’s
guide for LHS program (Iman et al., 1984).
2.1 General settings 7

2.1.1 FEMWATER-LHS Type of Simulation Problem

The FEMWATER-LHS Type of Simulation Problem dialog (see Figure 2.2) allows
the user to choose the type of simulation problem to be solved with FEMWATER-
LHS.
If the user exits this window, the FEMWATER-LHS interface will have been
configured, and the problem type cannot be changed without starting over with a
PIEs | New FEMWATER Project.

Figure 2.2 Type of Simulation Problem dialog box opened by selecting of New FEMWATER
Project.

2.1.2 Model Title and Type

The Model Title and Type dialog (see Figure 2.3) allows the user to choose the
type of model and simulation to be solved with FEMWATER-LHS, and enter the
information related to the description of the simulation.

Type of Model (KMOD)

Two options are available for designating the type of models to be performed by
FEMWATER-LHS:
1. Perform a flow model only
2. Perform a coupled flow and transport model

With a couple flow and transport simulation, either density-dependent flow or

density independent flow can be simulated. This option is controlled by entering the
8 2 FEMWATER-GUI

appropriate parameters defining the relationship between concentration and density

and concentration and viscosity. These parameters are entered in Fluid Properties
dialog described in Section 2.1.7.

Figure 2.3 The title and type of the model are provided via this tab dialog.

Type of Simulation (LHSON)

Two options are available for designating the type of simulations to be performed
by FEMWATER-LHS:
1. Perform a deterministic simulation
2. Perform a Latin Hypercube Sampling Simulation
This option implies that the appropriate parameters describing the LHS variables
must be entered by the user. These parameters are entered in the Latin Hypercube
Sampling dialog described in Section 2.1.10.

2.1.3 Run Control Parameters

The Run Control dialog is shown in Figure 2.4 This dialog used to enter a set of
general analysis options.
2.1 General settings 9

Figure 2.4 Control tab dialog used for selecting the Type Solution, Solver, Element Tracking,
Particle Tracking Pattern, Weighting Factor, Relaxation Parameter, Flag Parameters, and Sorption
Model Control-Isotherm.

State vs. Transient (KSS/KSST)

FEMWATER-LHS can be run in either a steady state or transient mode. The steady
state mode is only allowed when Flow only has been selected.

Element Tracking and Particle Tracking Pattern (IDETQ)

The Element Tracking edit box and Element Tracking and Particle Tracking Pattern
(IDETQ) check box are used to edit parameters relating to how the particle tracking
is carried out by FEMWATER-LHS during the transport phase.
Particle tracking, as its name implies, is a means of using numerical results to
track fictitious individual particles across a numerical model mesh, approximating
the advection of the contaminant front. In order to accurately track particles over
large elements with large velocity gradients, it is sometimes necessary to subdivide
the individual elements into smaller subelements.

Solver Selection (IPNTS)

Two solvers are provided in FEMWATER-LHS:
10 2 FEMWATER-GUI

1. Block iterative solver. As a general rule, subregions comprised of vertical or

sub-vertical nodal slices provide the smallest half-bandwidth and will perform
well in the block iterative method, although this may not always be the case.
For some problems, horizontal slicing may be advantageous. The block iterative
logic contains a relaxation factor which can be used to over-relax the solution
and help accelerate the rate of convergence (Yeh et al.,1993).
2. Pointwise iterative matrix solver. The Point iterative matrix solver employs
the basic successive iterative method to solve the matrix equation, including
the Gauss-Seidel method, successive under relaxation, and successive over-
relaxation. When the resulting matrix is diagonally dominant, the pointwise iter-
ative solver provides a convergent solution. This solver is preferred because it is
more robust than the other solvers (Lin et al., 1997).

2.1.4 Iteration Parameters

The Iteration Parameters dialog shown in Figure 2.5 is used to enter the iteration
parameters for each simulation type (flow only or coupled flow and transport).

Figure 2.5 Iteration Parameters tab dialog used for inputting parameters of the Flow Simulation,
Transport Simulation, coupling Flow and Transport Simulation.
2.1 General settings 11

2.1.5 Time Control

The Time Control dialog is used to enter the data used by FEMWATER-LHS to de-
scribe the time of simulation. For a constant time-step size, the number of time steps,
NTI is obtained by dividing the simulation time by the time-step size, DELT. If the
time-step size is variable, this number is can be computed by NTI = I1 + 1 + I2 + 1,
where I1 is the largest integer not exceeding Log(DELMAX/DELT)/Log(1+CHNG),
I2 is the largest integer not exceeding (RTIME-DELT*((1+ CHNG)**(I1+1)-1)/
CHNG)/DELMAX, RTIME is the real simulation time, DELMAX is the maximum
time-step size, DELT is the time-step size used for the first time-step computation
if the variable CHNG is not equal to 0.0, and CHNG specifies how much of an in-
crease one would like to make to the time-step size for each subsequent time step.
If a steady state solution is desired, NTI should be set equal to zero. The dialog is
shown in Figure 2.6.

Figure 2.6 Time Control tab dialog.

12 2 FEMWATER-GUI

2.1.6 Output Control

The Output Control dialog is used to select parameters defining what type of output
will be printed from FEMATER-LHS. The dialog is shown in Figure 2.7.

Figure 2.7 Output Control tab dialog.

2.1.7 Fluid Properties

The Fluid Properties dialog is used to specify the acceleration of gravity and the
density, viscosity of the fluid. Specifying the acceleration of gravity allows the user
to use any desired units for the fluid properties, soil properties, and all other param-
eters input to FEMWATER-LHS. All parameters should be consistent with the units
of the specified acceleration of gravity (e.g. GRAV = 7.316 × 1010 m day−2 , VISC
= 1.1232 ×104 kg m−1 day−1 and RHO = 1.0 × 103 kg m−3 )
For a density-driven flow and transport simulation, the relationships between
concentration, density and viscosity must be defined. The relationships used by
FEMWATER-LHS are
ρ
= a1 + a2C + a3C2 + a4C3
ρ0
2.1 General settings 13

and
µ
= a5 + a6C + a7C2 + a8C3
µ0

Thus, values of coefficients a1 , . . . , a8 must be specified by the user. The dialog

is shown in Figure 2.8.

Figure 2.8 Fluid Properties tab dialog used for inputting the Fluid Parameters, Coefficients for
Computing Density and Viscosity.

2.1.8 Material and Soil Properties

Conductivity/Permeability (KCP)
Hydraulic conductivity is the coefficient of proportionality which appears in Darcy’s
Law. For three-dimensional flow in an anisotropic medium, hydraulic conductivity
varies with direction at any point in space and is expressed as a symmetric second-
rank tensor. Permeability is equal to hydraulic conductivity multiplied by a scalar
value, as is seen in Eq. below.
The hydraulic conductivity K is given by
14 2 FEMWATER-GUI

ρg (ρ/ρ0 ) ρ0 g
K= k= ks kr
µ (µ/µ0 ) µ0

where µ = dynamic viscosity of water at chemical concentration C; mu0 = reference

dynamic viscosity; g = gravity; k = permeability tensor; ks = saturated permeability
tensor; kr = relative permeability or relative hydraulic conductivity;

Material and Soil tabs

As a quadrilateral finite element mesh is generated, a default material is defined and
each element (quasi-3D element) in the mesh has a default material type associated
with it. The dialog is shown in Figure 2.9. The first two tabs in the dialog are the
following:

1. Hydraulic Conductivity or Permeability (Cond/Perm)

The hydraulic conductivity or permeability tensor for the default material is en-
tered in the tabular format (see Figure 2.9). Since the tensor is symmetry, only 6
of the 9 terms are needed (Kxx, Kyy, Kzz, Kxy = Kyx, Kxz = Kzx, and Kyz =
Kzy).

Figure 2.9 Material and Soil Properties tab dialog used for inputting The Hydraulic Conductivity
or Permeability and Soil Property Parameters.
2.1 General settings 15

2. Soil Property Parameters (Soil Prop)

Analytical equations developed by van Genuchten (1980) are used in the code to
describe the relationship between pressure head (h) and moisture content (θ ) and
the relationship between relative hydraulic conductivity (K) and moisture content
(θ ) (see Eq. below).
γ 2
" #

1/γ
Kr = θe0.5 1 − 1 − θe

and h

β i−γ
θe = 1 + | αh | for h < 0
θe = 1 for h ≥ 0

where
θ = θr + θe (θs − θr )

In order to solve these equations, five parameters must be entered in the tabular
for the default material type: residual moisture content (θr ), saturated moisture
content or porosity (θs ), air entry pressure head (h), and two soil-specific empir-
ical parameters, α, and β .
If the Coupled flow and transport model in Model Title and Type dialog is se-
lected, the Disp/Diff tab in the Material and Soil Properties dialog is visible. The
transport parameters (i.e. distribution coefficient (Kd ), bulk density (βb ), longitudi-
nal (αL ) and transverse (αT ) dispersion, molecular diffusion coefficient (αm ), tortu-
osity (τ), radioactive decay (λ ) and Freundlich nor Langmuir Smax (K)) associated
with the default material are displayed in the dialog and can be edited.

Material and Soil Property Correction

To make the Correction Cond/Perm, Correction Soil Prop and Correction Disp/Diff
tabs visible and enter the available data of the material correction properties the
Material types correction checkbox must be checked (see Figure 2.10). This also
offers the ability to add rows for more correction material types. Each of these ma-
terial correction types can be assigned to an element within the elemental layer, the
element should be selected with the Close Contour or Open Contour tool. An ex-
ample of the spatial differences for the correction material types shown in Figure
2.11. This figure shows three types of the material: the default material, material
correction type 1 and 2.
16 2 FEMWATER-GUI

Figure 2.10 When the Material types correction checkbox is checked, the Material and Soil Prop-
erties tab dialog visible to enter the data of the material correction properties.

Figure 2.11 Mesh representation of the material correction types within the elemental layer.
2.1 General settings 17

2.1.9 Layer and Calibration

The Layer and Calibration dialog is used to add or delete the number of nodal
layers or elemental layers. Simple areal model layers that represent a quasi-three-
dimensional are illustrated in Figure 2.12. This figure represents 2 elemental layers
and 3 nodal layers with several elements and nodes for each layer. The dialog is
shown in Figure 2.13.

Figure 2.12 Schematic diagram of a quasi-three-dimensional model.

Figure 2.13 Layer and Calibration tab dialog.

18 2 FEMWATER-GUI

To add a layer, the cursor is moved to the table listing the layers and a layer is
select by clicking on it. Clicking the Add button adds a layer below the highlighted
layer. This provides a quasi-three-dimensional finite element mesh, that means ex-
trude two-dimensional finite elements as prisms.
To delete a layer from the list, the cursor is moved to the table listing the layers.
Clicking the row in the table highlights and then clicking the Delete button removes
the layer from the list.
The remaining layers are renumbered. It is important to note that deleting a layer
will delete the geospatial information layers and all information in those layers.
This information will be deleted once the OK button is clicked; clicking the Cancel
button will cancel changes made in the dialog.
If the Head Observations and/or Concentration Observations checkbox is checked,
then it is enabled to create and specify some observation points for head and/or con-
centration in the model to be used in the model calibration.

2.1.10 Latin Hypercube Sampling

The Latin Hypercube Sampling dialog (see Figure 2.14) allows the user to select dis-
tributions for key parameters from a variety of distributions; normal and lognormal,
uniform, triangular, discrete probability and empirical. The user may also specify
correlations between the input parameters. The model then executes a prespecified
number of runs.

2.2 Boundary Conditions

A set of boundary conditions must also be defined on the Boundary Condition dialog
in order to complete the input required by FEMWATER-LHS.
A set of rules or guidelines for determining the appropriate set of boundary con-
ditions for a particular problem is presented in the 3DFEMWATER/3DLEWASTE
Reference Manual (Yeh et al., 1993).

2.2.1 Dirichlet Boundary Conditions

The dialog that appears depends on whether Flow only or Coupled flow and trans-
port model is selected in Model Title and Type dialog. If the Coupled flow and
transport is selected, the dialog shown in Figure 2.15 appears.
Fixed head boundary conditions in FEMWATER-LHS are assigned as the total
head. FEMWATER-LHS converts the total head to pressure heads internally. Heads
2.2 Boundary Conditions 19

Figure 2.14 Latin Hypercube Sampling tab dialog.

can be specified as a constant value (unlimited time) or allowed to vary with time
(transient value) at several nodes.
To enter the available data of the total head the Fixed-Head checkbox must be
checked. This also offers the ability to add rows for more Dirichlet boundary condi-
tion types and add columns for more time-dependent values.
The concentration can also be specified as either a constant or transient value. In
that case, the Fixed-Head button has to be cleared. If a concentration is defined via
Dirichlet boundary condition this means a fixed concentration at the certain node
and it does not represent the concentration of the incoming fluid.

2.2.2 Cauchy, Neuman and Variable Composite Boundary

Conditions.

If the Cauchy, Neuman or Variable Composite tab is clicked, the dialog shown is
identical with Figure 2.15. Cauchy, Neuman and Variable Composite Boundary
Conditions are flux-type boundary conditions. Both flux and concentration can be
assigned independently. In both cases, the type must be designated as either Cauchy,
Variable Composite or Neuman. The value can be defined as a constant or transient
value.
20 2 FEMWATER-GUI

Figure 2.15 Boundary Conditions tab dialog used for setting the Dirichlet Conditions.

2.2.3 Distributed and Point Source/Sink Boundary Conditions.

The Distributed and Point Source/Sink Boundary Conditions commands are used to
assign a flux rate to the node. The Distributed Source/Sink option is typically used
to assign flux rate per unit volume for each distributed source element. This option
allows a user modeling a large area to approximate the influence of several wells
within one element. The Point Source/Sink option is generally used to assign flux
rates to interior nodes to simulate injection or extraction wells. If the Distributed
Source/Sink or Point Source/Sink tab is activated, the dialog shown is identical with
Figure 2.16.
Both a flow rate and a concentration may be specified as a source/sink element
or node. The values can be constant or transient.
2.2 Boundary Conditions 21

Figure 2.16 Boundary Conditions dialog tab used for setting the Point Sources/Sinks Conditions.
Chapter 3
Example Applications

3.1 Areal Groundwater Flow Simulation

This example demonstrates to make an areal steady state Groundwater flow simula-
tion (disregarding solute transport), run FEMWATER, show simulation results, and
save the project.
Accept that there are four lakes, one at each edge of a shut alluvial valley. The
lakes control the hydraulic head at each corner, and no flow crosses the bedrock
sides of the valley. A hydraulic head esteem will be indicated where every lake
exists. Expect that three of the lakes are at a similar rise, which is fairly higher than
the fourth lake.

3.1.1 The input of Hydrogeologic Data

1. To open Argus ONE. Double-click on the Argus ONE icon .

2. From the PIEs menu found along the top of the window, select New FEMWATER
Project... This display the Simulation Configuration panel of the FEMWATER
Project Information dialog box.
3. The type of problem to be simulated is selected. To select the default type of
AREAL, click on Continue. This sets up a problem of areal flow with using an
irregular finite element mesh.
Other panels allow users to determine the value for FEMWATER simulation that
is not spatially variable; that is, that only has a single value, such as ”time step”.
This may be done by various lists by clicking on the panel on the left. Instead
now, now, accept the default value by clicking OK. This displays the new Argus
ONE window, called ”untitled1.”
The default values set up a simulation of steady-state groundwater flow (and
solute transport of a non-reactive solute) in an aquifer.

23
24 3 Example Applications

4. In the FEMWATER dialog, click on the Boundary Conditions | Dirichlet tab to

activate fixed head profile type by clicking Fixed Head check box and then click
Add Rows button to add the number of a profile. Set the profiles as shown in
Table 3.1.

Table 3.1 The Dirichlet Boundary Conditions profiles

N Time 1 Head 1 Time 2 Head 2
1 0.0 0.0 1.0e38 0.0
2 0.0 10.0 1.0e38 10.0

5. The Argus ONE window is an interface that simulation will be designed, run
and evaluated. It contains many layers in a stack; each layer will hold either
simulation or mesh information. In addition, the Layers’ Floater can be displayed
by clicking the Layers button - . This allows users to see which layers are
available. This window can be resized to display the full layer name.
The Layers’ Floater shows which layers are available for the particular problem
type (AREAL) chosen in step 3. It allows the user to control which of the layers
will be visible (those with the open eye ) and which layer is active and thus
available for input from the screen. Clicking on an ”eye” toggles the layer visi-
bility. (The icon changes to a closed eye .) Clicking to the left of an “eye”
makes the layer active and puts a check mark next to it.

Figure 3.1 Default values of Material and Soil Properties.

3.1 Areal Groundwater Flow Simulation 25

6. To begin a simulating project is to input hydrogeologic information for the area

into the appropriate geospatial Information layers provided in FEMWATER-
GUI. The Tab of Material and Soil Properties and Fluid Properties have already
been assigned default values by the interface (these values are shown in Figure
3.1 and Figure 3.2). Rather than modify any of these values, in this example, the
defaults will be accepted. A situation will be considered in which only boundary
conditions need be assigned to make a simulation.

Figure 3.2 Default values of Fluid Properties.

To specify a constant elevation or default elevation for the nodal of a layer, the
Layers dialog must be used. Moving the cursor to the Layers... button in the
floating layers window and clicking opens the Layers dialog. The list at the top
of the dialog is the list of layers (see Figure 3.3). Highlighting the layer under
consideration, in this case, Nodal Elevation Layer2, in that list by clicking it
with the cursor shows the parameters associated with that information layer in
the table at the bottom of the dialog box. Moving the cursor to the Value column
and clicking fx the expression box to appear (see Figure 3.4). Just type 10 in the
expression box and clicking OK exits the expression dialog. To input, the lakes
into the simulation, activate the Fixed Head Prof Type Layer1 layer by clicking to
the left of its “eye” in the Layers’ Floater window. A check mark should appear
where the dialog box was clicked indicating that the layer is now the active layer.
26 3 Example Applications

Figure 3.3 Value of Nodal Elevation Layer2.

Figure 3.4 Value of Nodal Elevation Layer2 dialog.

3.1 Areal Groundwater Flow Simulation 27

7. Draw a lake by first activating the contour-drawing tool . Then move the cursor
into the white workspace and click at three locations, creating the first vertices of
a closed contour. Try to create a lake similar to one of the four shown in Figure
3.5.
Then, double-click on the location desired for the last vertex. The Contour Infor-
mation dialog box appears.

Figure 3.5 Lakes in Areal Groundwater Flow Simulation

8. The fixed head value of water potentially entering the aquifer from the lake must
be specified in the dialog box. This is done by clicking next to Fixed Head Prof
Type (below Value) and entering the profile type, then clicking OK. For the first
lake, specify 2 for the second profile type. For this step-by-step example, all the
lakes contain no solute.
9. Draw the other three lakes by clicking to create small closed regions similar to
the ones shown in Figure 3.5. For each lake, double-click on the last vertex to
close the shoreline. This brings up the Contour Information dialog box for each
lake. For two of the remaining lakes, enter 2 for the second profile type, and for
the last lake, enter 1 for the first profile type.
This completes entry of hydrogeologic data for simulating Groundwater flow in
this system.
28 3 Example Applications

3.1.2 Mesh Generation

1. Now draw the simulation boundary. Make the Domain Outline layer active by
clicking to the left of its “eye” in the Layers’ Floater. This makes the FEMWA-
TER Domain Outline layer active, although the Fixed Head Prof Type layer re-
mains visible. The purpose of the Domain Outline layer is to contain simulation
boundary locations. The simulation boundary will follow the valley walls and the
corners will be placed at the center of the lakes.
2. Draw a simulation boundary by first activating the Domain-Outline-drawing tool
. Then move the cursor into the white workspace and click in the center of
one of the lakes. Proceeding around the workspace, click at the center of each
lake. Try to create a domain outline that looks like the one shown in Figure 3.6.
Then, double-click at the center of the last lake to close the simulation domain
contour.

Figure 3.6 Boundary in Areal Groundwater-Flow Simulation

3. The Contour Information dialog box appears. In it, specify the desired typical
size of finite elements to be created by the mesh generator is specified. Type 0.5
in the space below the label, Value. This sets the desired width of an element to
0.5 in the units shown in the rulers around the periphery of the workspace. The
3.1 Areal Groundwater Flow Simulation 29

result should look similar to the simulation boundary shown in Figure 3.6. Click
OK to exit the dialog box.
4. Next, the finite-element mesh will be created. Activate the FEMWATER QuadMesh
layer by clicking to the left of its “eye” in the Layers’ Floater.
5. Click on the ‘magic wand’ and then click the magic-wand cursor inside the simu-
lation boundary just drawn. An irregular finite-element mesh containing elements
with a size of about 0.5 is generated and displayed. Figure 3.7 shows the type of
mesh that may be expected.
6. The bandwidth of a newly generated irregular mesh always needs to be reduced.
Select the Special | Renumber... This brings up the Renumber dialog box. Click
on Optimize Bandwidth and then OK. The mesh numbering is then optimized for
the matrix solver currently used by FEMWATER.
The entry of data and preparation of the mesh for simulating Groundwater flow
in this system is now completed.

3.1.3 Running FEMWATER

1. Save the project so far by selecting File | Save As... menu item. Select the desired
directory and type in the desired name (for example, “Areal-F” for areal flow
simulation) and then click on Save. A project file called Areal-F.mmb is created
in the directory chosen by the user, and the window name becomes the same, as
shown in Figure 3.7.
2. The simulation information now needs to be exported from Argus ONE creating
input files that FEMWATER requires, and the simulation can then be run. (Note:
the FEMWATER QuadMesh layer must be active to export.) Select PIEs | Run
FEMWATER. The Run FEMWATER dialog box appears.
3. This dialog box allows the user to choose only creation of FEMWATER input
files, or creation of files and running of FEMWATER (the default). Click OK to
proceed. An Enter export file name dialog box appears.
4. Select the directory into which the FEMWATER input files will be placed by
Argus ONE. Then select the name of the files by typing in the space next to File
Name. The files created will all begin with the name entered here and the suffixes
will be appended.
5. Click on the Save button and the export takes place while the barber pole is
visible, and then the FEMWATER simulation is run while the DOS window is
visible. If requested, hit any key to exit the DOS window. Now, the completed
FEMWATER simulation has created output files in the directory that was se-
lected.
30 3 Example Applications

Figure 3.7 FEMWATER mesh in Areal Groundwater-Flow Simulation

3.1.4 Displaying Results

1. To display the results, select PIEs | FEMWATER 2D Post Proc... The Open
File dialog box appears where the user can choose ”FEMWATER (Head)” or
”FEMWATER (Velocities)” the type of file generated by the simulation (see Fig-
ure 3.8).

Figure 3.8 Select Data Set dialog

3.1 Areal Groundwater Flow Simulation 31

2. Find the directory selected above for the FEMWATER files and double-click the
appropriate Head or Velocities file. This brings up the Select FEMWATER results
to display the dialog box.
3. This FEMWATER Post-Processing dialog box contains a list of all results avail-
able from the FEMWATER simulation for visualization. Because the simula-
tion was for steady-state conditions, only one-time step appears (see Figure 3.9).
Also, click on the checkbox to select the components of the velocity vector. Then
click on OK and the plots of velocity vectors and head contours (similar to that
in Figure 3.10) are created.

Figure 3.9 FEMWATER Post-Processing dialog

4. While the FEMWATER QuadMesh layer was active, the mesh hides the plots. To
make them visible, activate the FEMWATER Post Processing Charts layer (click
left of the “eye” for that layer in the Layers’ Floater).
5. The plot appears, but the window is too cluttered because the mesh is also visible.
Make the mesh invisible by clicking on the ’eye’ next to FEMWATER QuadMesh
in the Layers’ Floater.
6. Selecting File | Save to save the current state of the project.
32 3 Example Applications

Figure 3.10 Head and Velocity vector plot in Areal Groundwater Flow Simulation

7. The Argus ONE application can now be closed by selecting File | Quit. If the
project is reopened, it will be in the same condition as the compilation is closed.
Groundwater flows into the aquifer from three of the lakes and outs at the fourth
lake. Hydraulic head in the aquifer decreases near the outflow lake.
Chapter 4
Step-by-Step Applications

4.1 Steady 2D Drainage Problem

1. Double-click on the Argus ONE icon to open Argus ONE.

2. From the PIEs menu found along the top of the window, select, New FEMWA-
TER Project... This brings up the FEMWATER-LHS Type of Simulation Problem
window.
3. Here, the type of problem to be simulated is chosen. To select the type of CROSS-
SECTIONAL click on the checkbox and then click Continue. The FEMWATER-
LHS Model dialog appears.
4. This window allows the user to specify values for the FEMWATER simulation
that are not spatially variable. This dialog can get again at any time by selecting
PIEs | Edit Project Info. Rather than making changes here now, accept the de-
fault values by clicking OK. This brings up a new Argus ONE window, called
“untitled1”.
5. This is the window in which the model will be designed, run, and evaluated. It
contains many layers in a stack; each layer will hold either model or mesh infor-
mation. Additionally, another window (see Figure 4.1), the Layer List window
(also called “Layer Floater”) appears, in which the user can see which layers are
available. This window may be resized to display the full layer names
The Layer List window shows which information layers are available for the
particular problem type, i.e. Nodal Elevation Layer[i] or Nodal Slice Layer[i],
Initial Head Layer[i], Material Type Correction Layer[i], etc. The window al-
lows the user to control which of the layers will be visible (those with the open
eye) and which layer is on top of the stack and thus available for input from the
screen. Clicking on an ‘eye’ toggles the layer visibility, and clicking to the left of
an ‘eye’ makes the layer ‘active’ (i.e. brings the layer to the top of the stack) and
puts a ‘check mark’ next to the active layer.
6. To create a rectangular uniform elements. It is possible to read a Grid (rectan-
gular uniform elements) into FEMWATER Quadmesh directly. However, mesh
BandWidth can be minimized once the mesh is imported. A text file (e.g.

33
34 4 Step-by-Step Applications

Figure 4.1 Layer List Window

2Ddrainagemesh.exp) containing 100 elements and 121 nodes was used to rep-
resent the flow region. Activate the FEMWATER Quadmesh by clicking to the
left of its ‘eye’ in the Layer List window. Import 2Ddrainagemesh.exp into the
project by selecting File | Import FEMWATER QuadMesh... | Text File. The
2Ddrainagemesh.exp file is located in a directory with the pathname examples
\application-1 \app1-import-files\.
7. To specify a constant slice position or default slice position for the nodal of a
layer, the Layers dialog must be used. Moving the cursor to the Layers... button
in the floating layers window and clicking opens the Layers dialog. The list at the
top of the dialog is the list of layers. Highlighting the layer under consideration,
in this case, Nodal Slice Layer2, in that list by clicking it with the cursor shows
the parameters associated with that information layer in the table at the bottom
of the dialog box. Moving the cursor to the Value column and clicking fx the
expression box to appear. Just type 10 in the expression box and clicking OK
exits the expression dialog.
8. To modify the non-spatial data (i.e. boundary conditions profile types and ma-
terial correction types) in this project. Select PIEs | Edit Project Info, the
FEMWATER-LHS Model dialog will appear.
9. Click on the Material and Soil Properties tab to activate material correction by
clicking the Material type correction checkbox and set the parameters as shown
in Table 4.1 and Table 4.2.
 4.1 Steady 2D Drainage Problem 35

On Correction Cond/Perm tab, set

Table 4.1 Cond/Perm parameters for material type correction

N xx yy zz xy xz yz
1 0.06 0.0 0.06 0.0 0.0 0.0

On Correction Soil Prop tab, set

Table 4.2 Soil properties for material type correction

N Res MC Sat MC P Head VG Alpha VG Beta
1 0.034 0.046 0.0 1.6 1.37

10. Click on the Boundary Conditions | Dirichlet tab to activate fixed head profile
type by clicking Fixed Head check box. Enter the values of the profile. Specify
2 m for the head in unlimited time, enter the same values of Head 1 and Head 2
with 2, Time 1 with 0 and Time 2 with the 1.0e38.
11. Click on the Boundary Conditions | Variable Composite tab to activate rainfall
and see-page profile type by clicking Rainfall/Evap-Seepage check box. Enter
the values of the first profile. Specify 0.006 m/day for the rainfall in unlimited
time, enter the same values of Rf/Evap 1 and Rf/Evap 2 with 0.006, Time 1
with 0 and Time 2 with the 1.0e38. Add the number of profiles by clicking on
the Add Rows button. Enter the values of the second profile. There are the same
values of Rf/Evap 1 and Rf/Evap 2 with 0.0 in unlimited time (Time 1 with 0
and Time 2 with the 1.0e38). Thus, there are two types (number 1 and number
2) rainfall and see-page boundary conditions. Finally clicking OK to finish the
changes.
12. To enter the Dirichlet boundary conditions into the model, activate the Fixed
Head Prof Type Layer1, by clicking on its ‘eye’ in the Layer List window.
13. Draw a line by first activating the contour-drawing tool. To do this, click on
the small quadrilateral just below the arrow along the left side of the Argus ONE
window and select the Open Contour Tool from the pop-up menu. It is the middle
item. Now draw a vertical line through the nodes in the bottom left of the model
and assign it a Fixed Head Prof Type to 1.
14. To set the precise node positions using EditContours. Select File | Import Femwa-
ter Domain Outline | Edit Contours. Then select the Fixed Head Prof Type
Layer1 from the list of layers. The objects on the Fixed Head Prof Type Layer1
will be imported into the EditContours PIE. Click on any node there to select it
and edit its position (see Figure 4.2).
15. Copy this contour by pressing Ctrl+C or select Edit | Copy.
 36 4 Step-by-Step Applications

Figure 4.2 Layer List Window

16. Activate the Fixed Head Prof Type Layer2, by clicking on its ‘eye’ in the Layer
List window. Select Edit | Paste to create this contour. Paste in the copied object
by pressing Ctrl+V (or select Edit | Paste).
17. To enter the Rainfall/Evaporation boundary conditions into the model, activate
the Rainfall Evap Prof Type Layer1, by clicking on its ‘eye’ in the Layer List
window.
18. Click on the small quadrilateral just below the arrow along the left side of the
Argus ONE window and select the Open Contour Tool from the pop-up menu. It
is the middle item. Draw a horizontal line through the top row elements and set:

Rainfall Evap Prof Type = 1

Ponding Depth = 0
Min Pressure Head = -9000

and click OK.

19. To enter the Seepage boundary conditions into the model, activate the Seepage
Prof Type Layer1, by clicking on its ‘eye’ in the Layer List window.
20. Draw a vertical line through the 8 elements on the left edge of the model and set:

Seepage Prof Type = 2

Ponding Depth = 0
Min Pressure Head = -9000

and click OK.

21. To enter the material correction type into the model, activate the Material Type
Correction Layer1, by clicking on its ‘eye’ in the Layer List window.
22. Click on the small quadrilateral just below the arrow along the left side of the
Argus ONE window and select the Close Contour Tool from the pop-up menu. It
 4.1 Steady 2D Drainage Problem 37

is the first item. Draw a polygon through the 3 rows of an element on the top of
the model and assign it a Material Type to 1.
23. Save the project so far by clicking File, and then Save As... Select the desired
directory and type in the desired name (e.g. 2D drainage) and then click on Save.
A project file called 2D drainage.mmb is created in the directory you chose, and
the window name becomes the same, as shown in Figure 4.3.

Figure 4.3 FEMWATER Mesh in Steady Two-Dimensional Drainage Problem

24. The model information entered now needs to be exported from Argus ONE cre-
ating input files that FEMWATER-LHS requires, and the simulation can then be
run. (Note that the FEMWATER QuadMesh layer must be active in order to ex-
port.) In the PIEs menu, select Run FEMWATER. The Run FEMWATER dialog
box appears.
The full paths to the executables should be displayed in edit-boxes on the
FEMWATER Path the Run FEMWATER dialog box. If the executable for the
chosen model is not at the location specified in the edit box, the background of
the edit-box and the status bar will change to red and a warning message will
be displayed in the status bar to indicate that the path is incorrect. Normally, the
user should correct the path before attempting to create the input files. Although
it is possible to export the input files using an incorrect path. Argus ONE will not
be able to start the model if the path is incorrect. Type the correct path or click on
 38 4 Step-by-Step Applications

the Browse button to set the correct path. When a model is saved, the paths for all
of the models will be saved in a file named Femwater lewaste lhs.ini in the di-
rectory containing the FEMWATER PIE. Femwater lewaste lhs.ini will be read
whenever a new FEMWATER project is created or an old one is read so that the
model paths do not need to be reset frequently. In this windows also allows the
user to choose only creation of FEMWATER-LHS input files, or both creation of
files and running of FEMWATER-LHS (which is already selected). Click OK to
proceed. An Enter export file name window appears.
25. Select the directory into which the FEMWATER-LHS input files will be placed
by Argus ONE. Then select the name of the files by typing in the space next
to File Name (e.g. 2Ddrainage). The files created will all begin with the name
entered here. Note, ignore the Save as type box.
26. Click on Save and the export takes place while the barber pole is visible, and then
the FEMWATER-LHS simulation is run while the DOS window is visible.
27. To visualize the results, select PIEs | FEMWATER Post Processing. The Select
Data Set window appears (see Figure 4.4). Chose the type of FEMWATER out-
put file to be read by clicking on FEMWATER (Head) check box, and click Se-
lect Data Set. Find the directory selected above for the FEMWATER files and
double-click the appropriate “*.hef” file (e.g. 2D drainage.hef ). This brings up
the FEMWATER Post-Processing window (see Figure 4.5). This window con-
tains a list of all results available from FEMWATER simulation for visualization.
Because the simulation was steady-state conditions, only one-time step appears
select Contour Map from the list of chart types. Then click OK and the plots are
created.

Figure 4.4 Select Data Set dialog

28. Because the FEMWATER QuadMesh layer was active, the plots appear below the
mesh. Bring the plots to the top of the stack by activating the FEMWATER Post
Processing Charts layer click left of the ‘eye’ in the Layer List window).
 4.1 Steady 2D Drainage Problem 39

Figure 4.5 FEMWATER Post Processing dialog

29. The plot appears but is too cluttered because the mesh is also visible. Make the
mesh invisible by clicking on the ‘eye’ next to FEMWATER QuadMesh in the
Layer List window. A plot of head contours, similar to that in Figure 4.6 is visible.
30. Save the current state of the project by selecting File, and then Save.
31. The Argus ONE application may now be closed by selecting File, and then Quit.
The same state that the project was left in will be reproduced when the project is
reopened in Argus ONE at any later time.
40 4 Step-by-Step Applications

Figure 4.6 Head Plot in Steady Two-Dimensional Drainage Problem

4.2 Steady 2D Drainage Problem (LHS mode)

1. Double-click on the Argus ONE icon to open Argus ONE.

2. Select File, then Open..., to bring back the project that was saved in the above
case. In the Choose file to open: the window that appears, move to the appropriate
directory and double click on the “.mmb” project file that was saved in the above
case (e.g. 2D drainage.mmb). This returns the user environment to the same state
as when the project was previously saved (see Figure 4.6).
3. To set this simulation, the FEMWATER-LHS Non-Spatial Information must be
modified. Brings up this dialog by using PIEs, then Edit Project Info...
4. On Model Title and Type tab, change the Project Number by setting NPROB = 2
and click on Latin Hypercube Sampling Simulation checkbox, to change the type
of simulation.
5. Click on the tab along the top of dialog that read, Latin Hypercube Sampling. Set
the Number of Runs to 50. In order that the simulation will be run 50 times with
the 50 sets of the variable.
 4.2 Steady 2D Drainage Problem (LHS mode) 41

6. To enter the data directly in the table, click on the Variables tab (see Figure 4.7).
For Variable Name, Correlated, Material Type and Distribution Type select a cell
and then click on it or press the Enter key on the keyboard to display a list of
choices. For the other columns, just select the cell and type the data. The Add
button can be used to add a new variable to the end of the list of variables. To
delete a variable from the list, the cursor is moved to the table listing the vari-
ables. Clicking the row in the table highlights the information and then clicking
the Delete button removes the variable from the list. Clicking the Insert button
adds a variable below the highlighted variable.

Figure 4.7 Latin Hypercube Sampling tab dialog

In this case, assume that all soil hydraulic parameters for the two material types
(e.g. default and correction(1)) have a probabilistic distributions. Set the param-
eters as shown in Table 4.3.
7. Click OK to exit the dialog. Save the project (e.g. to 2D drainage lhs.mmb).
8. To export and run, activate the FEMWATER QuadMesh layer again bringing the
mesh to the top of the stack. Select PIEs, and then Run FEMWATER.
9. Click OK in the Run FEMWATER window, and Select the directory into which
the FEMWATER-LHS input files will be placed and select the name of the new
files that will run the LHS mode simulation (e.g. 2D drainage lhs). Note, ignore
the Save as type box. Click on Save to export and run.
10. The results can be analyzed statistically. However, the results can be visualized.
From the PIEs menu select FEMWATER Post Processing. Click on FEMWATER
42 4 Step-by-Step Applications

Table 4.3 Input variables and parameters for the two material types
N Variable Name Correl. Mat. Type Mean Std Dev Dist. Type

1 Conductivity XX No Default 0.0168 0.0456 Lognormal (2)

2 Conductivity YY No Default 0.0168 0.0456 Lognormal (2)
3 Res. Water Cont. No Default 0.089 0.01 Normal (2)
4 Sat. Water Cont. No Default 0.43 0.07 Normal (2)
5 V. G. Alpha No Default 1 0.6 Normal (2)
6 V. G. Beta No Default 1.23 0.06 Normal (2)
7 Conductivity XX No Correction (1) 0.06 0.0792 Lognormal (2)
8 Conductivity YY No Correction (1) 0.06 0.0792 Lognormal (2)
9 Res. Water Cont. No Correction (1) 0.034 0.01 Normal (2)
10 Sat. Water Cont. No Correction (1) 0.46 0.11 Normal (2)
11 V. G. Alpha No Correction (1) 1.6 0.7 Normal (2)
12 V. G. Beta No Correction (1) 1.37 0.05 Normal (2)

(Head) checkbox in the select data file dialog and click Select Data Set. Find the
directory selected above for the FEMWATER files and double-click the appro-
priate “*.hef” file (e.g. 2D drainage lhs.hef ). The FEMWATER Post-Processing
window will appear. Select the data file and select Contour Map from the list of
chart types. Then click OK and the plots are created.

4.3 Transient 2D Drainage Problem

1. Double-click on the Argus ONE icon to open Argus ONE.

2. Select File, then Open..., to bring back the project that was saved in the above
case. In the Choose file to open: the window that appears, move to the appropriate
directory and double click on the “.mmb” project file that was saved in the above
case (e.g. 2D drainage.mmb). This returns the user environment to the same state
as when the project was previously saved.
3. In this case, the region consists of only one material type. There is no material
correction exist. To modify this information brings up the FEMWATER-LHS
Non-Spatial Information dialog by using PIEs, then Edit Project Info...
4. On Model Title and Type tab, set NPROB = 3
5. The transient simulation will be performed for 50-time steps. The initial time step
size is 0.25 day and each subsequent time step size is increased with a multiplier
of 2.0 with the maximum time step size of less than or equal to 32 days. The
pressure head tolerance for nonlinear iteration is 2 × 10−3 . The relaxation factor
for the nonlinear iteration is set equal to 0.5. To input, this information, click on
Time Control tab and set:
 4.3 Transient 2D Drainage Problem 43

NTI = 50
TMAX = 2000
DELT = 0.25
CHNG = 2.0
DELMAX = 32

and click OK.

6. To delete or inactivate the material correction, click on Material and Soil Prop-
erties tab and then clicking Material type correction check box.
7. In this simulation, the initial conditions were used the steady state solution re-
sulting from zero flux on the top. However, this solution is already done that
so it can just import those contours. Activate the Initial Head Layer1, by click-
ing on its ‘eye’ in the Layer List window. Import 2D drainage init.exp into the
project by selecting File | Import Initial Head Layer1 | Text File, and then select
2D drainage init.exp.
8. Copy this contour by pressing Ctrl+C or select Edit | Copy.
9. Activate the Initial Head Layer2, by clicking on its ‘eye’ in the Layer List win-
dow. Select Edit | Paste to create this contour. Paste in the copied object by
pressing Ctrl+V (or select Edit | Paste).
10. Save the project (e.g. to T 2D drainage.mmb).
11. Export and run FEMWATER-LHS.
12. Then, from the PIEs menu, select FEMWATER Post Processing and then reselect
the “hef” file (e.g. T 2D drainage.hef ). There are 50 time steps, but choose only
the last time step, Time 987 Select Contour Map and click the OK. A plot of
head contours, similar to that in Figure 4.8 is visible.
44 4 Step-by-Step Applications

Figure 4.8 Head Plot in Transient Two-Dimensional Drainage Problem

4.4 Transient 2D Drainage Problem (LHS mode)

1. Start Argus ONE. Open the “.mmb” project file that was saved in the above case
(e.g.T 2D drainage.mmb).
2. Select PIEs, then Edit Project Info... to modify the FEMWATER-LHS Non-
Spatial Information.
On Model Title and Type tab, set NPROB = 4 and click Latin Hypercube Sam-
pling Simulation checkbox
On the Latin Hypercube Sampling tab, set the Number of Runs to 32
On Latin Hypercube Sampling | Variables tab, set the parameters as shown in
Table 4.4.
4.5 Steady 3D Pumping Problem 45

Table 4.4 Input variables and parameters for the default material types
N Variable Name Correl. Mat. Type Mean Std Dev Dist. Type

1 Conductivity XX No Default 0.0168 0.0456 Lognormal (2)

2 Conductivity YY No Default 0.0168 0.0456 Lognormal (2)
3 Res. Water Cont. No Default 0.089 0.01 Normal (2)
4 Sat. Water Cont. No Default 0.43 0.07 Normal (2)
5 V. G. Alpha No Default 1 0.6 Normal (2)
6 V. G. Beta No Default 1.23 0.06 Normal (2)

Then click OK.

3. Save the project (e.g. to T 2D drainage LHS.mmb).
4. Export and run FEMWATER-LHS.
5. Uncertainty and sensitivity analysis of the input and the output variables.

4.5 Steady 3D Pumping Problem

1. Start Argus ONE. In the FEMWATER-LHS Type of Simulation Problem window,

select Areal orientation. Then click Continue.
2. In the FEMWATER-LHS dialog, a number of changes to the initial default values
are required.
On Model Title and Type tab, set NPROB = 5
On Material and Soil Properties tab, click Material type correction check box
and click Add Rows button to add the number of correction material. The param-
eters is given in Table 4.5, Table 4.6, Table 4.7 and Table 4.8.
On Cond/Perm tab, set the parameters as shown in Table 4.5.

Table 4.5 Cond/Perm parameters for the default material types

xx yy zz xy xz yz

0.3144 0.3144 0.3144 0.0 0.0 0.0

46 4 Step-by-Step Applications

On Soil Prop tab, set the parameters as shown in Table 4.6.

Table 4.6 Soil properties for the default material types

Res MC Sat MC P Head VG Alpha VG Beta
0.1 0.39 0.0 5.8 1.48

On Correction Cond/Perm tab, set the parameters as shown in Table 4.7.

Table 4.7 Cond/Perm parameters for correction material type 1 and 2

N xx yy zz xy xz yz

1 1.0608 1.0608 1.0608 0.0 0.0 0.0

2 7.128 7.128 7.128 0.0 0.0 0.0

On Correction Soil Prop tab, set the parameters as shown in Table 4.8.

Table 4.8 Soil properties for the correction material type 1 and 2
N Res MC Sat MC P Head VG Alpha VG Beta

1 0.065 0.41 0.0 7.5 1.89

2 0.045 0.43 0.0 14.5 2.68

On the Layer and Calibration tab, click Add button 9 times to set the number of
elemental layers to 10 or the number of nodal layers to 11.
On the Boundary Conditions | Dirichlet tab, click Fixed Head check box and
then click Add Rows button to add the number of the profile. Set the profiles as
shown in Table 4.9.

Table 4.9 Profile 1 and 2 of Dirichlet Boundary Conditions

N Time 1 Head 1 Time 2 Head 2
1 0.0 60.0 1.0e38 60.0
2 0.0 30.0 1.0e38 30.0

3. In the Argus ONE window, select Special—Scale and Units... and set Uniform
Scale: = 50. That it reads ”Every 1 cm on the screen represents 50 units in the
real world in both the x and y-direction”.
 4.5 Steady 3D Pumping Problem 47

4. Activate the Femwater Domain Outline layer and draw a model boundary with
the contour-drawing tool. Try to create a square outline with 1000 m wide and
400 m high. Then, double-click on the location desired for the last vertex. The
Contour Information dialog appears. Here the desired typical size of finite el-
ements to be created by the mesh generator is specified. Type 40 in the space
below the label, Value. This sets the desired width of an element to 40 in the
units shown in the rulers around the periphery of the workspace. Click OK to
exit the window.
5. To copy the boundary and to convert it to an open contour. Activate the Femwa-
ter Domain Outline layer. Then use the lasso tool to outline all the cells that
define where the constant head boundary ought to be (i.e. the left two cells). The
selected cells will change from black squares to hollow squares. Copy them to
the clipboard (Edit|Copy). Activate the Fixed Head Prof Type Layer1 and paste
the copied object by select Edit|Paste. A single open contour where the constant
head boundary should be. Double click on it to bring up the Contour Information
dialog. Set Fixed Head Prof Type = 1. Click OK.
6. Repeat step 6 to copy the other open contour (i.e. the right two cells) in Fixed
Head Prof Type Layer1.
7. To copy all open contours in constant head boundary layers (i.e. Fixed Head
Prof Type Layer2 through Fixed Head Prof Type Layer11). Select Edit|Select All
and then select Edit|Copy. Activate the Fixed Head Prof Type Layer2 and select
Edit|Paste. Paste the copied object to the remaining layers (i.e. Fixed Head Prof
Type Layer3 through Fixed Head Prof Type Layer11).
8. Copy object in Femwater Domain Outline layer into Material Type Correction
Layer6. Double click on it to bring up the Contour Information dialog. Set Ma-
terial Type = 1. Click OK.
9. Copy this object into Material Type Correction Layer7 and Material Type Cor-
rection Layer8.
10. Again copy this object into Material Type Correction Layer9 and Material Type
Correction Layer10. But set those Material Type = 2.
11. Activate the Fixed Head Prof Type Layer1. Click on the Closed Contour button
and hold the mouse button down until a pop-up menu appears. Select the bottom
selection which is the point tool. Click in the center of the model. A Contour
Information dialog will appear. Set Fixed Head Prof Type = 2. Click OK.
12. Set the precise node positions of this point (i.e. X = 540 and Y = 400) using Edit
Contours.
13. Copy this point into Fixed Head Prof Type Layer2 and Fixed Head Prof Type
Layer3.
14. To force this point on the node, copy it into Femwater Domain Outline layer.
Double click on it to bring up the Contour Information dialog. Set elemen size
= 40. This sets the desired width of an element to 40 in the units shown in the
rulers around the point. Click OK.
15. Activate the FEMWATER QuadMesh layer. Click on the ‘magic wand’ found
along the left side of the Argus ONE window near the arrow, and then click the
magic-wand cursor inside the model boundary just drawn. An irregular finite
 48 4 Step-by-Step Applications

element mesh containing elements of about 40 size is generated and displayed.

Figure 4.9 shows the type of mesh that may be expected.

Figure 4.9 FEMWATER Mesh in Steady Three-Dimensional Pumping Problem

16. The bandwidth of a newly-generated mesh always needs to be reduced. Select

the Special menu along the top of the Argus ONE window, then select Renum-
ber... This brings up the Renumber window. In this window click on Optimize
Bandwidth and then OK. The mesh numbering is then optimized for the matrix
solver currently used by FEMWATER-LHS.
17. Specify a constant elevation, or default elevation using the Layers dialog. In this
case, enter 15, 30, 35, 40, 45, 50, 55, 60, 66, 72 in the Expression dialog for
Nodal Elevation Layer2 through Nodal Elevation Layer11 respectively.
18. Specify a constant initial head, using the Layers dialog. In this case, enter 60, 45,
30, 25, 20, 15, 10, 5, 0, -6, -12 in the Expression dialog for Initial Head Layer1
through Initial Head Layer11 respectively.
19. Save the project (e.g. to 3D pump.mmb).
20. Export and run FEMWATER-LHS.
21. Using FEMWATER Post Processing in PIEs menu, plot pressure head for Three-
Dimensional Surface Map type (see Figure 4.10).
4.6 Steady 3D Pumping Problem (LHS mode) 49

Figure 4.10 Head Surface Map in Steady Three-Dimensional Pumping Problem

4.6 Steady 3D Pumping Problem (LHS mode)

1. Start Argus ONE. Open the “.mmb” project file that was saved in the above case
(e.g. 3D pump.mmb).
2. Select PIEs, then Edit Project Info... to modify the FEMWATER-LHS Non-
Spatial Information.
On Model Title and Type tab, set NPROB = 6 and click Latin Hypercube Sam-
pling Simulation checkbox
On the Latin Hypercube Sampling tab, set the Number of Runs to 50
On Latin Hypercube Sampling|Variables tab, set the parameters as shown in Ta-
ble 4.10.
3. On Latin Hypercube Sampling|Correlation Matrix tab set the following parame-
ters :
3 4 6 7
3
4 0.261
6 0.952 0.392
7 0.909 -0.113 0.787
Then click OK.
50 4 Step-by-Step Applications

Table 4.10 Input variables and parameters for the material types
N Variable Name Correl. Mat. Type Mean Std Dev Dist. Type

1 Conductivity XX No Default 0.3144 0.6576 Lognormal (2)

2 Conductivity YY No Default 0.3144 0.6576 Lognormal (2)
3 Conductivity ZZ Yes Default 0.3144 0.6576 Lognormal (2)
4 Res. Water Cont. Yes Default 0.1 0.01 Normal (2)
5 Sat. Water Cont. No Default 0.39 0.07 Normal (2)
6 V. G. Alpha Yes Default 5.8 3.8 Normal (2)
7 V. G. Beta Yes Default 1.48 0.13 Normal (2)
8 Conductivity XX No Correction (1) 1.0608 1.3512 Lognormal (2)
9 Conductivity YY No Correction (1) 1.0608 1.3512 Lognormal (2)
10 Conductivity ZZ No Correction (1) 1.0608 1.3512 Lognormal (2)
11 Res. Water Cont. No Correction (1) 0.065 0.02 Normal (2)
12 Sat. Water Cont. No Correction (1) 0.41 0.09 Normal (2)
13 V. G. Alpha No Correction (1) 7.5 3.7 Normal (2)
14 V. G. Beta No Correction (1) 1.89 0.17 Normal (2)
15 Conductivity XX No Correction (2) 7.128 3.744 Lognormal (2)
16 Conductivity YY No Correction (2) 7.128 3.744 Lognormal (2)
17 Conductivity ZZ No Correction (2) 7.128 3.744 Lognormal (2)
18 Res. Water Cont. No Correction (2) 0.045 0.01 Normal (2)
19 Sat. Water Cont. No Correction (2) 0.43 0.06 Normal (2)
20 V. G. Alpha No Correction (2) 14.5 2.9 Normal (2)
21 V. G. Beta No Correction (2) 2.68 0.29 Normal (2)

4. Save the project (e.g. to 3D pump LHS.mmb).

5. Export and run FEMWATER-LHS.
6. Uncertainty and sensitivity analysis of the input and the output variables.

4.7 Seawater Intrusion in Confined Aquifer

1. Start Argus ONE. In the FEMWATER-LHS Type of Simulation Problem window,

select a CROSS-SECTIONAL orientation. Then click Continue.
2. In the FEMWATER-LHS dialog, a number of changes to the initial default values
are required.
On Model Title and Type tab, set NPROB = 7
4.7 Seawater Intrusion in Confined Aquifer 51

On Time Control tab, set:

NTI = 15
TMAX = 5000.75
DELT = 5
CHNG = 1.17169
DELMAX = 500

On Fluid Properties tab, set the coefficients for computing density and viscosity
as shown in Table 4.11.

Table 4.11 Fluid Properties coefficients

coeff. coeff. coeff. coeff. coeff. coeff. coeff. coeff.
A1 A2 A3 A4 A5 A6 A7 A8
1.0 0.0245 0.0 0.0 1.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

On Material and Soil Properties tab, click Material type correction check box to
add the correction material. The parameters is given in Table 4.12, Table 4.13,
Table 4.14, Table 4.15 and Table 4.17.
On Cond/Perm tab, set the parameters as shown in Table 4.12.

Table 4.12 Cond/Perm parameters for correction material type 1 and 2

xx yy zz xy xz yz

1.0 0.0 1.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

On Soil Prop tab, set the parameters as shown in Table 4.13.

Table 4.13 Soil properties

Res MC Sat MC P Head VG Alpha VG Beta
0.1 0.35 0.0 5.8 1.48
52 4 Step-by-Step Applications

On Disp/Diff tab, set set the parameters as shown in Table 4.14.

Table 4.14 Dispersion/Diffusion

Dist Bulk Long Trans Mol diff. Tortuosity Decay Fr N/Lang
coeff. density disper. disper. coeff. const. SMAX

1.0 0.0245 0.0 0.0 1.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

On Correction Cond/Perm tab, set set the parameters as shown in Table 4.15.

Table 4.15 Cond/Perm parameters for correction material type 1

N xx yy zz xy xz yz
1 0.5 0.0 0.5 0.0 0.0 0.0

On Correction Soil Prop tab, set set the parameters as shown in Table 4.16.

Table 4.16 Soil properties for correction material type 1

N Res MC Sat MC P Head VG Alpha VG Beta

1 0.1 0.22 0.0 5.8 1.48

On Correction Disp/Diff tab, set set the parameters as shown in Table 4.17.

Table 4.17 Dispersion/Diffusion for correction material type 1

N Dist Bulk Long Trans Mol diff. Tortuosity Decay Fr N/Lang
coeff. density disper. disper. coeff. const. SMAX
1 0.0 1.20 0.0 0.0 1.33 1.0 0.0 0.0

On the Boundary Conditions|Dirichlet|Fixed Head tab, click Fixed Head check

box and then click Add Rows button to add the number of the profile. Set the
profiles as shown in Table 4.18.
4.7 Seawater Intrusion in Confined Aquifer 53

Table 4.18 Fixed Head profiles

N Time 1 Head 1 Time 2 Head 2

1 0.0 100.49 1.0e38 100.49

2 0.0 100.735 1.0e38 100.735
3 0.0 100.98 1.0e38 100.98
4 0.0 101.225 1.0e38 101.225
5 0.0 101.47 1.0e38 101.47
6 0.0 101.715 1.0e38 101.715
7 0.0 101.96 1.0e38 101.96
8 0.0 102.205 1.0e38 102.205
9 0.0 102.45 1.0e38 102.45

On the Boundary Conditions|Dirichlet|Precribed-Concentration tab, click Pre-

scr Concentration and set the profile as shown in Table 4.19.

Table 4.19 Precribed-Concentration profile

N Time 1 Conctr 1 Time 2 Conctr 2
1 0.0 1.0 1.0e38 1.0

On the Boundary Conditions|Cauchy|Specified-Flux tab, click Specified-Flux

and set the profile as shown in Table 4.20.

Table 4.20 Specified-Flux profile

N Time 1 S-flux 1 Time 2 S-flux 2

1 0.0 -6.6e-3 1.0e38 -6.6e-3

On the Boundary Conditions|Cauchy|Concentration tab, click Concentration and

set the profile as shown in Table 4.21.

Table 4.21 Concentration profile

N Time 1 Conctr 1 Time 2 Conctr 2

1 0.0 0.0 1.0e38 0.0

On the Boundary Conditions|Variable Composite|Rainfall/Evap.-Seepage tab,

click Rainfall/Evap.-Seepage and set the profile as shown in Table 4.22.
 54 4 Step-by-Step Applications

Table 4.22 Rainfall/Evap.-Seepage profile

N Time 1 Rf/Evap 1 Time 2 Rf/Evap 2

1 0.0 0.0 1.0e38 0.0

On the Boundary Conditions|Variable Composite|Rainfall/Evap.-Seepage tab,

click Concentration and set the profile as shown in Table 4.23.

Table 4.23 Concentration profile

N Time 1 Conctr 1 Time 2 Conctr 2
1 0.0 0.0 1.0e38 0.0

Click OK.
3. Activate the FEMWATER Quadmesh and import seawaterintrmesh.exp into the
project by selecting File|Import FEMWATER QuadMesh...|Text File. In CD-
ROM, the seawaterintrmesh.exp file is located in a directory with the pathname
\examples\application4\app4importfiles\
4. Activate the Fixed Head Prof Type Layer1 and import Fixed Head Prof Type
Layer1.exp into the project by selecting File|Import Fixed Head Prof Type
Layer1...|Text File.
5. Copy this object into Fixed Head Prof Type Layer2.
6. Activate the Material Type Correction Layer1 and import Material Type Correc-
tion Layer1.exp into the project by selecting File|Import Material Type Correc-
tion Layer1...|Text File.
7. Activate the Seepage Prof Type Layer1 and import Fixed Head Prof Type Layer1.exp
into the project by selecting File|Import Seepage Prof Type Layer1...|Text File.
8. Copy this object into Seepage Prof Type Layer2.
9. Specify a constant slice, or default nodal slice using the Layers dialog. In this
case, enter 0 and 1 in the Expression dialog for Nodal Slice Layer1 and Nodal
Slice Layer2 respectively.
10. Save the project (e.g. to seawater intr.mmb).
11. Export and run FEMWATER-LHS.
12. Using FEMWATER Post Processing in PIEs menu, plot concentration at day
4943.4 for Contour Map type (see Figure 4.11).

4.8 Seawater Intrusion in Confined Aquifer(LHS Mode)

1. Start Argus ONE. Open the “.mmb” project file that was saved in the above case
(e.g. seawater intr.mmb)
4.8 Seawater Intrusion in Confined Aquifer(LHS Mode) 55

Figure 4.11 The concentration contours at the simulation time of 4943.4 days

2. Select PIEs, then Edit Project Info... to modify the FEMWATER-LHS Non-
Spatial Information.
On Model Title and Type tab, set NPROB = 8 and click Latin Hypercube Sam-
pling Simulation checkbox
On the Latin Hypercube Sampling tab, set the Number of Runs to 20
On Latin Hypercube Sampling|Variables tab, set the parameters as shown in Ta-
ble 4.24.

Table 4.24 Input variables and parameters for the material types
N Variable Name Correl. Mat. Type Mean Std Dev Dist. Type
1 Conductivity XX No Default 0.8 1.1 Lognormal (1)
2 Conductivity ZZ No Default 0.8 1.1 Lognormal (1)
3 Sat. Water Cont. No Default 0.315 0.385 Normal (1)
4 Bulk density No Default 1080 1320 Normal (1)
5 Mol diff coeff. No Default 0.0594 0.0726 Normal (1)
6 Conductivity XX No Correction (1) 0.45 0.55 Lognormal (1)
7 Conductivity ZZ No Correction (1) 0.45 0.55 Lognormal (1)
8 Sat. Water Cont. No Correction (1) 0.198 0.22 Normal (1)
9 Bulk density No Correction (2) 1080 1320 Normal (1)
10 Mol diff coeff. No Correction (2) 0.0297 0.0363 Normal (1)
56 4 Step-by-Step Applications

Then click OK.

3. Save the project (e.g. to seawater intr LHS.mmb).
4. Export and run FEMWATER-LHS.
5. Uncertainty and sensitivity analysis of the input and the output variables.
References 57

References

Anderson, M. P. and Woessner, W. W. (1992). Applied Groundwater Modeling (Simulation of Flow

and Advective Transport). Academic Press, Inc., London.
Argus Interware, I. (1997a). Argus Numerical Environments and MeshMaker User’s Guide. Jeri-
cho, NY, Argus Holdings, Limited.
Argus Interware, I. (1997b). Argus Numerical Environments PIE Technical Notes. Jericho, NY,
Argus Holdings, Limited.
Argus Interware, I. (1997c). User’s guide Argus ONET, Argus Open Numerical Environments. A
GIS modeling system, version 4.0. Jericho, NY, Argus Holdings, Limited, 506p.
Bear, J. and Vermijt, A. (1998). Modeling Groundwater Flow and Pollution. D. Reidel Publishing
Company, Dordrecht, Holland. 414p.
Bratley, P., Fox, B. L., and Schrage, L. E. (1987). A Guide to Simulation. Springer-Verlag, New
York, 397p.
Carsel, R. F. and S., P. R. (1998). Developing joint probability distributions of soil- water retention
characteristics. Water Resources Research, 24(5):755–769.
Cheng, J. R., Yeh, G. T., and Lin, H. C. (1996). Development of a two-dimensional overland flow
model using the lagrangian-eulerian finite element method. Water Resources XI, 2(-):183–190.
Cheng, R. T., Casulli, V., and Milford, S. N. (1984). Eulerian-lagrangian solution of the convection-
dispersion equation in natural coordinates. Water Resources Research, 20(7):944–952.
Dagan, G. (1986). Statistical theory of groundwater flow and transport: Pore to the laboratory to
the formation, and formation to regional scale. Water Resources Research, 22(9):120S–134S.
Domenico, P. A. and Schwartz, F. W. (1990). Physical and Chemical Hydrogeology. John Wiley
Sons, Inc.
Draper, N. R. and Smith, H. (1998). Applied Regression Analysis (Third Edition). John Wiley
Sons, Inc., 706p.
Ekberg, C. (1999). Sensitivity Analysis and Simulation Uncertainties in Predictive Geochemical
Modeling. Freiberg On-line Geoscience, vol. 2, http://www.geo.tu-freiberg.de/fog.
Fetter, C. W. (1993). Contaminant Hydrogeology,. Macmillan Publishing Company, New York,
458p.
Galeati, G., Gambolati, G., and Neuman, S. P. (1992). Coupled and partially coupled eulerian-
lagrangian model of freshwater-seawater mixing. Water Resources Research, 28(1):149–165.
Häfner, ., Boy, S., Wagner, S., Behr, A., Piskarev, V., and Palatnik, B. (1997). The ”frontlimita-
tion” algorithm - a new and fast finite-difference method for groundwater pollution problems.
Journal of Contaminant Hydrology, 27(-):43–61.
Häfner, F., Sames, D., and Voigt, H. D. (1992). Wärme- und Stofftransport. Springer Verlag,
Berlin.
Hardyanto, W. (2001). Implementation of latin hypercube sampling algorithm for groundwater
flow modeling. Freiberg Wissenschaftliche Mitteilungen, 16(-):195–204.
Hardyanto, W. and Merkel, B. (2007). Introducing probability and uncertainty in groundwater
modeling with femwater-lhs. Journal of Hydrology, 332(1–2):206–213.
Helton, J. C. (1993). Uncertainty and sensitivity analysis techniques for use in performance assess-
ment for radioactive waste disposal. Reliability Engineering and System Safety, 42(-):327–367.
Henry, H. R. (1964). Effects of dispersion on salt encroachment in coastal aquifers, seawater in
coastal aquifers. U.S. Geological Survey Water Supply Paper No. 1613-C, U.S. Geological
Survey, Washington D.C., pages 35–69.
Holzbecher, E. O. (1998). Modeling Density-Driven Flow in Porous Media: Principles, numerics,
software. Springer-Verlag, Berlin, 286p.
Huyakorn, P. and Pinder, G. (1983a). Computational Methods in Subsurface Flow. Academic, San
Diego, CA.
Huyakorn, P. S., Andersen, P. F., W., M. J., and O., W. J. H. (1987). Saltwater intrusion in aquifers:
Development and testing of a three-dimensional finite element model. Water Resour. Res.,
23(2):293–312.
58 4 Step-by-Step Applications

Huyakorn, P. S., P., S. E., V., G., and P., W. T. (1986). A three- dimensional finite-element model
for simulating water flow in variably saturated porous media. Water Resour. Res., 22(13):1790–
1808.
Huyakorn, P. S. and Pinder, G. F. (1983). Computational Methods in Subsurface Flow. Academic
Press, New York, 473p.
Iman, R. L., , and Helton, J. C. (1991). The repeatability of uncertainty and sensitivity analyses for
complex probabilistic risk assessment. Risk Analysis, 11(4):591–606.
Iman, R. L., , and Helton, J. C. (1998). An investigation of uncertainty and sensitivity analysis
techniques for computer models. Risk Analysis, 8(1):71–90.
Iman, R. L. (1992). Uncertainty and sensitivity analysis for computer modelingapplications. Reli-
ability Technology, AD-Vol. 28:153–168.
Iman, R. L. and Conover, W. J. (1980). Small sample sensitivity analysis techniques for computer
models, with an application to risk assessment. Communications in Statistics, Part A - Theory
and Methods, 9:1749–1874.
Iman, R. L. and Conover, W. J. (1992). A distribution-free approach to inducing rank correlations
among input variables. Communications in Statistics, Part B - Simulation and Computation,
11:311–334.
Iman, R. L. and Devenport, J. M. (1982). Rank correlation plots for use with correlated input
variables. Communications in Statistics, B11:355–360.
Iman, R. L., Devenport, J. M., Frost, E. L., and Shortencarier, M. J. (1980). Stepwise regres-
sion with press and rank regression (program user’s guide). SAND79- 1472, Sandia National
Laboratories, Albuquerque, NM.
Iman, R. L. and Shortencarier, M. J. (1984). A fortran 77 program and user’s guide for the genera-
tion of latin hypercube and random samples for use with computer models. NUREG/CR-3624,
SAND83-2365, Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, NM.
Iman, R. L., Shortencarier, M. J., and Johnson (1985). Fortran 77 program and user’s guide for the
calculation of partial correlation and standardized regression coefficient. NUREG/CR-4122,
SAND85-0044. Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, NM.
Istok, J. D. (1989). Groundwater modeling by the finite element method. American Geophysical
Union. Washington, DC., 495p.
Kinzelbach, W. (1986). Groundwater Modeling: An Introduction with Sample Programs in BASIC.
Elsevier Scientific Publishers, Amsterdam, The Netherlands, 333p.
Lin, H. C., Richards, D. R., Yeh, G. T., Cheng, J. R., Cheng, H. P., and Jones, N. L. (1997).
FEMWATER: A three dimensional finite element computer model for simulating density-
dependent flow and transport in variably saturated media. Report CHL-97- 12, U.S. Army
Corps of Engineer, 3909 Halls Ferry Road, Vicksburg, MS 39180- 6199.
Mckay, M. D., W.J., C., , and R.J., B. (1979). A comparison of three methods for selecting values
of input variables in the analysis of output from a computer code. Technometrics, 21:239–245.
Meinrath, G. (2000). Robust spectral analysis by moving block bootstrap designs. Analytica
Chimica Acta, 415:105–115.
Meinrath, G., Ekberg, C., Landgren, A., Liljenzin, J.O.Meinrath, G., Ekberg, C., Landgren, A.,
and Liljenzin, J. (2000). Assessment of uncertainty in parameter evaluation and prediction.
Talanta, 51:231–246.
Merkel, B., Grossmann, J., and Faust, A. (1988). Simulation of groundwater transport taking into
account thermodynamical reactions. Proc. VII Inter. Conf. on Computational Methods in Water
Resources, Boston, Juni 1988., pages 281–286.
Merkel, B., Sperling, B., and 1990 (1990). Statistik für Mikro-Computer. Gustav Fischer Verlag,
Stuttgart - New York.
Merkel, B. Nemeth, G. (1984). Interaction between soil-gas and seepage water. Proc. of the Int.
Symposium RIZA, 2:537–546.
Nitzsche, O., Meinrath, G., and Merkel, B. (2000). Database uncertainty as a limiting factor in
reactive transport prognosis. Contaminant Hydrology, 44:223–237.
References 59

Reilly, T. E. and Goodman, A. S. (1985). Quantitative analysis of saltwater-freshwater relationships

in groundwater systems — a historical perspective. J. Hydro., Amsterdam, The Netherlands,
80:125–160.
Shapiro, A. M., Margolin, J., Dolev, S., and Ben-Israel, Y. (1997). A graphical user interface
for the U.S. Geological Survey modular three-dimensional finite-difference Groundwater flow
model (MODFLOW-96) using Argus Numerical Environments. U.S. Geological Survey Open-
File Report 97-121, 53p.
Stein, M. (1987). Large sample properties of simulations using latin hypercube sampling. Techno-
metrics, 29(2):143–151.
Van Genuchten, M. T. (1980). A closed-form equation for predicting the hydraulic conductivity of
unsaturated soils. Soil Sci. Soc. J, 44:892–898.
Voss, C. I. (1984). SUTRA: A finite-element simulation model for saturated-unsaturated, fluid
density-dependent Groundwater flow with energy transport or chemically-reactive single-
species solute transport. U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 84-
4369, 409 p.
Voss, C. I., Boldt, D., and Shapiro, A. (1997). A graphical user interface for the U.S. Geological
Survey SUTRA code using Argus ONE. U.S. Geological Survey, Open-File Report 97-421, 106
p.
Voss, C. I. and Souza, W. R. (1987). Variable density flow solute transport simulation of regional
aquifers containing a narrow freshwater-saltwater transition zone. Water Resources Research,
23(10):1851–1866.
Winston, R. B. (1999). Upgrade to MODFLOW-GUI: Addition of MODPATH, ZONEBDGT, and
additional MODFLOW packages to the U.S. Geological SurveyMODFLOW-96 graphical-user
interface. U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 99-184, 63p.
Winston, R. B. (2001). Programs for Simplifying the Analysis of Geographic Information in U.S.
Geological Survey Groundwater Models. U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 01-392,
67p.
Yeh, G. T. (1999). Computational Subsurface Hydrology: Fluid Flows. Kluwer Academic Pub-
lishers, Boston, 277p.
Yeh, G. T. (2000). Computational Subsurface Hydrology: Reactions, Transport, and Fate. Kluwer
Academic Publishers, Boston, 344p.
Yeh, G. T., Chang, J. R., Cheng, H. P., and Sung, C. H. (1995). An adaptive local grid refinement
based on the exact peak capture and oscillation-free scheme to solve transport equations. Comp.
And Fluids, 24(3):293–332.
Yeh, G. T., Chang, J. R., and Short, T. E. (1992a). An exact peak capturing the oscillation
free scheme to solve advection-dispersion transport equations. Water Resources Research,
28(11):2937–2951.
Yeh, G. T., Cheng, J. R., and Cheng, H. P. (1994). 3DFEMFAT: User’s Manual of a 3- Dimensional
Finite Element Model of Flow and Transport through Saturated-Unsaturated Media. Technical
report, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, the Pennsylvania State University,
University Park, PA 16802.
Yeh, G. T., Cheng, J. R., and Short, T. E. (1997). 3DFATMIC: User’s Manual of a Three- Dimen-
sional Model of Subsurface Flow, Fat and Transport of Microbes and Chemicals. EPA/600/R-
97-053. National Risk Management Research Laboratory, U.S. E.P.A., Ada, OK 74820.
Yeh, G. T., Hansen, S. S, L. B., Strobl, R., and Scarbrough, J. (1992b). 3DFEMWA-
TER/3DLEWASTE: Numerical Codes for Delineating Wellhead Protection Areas in Agricul-
tural Regions Based on the Assimilative Capacity Criterion. U.S. Environmental Protection
Agency.