JUNE 2023

years

134
The technical service magazine for the rubber industry Volume 268, No. 3

Peroxide cure study

in HCR silicone

Thermoplastic-silicone elastomer composites

production by multi-component injection molding

Polyfarnesene branched butyl rubber:

An efficient, sustainable processability solution

Substitutions for specialty bases

in medical silicones
www.rubberworld.com

ACS Events, page 56

@rubberworld
 We’ve Got You Covered
SPECIALTY ADDITIVES FOR THE POLYMER INDUSTRY

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PROCESS AND PRODUCT
PERFORMANCE THROUGHOUT
AN EXTENSIVE ARRAY OF
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> Homogenizers > Processing Agents
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> Metal Stearates > Slip Agents (Amides)
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(203) 853-1400 | www.vanderbiltchemicals.com
Tecnoflon is a registered trademark of Solvay.
Contents Vol. 268, No. 3 June 2023

Features
JUNE 2023

26 Peroxide cure study

years

134
The technical
service mag

in HCR silicone
azine for the
rubber indust
ry Volume 268
, No. 3

by Erick Sharp, Kylie Knipp and Doug

Foster, ACE Laboratories. Performance of
different peroxides at varying levels in HCR Peroxide cu
re study
silicone are comparatively evaluated. in HCR silico
ne
Thermoplas
tic-silicone
production elasto
mponent inj mer composites
by multi-co

34 Thermoplastic- ection moldi

Polyfarnesen ng
e branch
sustainable ed butyl rubber:
An efficient,

silicone elastomer
processabil
ity solution
Substitutio
in medical silins for specialty ba
cones ses

composites production

orld.com
by multi-component

www.rubberw
injection molding
ACS Events
, page 56

@rubberworl
d
by H.-P. Heim, Ralf-Urs Giesen, Annette
Rüppel, Michael Hartung and Mohammad
Cover photo: Courtesy of Specialty
Ali Nikousaleh, University of Kassel. By
Silicone Products
activating the surface of a thermoplastic
(silicating or UVC irradiation), adhesion
can be created between LSR and
thermoplastics such as PP and PC in
order to produce multi-component parts. 46 Substitutions for
specialty bases in
38 Polyfarnesene medical silicones
branched by Sarah Lewis, Taylor Smith, Amelia
Berry and Dominic Testo, Specialty
butyl rubber Silicone Products. Silicone compounders
by Jeremy L. Bourque, Sarah J. Elliott, Jon can mitigate the risks caused by over-
A. Bielby, Kevin Kulbaba and Gregory J.E. reliance on specialty bases from a single
Davidson, Arlanxeo. A next generation of supplier. By understanding the scope of
branched butyl rubber is described using accessible properties and making
polyfarnesene, a bio-based liquid polymer, appropriate modifications to general
as a new highly efficient branching agent, purpose bases, compounders can
resulting in improved butyl rubbers. protect customers from shortages.

Departments
4 Editorial 20 Patent News
7 Business Briefs 52 Meetings
14 Market Focus 58 Suppliers Showcase
16 Oil, Gas & Energy 69 People in the News
FOLLOW US ON TWITTER @rubberworld 3
From the Editor Jill Rohrer

USTMA cites legislative priorities Machinery, materials highlighted

The U.S. Tire Manufacturers Association issued its 2023 fed- Rubber World՚s upcoming July and August editions high-
eral legislative priorities letter to the 118th Congress, outlining light Machinery and Equipment (July) and Chemicals and
key areas of continued cooperation to address the evolving Materials (August). In addition, Rubber World՚s annual
areas of tire safety, environmental stewardship and innovation. Machinery & Equipment Suppliers Directory is published
USTMA has engaged with Congress on policies to promote in the July edition. Both the July and August issues include a
innovative infrastructure technologies and to better position the special Corporate Profile advertising section, where adver-
U.S. tire manufacturing industry to tackle future challenges. tisers who schedule a full page ad in either issue earn a free
“Members of USTMA urge the 118th Congress to collabo- Corporate Profile in the same issue. Corporate Profiles appear
rate to address important issues facing the U.S. tire manufac- opposite the company՚s advertising to provide the impact of a
turing sector and the American public,” said Anne Forristall two-page spread.
Luke, USTMA president and CEO. “Federal regulations, in- New product press releases, news releases and case studies
vestment and research must keep pace with the advancements are invited for these two important issues of Rubber World.
in automotive technology.” The six policy areas include: Please submit your editorial material to my attention (jill@rub-
• A unified North American approach to consumer tire berworld.com) at your earliest convenience.
information and standards Details on advertising opportunities in
• The expansion of sustainable and circular infrastructure Rubber World are available from Dennis
solutions for scrap tires Kennelly ([email protected]);
• Research to identify mitigation solutions for road runoff Mike Dies ([email protected]); or
• Use and domestic manufacturing of retreaded tires Pete McNeil ([email protected]).
• Ensuring fair, equal and standardized access to digital Don՚t miss out on these excellent opportu-
vehicle data and infrastructure assets nities to promote your company՚s products
• Developing domestic sources of natural rubber in two of our biggest issues of the year!
Jill Rohrer

RUBBER WORLD, (ISSN-0035-9572),

Editorial Staff BuSinESS Staff June, 2023, Vol. 268, No. 3, Copyright:
Chip Lippincott publisher Lippincott & Peto, Inc. 2023; all rights re-
Jill Rohrer editor
served. J.H. Lippincott, Chairman. Pub-
David Schultz technical editor Dennis Kennelly senior vice president, lished monthly at 1741 Akron-Peninsula
Don R. Smith contributing editor associate publisher Rd., Akron, OH 44313-5157 by Lippin-
marketing cott & Peto, Inc. Editorial and Executive
Michele Caprez electronic publishing Mike Dies
representative Offices at 1741 Akron-Peninsula Rd.,
director Akron, OH 44313-5157. Periodicals
Matthew M. Raymond creative director Pete McNeil sales consultant postage paid at Akron, OH and at addi-
Laura Comstock office manager tional mailing offices. POSTMASTER:
Please send changes of address to
Editorial OfficES RUBBER WORLD, Circulation Dept.,

1741 Akron-Peninsula Rd. lippincott & pEto P.O. Box 16123, St. Louis, MO 63105.
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4 RUBBERWORLD.COM • JUNE 2023

 Business Briefs Flame
Arlanxeo to build Retardants
140 ktpa rubber plant
Arlanxeo (www.arlanxeo.com), The Hague, Netherlands, Zinc Borate - Small particle
announced the planned construction of a world class rubber
facility in Jubail, Saudi Arabia. The 140 kiloton per year (ktpa) size specific for Wire and
plant will produce two
Cable
A ,
cquisitions high performance elasto-
mers: ultra high cis poly-
expansions butadiene (NdBR) and Flame Check - Non Halogen
lithium butadiene rubber
(LiBR). The planned construction follows the final investment specialty flame retardants
decision by Aramco and TotalEnergies to build a world scale
petrochemical facility in Saudi Arabia. and packages
Bridgestone Americas (www.bridgestoneamericas.com),
Nashville, TN, celebrated the expansion of its Bridgestone
Bandag, LLC manufacturing plant in Abilene, TX, with an
Antimony Oxide
official groundbreaking ceremony. The 50,000 square foot, $60
million expansion of the Abilene plant is aimed at the growing ATH
demand for the company’s tread rubber products, driven by the
rapid growth of its retread business. The expansion includes an
immediate increase in operational activity by running on six
Magnesium Hydroxide
and seven day production schedules, as well as the construction
of new mixing operations at the facility. The mixing opera- Phosphate Esters
tions are expected to be completed and in operation by January
2025. The investment in the facility and the additional days
of operations increase the plant’s output by 16%, furthering Chlorinated Paraffin
Bridgestone’s commitment to sustainable solutions.
Covestro (www.covestro.com), Leverkusen, Germany, a
manufacturer of polymer materials and their components, inau-
gurated a production line for high performance thermoplastic Give us a call and let us help solve
polyurethanes (TPUs) that will be used for production of paint
protection films. The line is located at the company՚s existing
your biggest challenges.
site in Changhua, Taiwan.
Henkel (www.henkel.com), Düsseldorf, Germany, a global
provider of adhesives, sealants and functional coatings, has
officially opened its technology center in Bridgewater, NJ.
Occupying 70,000 square feet, the center is said to provide a Service you expect.
unique and interactive destination for the company’s strategic
partners and customers.

HB
Trelleborg (www.trelleborg.com), Trelleborg, Sweden,
a provider of engineered polymer solutions that seal, damp
and protect critical applications in demanding environments,
announced that Trelleborg Marine and Infrastructure will
open a state-of-the-art manufacturing facility in Vietnam, with
construction scheduled to be completed at the end of 2025, and
production to commence in 2026.
Maxcess International (www.maxcessintl.com), Oak Brook,
IL, a global manufacturer of automated web handling solutions, CHEMICAL
announced the opening of a state-of-the-art facility strategically
located just west of Mumbai, India, to house sales and service 1665 Enterprise Pkwy, Twinsburg, OH 44087
support, research and development, offices and a repair center. Ph: (800) 991-2436 F: (330) 920-0971
www.hbchemical.com

FOLLOW US ON TWITTER @rubberworld 7

 Business Briefs
Smithers, U. of Akron CSR standards across chemical companies and their suppliers.
The International Rubber Study Group (www.rubber-
partner on racing tires study.org), Singapore, welcomed Bloom Integrated Services
Limited, a petroleum supplier said to be dedicated to providing
Smithers (www.smithers.com), Akron, OH, a provider of test- high quality products and services to its customers in Nigeria,
ing, consulting, information and compliance services, is sponsor- as an associate member.
ing the University of Akron Formula SAE team. Smithers also Bridgestone Americas (www.bridgestoneamericas.com),
recently hosted the team at the Nashville, TN, in partnership with the Indianapolis Motor
C ontracts , Smithers Tire & Wheel Test
Center for a tour and discus-
Speedway, Penske and Shell, made efforts to make the 107th
running of the Indianapolis 500 the most sustainable Indy 500
licenses sion about laboratory testing in the history of the NTT Indycar Series. As the series՚ exclusive
for automotive components. tire supplier, Bridgestone has incorporated ISCC Plus certified
The University of Akron has participated in Formula SAE for recycled butadiene, a monomer produced from hard-to-recycle
over 30 years. Students are challenged to incorporate their class- used plastic shopping bags, film, stretch wrap and other flex-
room knowledge into effective automotive designs by designing, ible polymer packaging, developed in partnership with Shell, in
building and racing a Formula One style race car. all Firestone Firehawk race tires used at the race. Bridgestone
The German Rubber Manufacturers՚ Association (www. will manufacture all race tires for the 2023 season at the ISCC
wdk.de), Berlin, Germany, has committed to reponsible pro- Plus certified Advanced Tire Production Center in Akron,
curement practices for raw materials and services in the rubber OH. Additionally, Bridgestone partnered with Penske and the
industry for many years. To advance the implementation of Indianapolis Motor Speedway to transport the race tires.
this goal, the association is now cooperating with Together for Falken Tires (www.falkentire.com), Rancho Cucamonga,
Sustainability, an international nonprofit initiative that raises CA, a subsidiary of Sumitomo Rubber Industries, Ltd.,

HB CHEMICAL KNOWS MEXICO

HB Chemical Mexico has different warehouses in Monterrey,
Querétaro, Leon, Toluca and Vallejo. With a team of industry
experts to help Mexican companies do their jobs easier and
make their products better. Call HB Chemical and see how
we can help you.

HB
CHEMICAL
Llame a uno de nuestros expertos hoy.
Mariana
Carlos
Sanchez
Sales
Calderon
Contreras
Operations
Armando
Garcia
Sales
Servicio que usted espera.
Manager

HB Chemical Mexico S.A. de C.V. , Av. Paseo Colon No. 311-A, Col. Residencial Colon, Toluca, Mexico 50120
Tel. +52 (722) 212 1800 www.hbchemical.com.mx

8 RUBBERWORLD.COM • JUNE 2023

 PRODUCTS YOU NEED.
Business Briefs PRICES YOU WANT.
announced that Subaru has selected the Falken Ziex ZE001A
HB Chemical was founded in 1985 and has grown
All-Season as a tire of choice for the 2024 Subaru Crosstrek.
to be a distributor of quality rubber chemicals
Yokohama Tire (www.yokohamatire.com), Santa Ana,
and products throughout North America. With
CA, the North American manufacturing and marketing arm of
10 warehouses located in the US, Mexico
Tokyo, Japan based Yokohama Rubber, is partnering with
and Canada, HB Chemical provides the most
FuelFest for the fifth consecutive year. The traveling interna-
economical products to meet customer needs and
tional automotive festival brings together music, culture, celeb-
quality requirements while providing the very best
rities and cars in the name of charity.
in customer service.
Yokohama Rubber (www.y-yokohama.com), Tokyo,
Japan, is supplying its Geolandar X-CV tires as original equip-
In 2006 our Northeast Ohio warehouse expansion
ment for Mazda Motor՚s new crossover SUV, the Mazda
was completed to serve our distribution warehouses
CX-90, sales of which were launched in the U.S. in April 2023.
in California, Georgia, Illinois, Massachusetts,
Sentury (www.senturytireusa.com), Qingdao, Shandong,
Missouri, North Carolina, Texas, Virginia, Ontario,
China, announced that it supplied products to Nokian Tyres
Canada and several locations in Mexico.
in the first quarter of 2023. Writing in a stock exchange filing,
Sentury representatives specified that the company has deliv-
HB Chemical is certified to ISO 9001 standards and
ered Nokian brand winter tires.
is recognized as one of the top 30 US Chemical
Grupo Soledad (www.gruposoledad.com), Alicante,
Distributors and among the top 80 in the world by
Comunidad Valenciana, Spain, announced that its member,
ICIS Magazine.
Insa Turbo, reported that Kraiburg has been able to sig-
nificantly expand its share in the Spanish retreading material
market. Grupo Soledad is said to be a key player in the Spanish
market, with its distribution network totaling more than 100 • Accelerators • Magnesium Oxide
of its own shops, and a franchise network with 1,000 points of
• Antioxidants & • Nitrile, SBR, Natural
sale in Spain and Portugal. The two companies plan to cooper-
ate more closely in the future. Inhibitors Rubber
Covestro (www.covestro.com), Leverkusen, Germany, a • Biocide • Plasticizers
manufacturer of polymer materials and their components, has
• Carbon Black • Process Aids
signed a 90 megawatt virtual power purchase agreement with
Orsted, a clean energy leader in the U.S. market, headquartered • Dispersions • Stearates
in Denmark. With various agreements in place, Covestro is said • Fatty Acids • Sulfur
to foster the growth of renewable energy projects around the
• Flame Retardants • TiO2
world. This newest 15 year agreement secures a portion of power
from the Mockingbird Solar Center in Lamar County, TX, • Lubricants • Waxes
marking Covestro՚s first renewable energy agreement in the U.S.
Xiamen Changsu Industrial Pte. Ltd. (www.changsufilm.
com), Xiamen, Fujian, China, and TotalEnergies Corbion
announced a strategic cooperation agreement that will further
advance the polylactic acid (PLA) industry. They will work
Service you expect.
together on the market promotion, product development and
research and development of new technologies and applica-

HB
tions of biaxially oriented polylactic acid (BOPLA).

Quality registrations
Arburg (www.arburg.com), Lossburg, Germany, a global manu-
facturer of injection molding machines, has obtained certification
for its information security according to the internationally recog-
nized ISO 27001 standard. Arburg has been voluntarily certified to
DIN ISO/IEC 27001 since March 2023.
Stahl (www.stahl.com), Waalwijk, Netherlands, a provider
CHEMICAL
of coating technologies, announced that its near term greenhouse 1665 Enterprise Pkwy, Twinsburg, OH 44087
gas (GHG) emissions reduction targets have been validated by the
Ph: (800) 991-2436 F: (330) 920-0971
Science Based Targets initiative (SBTi).
www.hbchemical.com

FOLLOW US ON TWITTER @rubberworld 9

 Business Briefs
DRI Rubber awarded
for sustainability
DRI Rubber (www.drirubber.com), Waalwijk, Netherlands,
a global supplier of reprocessed and fiber reinforced rub-
ber compounds, was awarded the title, Most Sustainable
Rubber Recycling
C orporate , Company 2023,
Netherlands, at the
financial news Business Excellence
Awards. Provided by
SILICONE
Acquisition International, the awards recognize outstanding SOLUTIONS
ARPM 2023 Safety Award Count on ACE for seamless
winners announced silicone innovation.
The Association for Rubber Products Manufacturers (www.
arpminc.org), Indianapolis, IN, announced the 2023 Safety Award From compound design
Winners, who were honored during the 2023 Environmental
Health and Safety (EHS) Summit on May 24-25 in Columbus, and small-batch mixing to
OH. The prestigious Safety Awards program consists of two
awards: the Safety Achievement Award and the Safety Best processing technology
Practice Award. The Safety Achievement Award is a way to recog-
nize safety in the industry and award facilities that have achieved a and pre-launch validation,
level of safety performance above the industry average. Awards are
based on data reported on a company's annual OSHA 300 Log of
our real-world expertise
Work Related Injuries and Illnesses. Winners are as follows: addresses your silicone
Gold Safety Award
• BRC Rubber & Plastics (Bluffton, IN) product development
• BRC Rubber & Plastics (Ligonier, IN)
• Hamilton Kent LLC (Winchester, TN) challenges head-on.
• Mechanical Rubber Products (Warwick, NY)
• Zeon Chemicals L.P. (Hattiesburg, MS)
• Zochem ULC (Brampton, Ontario, Canada)
Silver Safety Award
• Blair Rubber (Seville, OH)
• BRC Rubber and Plastics (Hartford City, IN) CONTACT US:
• Zochem LLC (Dickson, TN)
Honorable Mention Award +1 330-557-4088
• Eagle Elastomer (Cuyahoga Falls, OH) [email protected]
• Prospira America (Upper Sandusky, OH)
In addition, the Safety Best Practice Award is a way to rec-
ognize the best practices that organizations have implemented to ace-laboratories.com
increase overall safety. Award submissions range from employee
safety training and emergency training to tracking safety methods
and mold change safety. ARPM recognized Hamilton Kent (1st
place), Contitech Canada (2nd place) and Zeon Chemicals (3rd
place) with a Safety Best Practices Award. These winners were
voted on by the ARPM membership and are said to be a testament
to the time, effort and investments these organizations are making
to keep their employees safe. “The Safety Awards Program recog-
nizes leaders in the rubber industry for committing to and achiev- ACE Laboratories is an ISO/IEC 17025-accredited
ing excellence in safety and health. These companies are making laboratory for rubber, silicone & polymer testing,
safety a top priority and have gone above and beyond to ensure product development and consulting services for
their most valuable assets (their employees) are safe on the job,” companies around the globe.
said Kaitlyn Triplett, ARPM managing director.

FOLLOW US ON TWITTER @rubberworld 11

 More than a Distributor

Performance Elastomers

FKM & FFKM HNBR

Copolymer High & Low ACN Content
Terpolymer Various Saturation Levels
Cure Incorporated Very Low Viscosity Grades
Peroxide Curable Advanced Catalyst Technology
Low Temp Grades Expanding Capacity
Perfluorinated

Our team of dedicated commercial and technical staff and 3000 sq ft fully equipped lab
are ready to provide solutions and bridge the gap between our customers and principals.

Contact Lianda Corporation or visit our website to find out more • ISO 9001:2015

L I A N D A C O R P. C O M • I N Q U I R Y@ L I A N D A C O R P. C O M • 3 3 0 . 6 5 3 . 8 3 4 1
 Business Briefs
performances and achievements across various industries. DRI
reprocesses rubber waste streams from the global tire and rub-
ber industry into a wide variety of compounds.
Scandinavian Enviro Systems (www.envirosystems.se),
Gothenburg, Sweden, announced that its major shareholder,
Michelin, has developed a racing tire for this year՚s edition of
the Le Mans 24 hour race that contains a full 63% sustainable
materials, including recovered carbon black (rCB) from Enviro.
ExxonMobil Product Solutions (www.corporate.exxon-
mobil.com), Irving, TX, was presented with the Responsible
Care Company of the Year award from the American SILICONE TESTING
Chemistry Council.
& ANALYSIS
Nagoya University and Zeon
Turn data into your
researchers receive awards
Nagoya University (https://en.nagoya-u.ac.jp), Nagoya, Japan, competitive edge with ACE.
announced that researchers from the university and Zeon received
two awards in May 2023 for Our accredited laboratories
the development of tough
noncovalently functionalized deliver rapid, accurate
styrenic thermoplastic elasto-
mers. They chemically modi- testing that empowers
fied Zeon՚s Quintac, a styrenic
thermoplastic elastomer, to decisions, optimizes
develop “tough functional-
ized styrenic thermoplastic
performance, and provides
elastomers.” Since the newly
developed SIS with noncovalently functionalized polyisoprene
solutions for failures.
is a lightweight yet tough and highly impact resistant material, its
development should contribute to the goal of reaching a net zero
carbon and sustainable society, according to researchers.
The researchers received the 2022 SRJ Technology Award
from the Society of Rheology, Japan (SRJ), a member of the
International Committee on Rheology (ICR), and the 35th SRSJ
Award from the Society of Rubber Science and Technology,
Japan (SRSJ), a member of the International Rubber
Conference Organization (IRCO). The SRJ Technology Award is
given to people who have made outstanding achievements in rheol- CONTACT US:
ogy associated technology (including engineering and industrializa-
tion technology). Meanwhile, the SRSJ Award is given to those who +1 330-557-4088
have contributed to the development of science and technology in
rubber and rubber related fields, or to the development of the indus- [email protected]
try field, where their achievements are extremely remarkable.
Responding to the demand for a new TPE that is light in weight,
but has a higher strength and toughness in comparison to existing ace-laboratories.com
TPEs already on the market, a Nagoya University research group
led by Atsushi Noro at the Graduate School of Engineering and
the Institutes of Innovation for Future Society, in collaboration
with Zeon, synthesized tough noncovalently functionalized styrenic
thermoplastic elastomers by introducing more than a few mol% of
non-covalent functional groups, such as hydrogen bonding func-
tional groups and ionic functional groups, to the polyisoprene part
(polydiene part) of Zeon՚s Quintac SIS. In particular, the tensile
strength, toughness and impact resistance of ionically functionalized ACE Laboratories is an ISO/IEC 17025-accredited
SIS (i-SIS) are three times higher than those of Zeon՚s Quintac SIS laboratory for rubber, silicone & polymer testing,
without functional groups. The awards were given to them due to product development and consulting services for
the high novelty and scientific significance of the research achieve- companies around the globe.
ments supported by publications of two peer reviewed papers.

FOLLOW US ON TWITTER @rubberworld 13

 Market Focus
Retread tire market to grow at 6% CAGR
The global retread tire market is projected to grow at a com- Goodyear, Carloni Tire, JK Tires, Eastern Treads, Nokian Tires,
pound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 6% from 2023 to 2033, Kraiburg Austria, Pilipinas Kai Rubber, Kit Loong Commercial
reaching a value of $11.2 billion in 2023, and $20 billion by Tire Group, Fortune Tire Tech, Tread Wright Tire, CIO Tires,
2033, according to a study by Future Market Insights. Vaculug Tires and King Meiler tires.
The market is expected to experience significant growth, pri- According to FMI, key market players are leveraging organic
marily influenced by the increasing prices of new tires, particu- growth strategies like acquisitions, mergers, tie-ups and collabo-
larly for sport utility vehicles. This trend can be attributed to the rations to bolster their product portfolio. This is expected to pro-
rise in natural rubber costs and the volatility of crude oil prices. pel the global retread tire market.
Additionally, the expanding number of commercial vehicles in
operation worldwide is projected to be a major driving force for
market growth. Conductive silicone rubber
Tire manufacturers have shown a strong interest in explor- market to grow at 8% rate
ing new opportunities and meeting the growing market de-
mand for tire retreading. They are increasingly recognizing the The global conductive silicone rubber market is anticipated
significance of this technology and its rising popularity among to attain a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of ~8% be-
consumers. As a result, major tire manufacturers have initiated tween 2023-2035, according to a report from Research Nester.
research and development efforts to align with this market trend The global conductive silicone rubber market size is expected to
and fulfill the demands of retread tire users, the study says. reach $30 billion by the end of 2035.
In September 2021, Bridgestone unveiled its latest com- The market is segmented on the basis of product type into
mercial vehicle portfolio, showcasing cutting edge mobility thermal conductive, electricity conductive and others, out of
solutions and tire retreading concepts. Notably, the company which the electricity conductive segment is projected to occupy
highlighted the Bridgestone Duravis R002 premium tire, which the largest share over the forecast period, as this property of sili-
is said to stand out for its exceptional wet grip, optimal fuel ef- cone rubber is beneficial in making parts of electric appliances.
ficiency and durable carcass. Bridgestone expects that this re- The growing application of electricity conductive silicone rub-
treaded tire will meet the demands of commercial vehicle users, ber in making wires is estimated to boost the segment growth.
offering high performance and reliability. The global conductive silicone rubber market is estimated to
The tire retreading market is set to be propelled by the eco- witness growth due to the higher flexibility, better elasticity, re-
friendly characteristics of retreaded tires and their cost-effective- sistance to corrosion, longer life and electromagnetic shielding
ness compared to new tires. Retreading is known for its envi- properties of silicone rubber. These are conductors of heat and
ronmentally friendly nature, as it allows manufacturers to reuse electricity; but unlike metal conductors, they are highly flexible,
existing tires, reducing the need for landfill space. Retreading making them optimum for making wires and small machinery
helps decrease carbon dioxide emissions and saves significant parts. The growing adoption of conductive silicone rubber in
quantities of oil that would otherwise be used in the production the automotive industry for making parts of vehicle engines is
of new tires. These factors contribute to the sustainability and estimated to boost the market growth. Moreover, the growing
conservation of resources in the tire industry. production of automotive, backed by rising sales of vehicles, is
Key takeaways from the FMI study show the U.S. retread estimated to boost the market growth.
tire market is expected to grow with a CAGR of 5.8% during the On the basis of geographical analysis, the global conductive
forecast period, while China is expected to grow with a CAGR silicone rubber market is segmented into five major regions, in-
of 6.2%. Heavy commercial vehicles are projected to dominate cluding North America, Europe, Asia Pacific, Latin America and
the retread tire market. It is expected to grow with a significant the Middle East and Africa region.
CAGR of 6.5% during the forecast period. The various properties of conductive silicone rubber, such
By process, the pre-cure retreading segment is expected to as high elasticity, resistance to corrosion, flexibility and elec-
grow with a CAGR of 6.6% throughout the forecast period. tromagnetic shielding, make it the most optimum material for
“Increasing prices of sport utility vehicles are expected to making wires and parts of electric machines. These properties
drive market growth during the forecast period,” according to an make silicone rubber excellent for electronics, as they reduce
FMI analyst. the chance of damage and improve the life of the devices. This is
The retread tire market is highly competitive, with several estimated to boost the market growth.
key industry players investing heavily in the production of these However, the higher cost of conductive silicone rubber is ex-
tires. The key industry players are Continental, MRF, Yoko- pected to operate as a key restraint to the growth of the global
hama Rubber, Rosler Tech Innovators, Michelin, Bridgestone, conductive silicone rubber market over the forecast period.

14 RUBBERWORLD.COM • JUNE 2023

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 Oil, Gas & Energy
Polyurethane timing belts introduced
A new generation of polyurethane timing belts has been intro- petitors’ products, and alterations are not necessary. In addition,
duced by Continental in its “Truly Endless” product line onto the the Synchromotion offers all the usual benefits of Continental
market under the name Synchromotion. Steel cord reinforced PU timing belts. This is said to mean reliable power transmis-
polyurethane belts are considered to be extremely flexible, abra- sion, wear resistant PU material, low maintenance due to steel
sion resistant and durable. The polyurethane cover is said to en- cord tension members with high tensile strength, and suitability
sure more efficient power transmission than is the case with oth- for applications in demanding environments. The structure of
er materials. With Synchromotion, customers may now choose the white belt reflects that of the Synchroflex, a PU timing belt
between 11 different profiles in the length range from 1,500 to already established on the market by Continental for the low-
14,500 mm, with a maximum width of 100 mm. er and medium power range, with an endless tension member
The Synchromotion can be manufactured in individual made from steel. The plastic is identical to Continental’s polyu-
lengths, precisely down to one tooth. This gives customers rethane for extruded products.
greater design flexibility and additional freedom, for example in The Synchromotion is suitable for conveyance and power
terms of center distances. It opens up new perspectives for appli- transmission drives across the power range. These include syn-
cations that were not previously covered by Continental. “This chronous conveyor systems and transport devices with sliding
allows us to offer our industrial customers a significantly larger rails, as well as positioning and reversing drives in linear and
standard range, and they can now access the full product portfo- control engineering.
lio from a single source,” pointed out Sascha Heyde, who heads The Synchromotion will be produced at the PU specialized
product management for industrial drive belts at Continental. Dannenberg, Germany plant. Each order is produced to custom-
The numerous profiles available enable replacement on exist- er specification. The initial lead time to market launch will be
ing equipment. The dimensions are fully compatible with com- around four to six weeks.

Kraiburg compounds approved for hydrogen applications

The German standards authority approval of elastomer com- drogen plants, systems and vehicles. There is hardly an energy
pounds made by Gummiwerk Kraiburg for a range of hydrogen source more in focus than hydrogen (H2). Mobility, power supply
applications verifies H2 compatibility according to SAE J2600. and industry are said to be rallying toward hydrogen technologies
A supplier of rubber and silicone compounds, Kraiburg has had that pave the way into the future. There is said to be enormous po-
a range of its compounds tested for use in hydrogen applications. tential, especially for green hydrogen generated from renewable
In the test cycles, the elastomer mixtures showed no signs of energy sources, to become a sustainable energy carrier.
explosive decompression damage and attained approval follow- Developing the supply infrastructure requires specific solu-
ing the SAE J2600 standard, as issued by the German technical tions, especially in the choice of materials that are suitable for
standards supervisory body, abbreviated TÜV. hydrogen applications, and that guarantee reliability and endur-
Kraiburg submitted a range of compounds for testing by the ing safe function. This is a challenge, since H2 is color and odor-
German technical standards and supervisory authority. The test less; it is volatile and highly flammable, posing the risk of explo-
cycles follow the North American standard SAE J2600 method sion. By employing the certified compounds made by Kraiburg,
and, having successfully passed them, confirm suitability for hy- system and component manufacturers are in a position to ensure
drogen applications. The high performance compounds are said that their products fulfill the strictest standards.
to be distinguished by high dimensional stability in contact with The SAE J2600 approval testing method has established itself
hydrogen, and resilience to explosive decompression (a sudden as a global safety standard for hydrogen vehicles and gas sta-
drop in pressure which leads to a rapid release of gases and, as a tions. The independent certification authority TÜV has adopted
result, to damages in the elastomer component). the North American standards into its own testing portfolio in
The approval confirms that the compounds fulfill the highest order to test and approve materials for their suitability and safety
standards of quality and meet the requirements for use in hy- in components and systems for hydrogen applications.

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16 RUBBERWORLD.COM • JUNE 2023

Choose our Fluon+™ Flexible AR compounds made with our Ethylene TetraFluoroEthylene (ETFE) and a
fluoroelastomer. You’ll get the same toughness of the ETFE but with more flexibility. These high performance
compounds can be customized for flexibility and enhanced by radiation curing or cross-linked without the
presence of a coagent. Colorized options are available too. Perfect for wire and cable, films and sheets,
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 Patent News
System and method for acquisition ond optical reflectivity which is differ- Rubber composition for tire tread and
of tire sidewall data from a moving ent from the first optical reflectivity. tire manufactured by using the same
vehicle Each identified marking is decoded to U.S. patent: 11,613,631
U.S. patent: 11,614,380 retrieve data stored therein, representa- Issued: March 28, 2023
Issued: March 28, 2023 tive of the tire, wheel assembly and/or Inventors: Ii Jin Kim, Ki Hyun Kim,
Inventor: Timothy A. Strege associated vehicle onto which the Hyung Jae Lee, Won Ho Kim, Byung
Assigned: Hunter Engineering wheel assembly is installed. The Kyu Ahn and Dong Hyuk Kim
Key statement: A drive-through vehi- retrieved data are incorporated into an Assigned: Hankook Tire & Technology
cle inspection system acquiring infor- inspection report and/or utilized by the Key statement: Provided is an all-sea-
mation from engraved markings on the vehicle inspection system to access son tire tread rubber composition in
tire sidewalls of a moving vehicle. vehicle-specific information contained which braking performance and wear
Optical imaging sensors disposed on within an indexed database. performance are secured at the same
opposite sides of the vehicle acquire 400
time. A rubber composition for tire
images of the sidewall surfaces for 100 300 tread according to the present disclo-
each passing wheel assembly. The 102 102 sure comprises: 100 parts by weight of
acquired images are evaluated by a raw rubber comprising solution
processing system configured to iden- polymerized styrene butadiene rubber
tify, within the acquired images, visi- which has a styrene content of 20 to 30
ble markings engraved into the tire wt.% and a vinyl content within buta-
sidewall surfaces which include a first V diene of 20 to 30 wt.% and is manu-
portion having a first optical reflectiv- factured by a continuous method; 90 to
WA
ity and a second portion having a sec- 110 110 parts by weight of silica; and 20 to

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 Patent News
40 parts by weight of modified liquid Issued: March 28, 2023 material (LCM) having flakes formed
butadiene rubber. Inventors: Adel Al-Ansari, Md from waste vehicle tires. The LCM
Amanullah, Bader Al-Zahrani and includes flakes produced from waste
Spent vehicle tire lost circulation Turki Al-Subaie vehicle tires processed to remove steel
material (LCM) Assigned: Saudi Arabian Oil components of the tires and produce
U.S. patent: 11,613,943 Key statement: A lost circulation flakes having a specific size. Also,
methods of lost circulation control and
manufacture of the waste vehicle tire
LCM.
200

Short axis
Long axis

204 202

Bluetooth tire pressure monitoring

system
U.S. patent: 11,618,287
Issued: April 4, 2023
Inventor: Shih-Yao Lin
Assigned: Sysgration
Key statement: A bluetooth tire pres-
sure monitoring system (TPMS)
includes a sensing host and a receiving
host and the sensing host includes a bat-
tery, a control unit, a bluetooth trans-
ceiver unit, a boost/regulation circuit, a
pressure sensing unit, an operational
amplifier, a gravity sensing unit, a tem-
perature sensing unit and a bluetooth
antenna. The bluetooth TPMS utilizes
low power bluetooth wireless commu-
nication technology to transmit and
receive signals, so as to meet the
requirement in low power consumption.
100 100
Sensing Sensing
host host
200

Receiving
host

100 100
Sensing Sensing
host host

22 RUBBERWORLD.COM • JUNE 2023

 Patent News
Rubber composition for hollow ball between the weight reduction rates the location of defects in the buried
and hollow ball TGA850 and TGA650 of the rubber com- conductor using the tire electrode man-
U.S. patent: 11,618,813 position is not less than 0% and not ufacturing with improved conductivity
Issued: April 4, 2023 greater than 7%. A hollow ball (2) and contact resistance with the ground,
Inventors: Takehiko Hyodo, Masanori includes a hollow core (4) formed from even though the tire compound has
Taguchi, Kazuyoshi Shiga, Fumiya the rubber composition. wear resistance by lowering the water
Suzuki, Hiroaki Tanaka and Kunio swelling rate compared to the previous
Niwa Tire composition technology.
Assigned: Sumitomo Rubber U.S. patent: 11,623,477
Key statement: A rubber composition Issued: April 11, 2023 Tire
for a hollow ball includes a base rubber Inventor: Hyun Chang Lee. U.S. patent: 11,623,479
and an inorganic filler. A weight reduc- Key statement: The present disclosure Issued: April 11, 2023
tion rate TGA650 from room tempera- relates to a method and manufacturing Inventor: Koichi Nakajima;
ture to 650°C and a weight reduction method for a tire tread composition Assigned: Sumitomo Rubber Industries
rate TGA850 from room temperature to having absorption properties with high Key statement: A tire having a tread
850°C of the rubber composition are electric conductivity and excellent wear portion that is provided with sipes. Four
measured under an air atmosphere by resistance. Specifically, the present dis- sipe segments of the sipe include a first
thermogravimetry conforming to JIS closure relates to the fabrication of a sipe segment, a second sipe segment, a
K0129. The weight reduction rate tire composition to be used as a non- third sipe segment and a fourth sipe
TGA650 of the rubber composition is pneumatic tire; the tire composition can segment. At least one of the first sipe
not less than 63% and not greater than be used as a mobile electrode with a segment and the third sipe segment
99%. A difference (TGA850 − TGA650) water supply means that can identify includes, in the cross section orthogonal

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 Patent News
to the length direction, an oscillated por- Key statement: A rubber sole thermo- being hindered by the middle frame,
tion which extends in the tire radial direc- molding machine includes a lower assuring the safe and smooth process.
tion, while oscillating in the lateral direc- mold seat disposed on a hydraulic actu-
tion orthogonal to the length direction. ator of the machine seat. The lower
75
mold seat ascends and descends with
8 9 respect to the upper mold seat accord-
8 11 53
12
6 8 13
14 ing to the hydraulic actuator, allowing
10
10 the lower upper molds to close and
8 open. The upper mold seat moves
between a normal position and a tilt 70
position according to the turning mech- 73
anism. The middle plate horizontally
721
moves between the upper and the lower
mold seats and has a push mechanism 61
731
connected with the middle frame. When 611
Rubber sole thermoforming the pin of the middle frame and the fas- 71
machine ten unit on the push mechanism are 72
U.S. patent: 11,623,384 separated, the middle frame is stacked 60
Issued: April 11, 2023 on the middle plate or the lower mold
Inventor: Wen-Sen Tian to move, facilitating the cleansing and
Assigned: Dah Tyan Hydraulic material feeding operations. The user
Machine Industrial can cleanse the upper mold without

FOLLOW US ON TWITTER @rubberworld 25

Peroxide cure study in HCR silicone
by Erick Sharp, Kylie Knipp and Doug Foster, ACE Laboratories to dicumyl peroxide. It is often used as a primary or solo per-
oxide in HCR elastomer molded compounds. The decomposi-
The performance of different peroxides at varying levels in tion and activity are also within range of dicumyl peroxide.
HCR silicone are comparatively evaluated in this article. Com- Similarly, DBPH is a vinyl specific peroxide and can be used
parative measurables include crosslink density, rheology, as a secondary peroxide to a non-vinyl specific peroxide in
physical properties, compression set and heat aging. HCR silicone extrusion applications.
All peroxides used in this study were in a silicone binder.
Peroxides evaluated DCBP can only be commercially sourced to the industry in
This study investigated diacyl peroxide di(1,4-dichlorobenzoyl) binder form due to its explosive nature. Dispersion of dicumyl
peroxide 50% active in silicone oil (DDCBP-50), dicumyl per- peroxide and DBPH peroxide is greatly improved with silicone
oxide 40% active in silicone gum (Si-DCP-40) and 2,5-dimeth- polymer bound dispersions over powder carriers or the fully
yl-2,5-di(t-butylperoxy) hexane peroxide 50% active in silicone active liquid form.
gum (Si-DBPH-50). The key properties of these materials are
shown in table 1, and the chemical structures are pictured in Control formulation
figures 1-3. To reduce variables and opportunities for inhibition, a basic
The di(1,4-dichlorobenzoyl) peroxide (DCBP) is common- formulation of an HCR silicone base plus peroxide was used,
ly used in silicone extrusion compounds. Its quick reaction as shown in table 2. Xiameter RBB-2001-65 is a 70 durometer,
temperature allows a complex extruded profile to quickly form
a vulcanized skin and maintain its shape. It should be noted
that, because of the low decomposition temperature of DCBP, Figure 1 - di(1,4-dichlorobenzoyl) peroxide
caution must be taken during the mixing process. The low de-
composition temperature also results in rigorous storage and Cl Cl
transport environmental conditions. This is especially impor- O
tant in hotter climates and during the summertime. DCBP is a
non-vinyl specific peroxide and can be easily inhibited by cer- O
O
tain elements, including sulfur. When using DCBP in black
silicone compounds, a non-carbon based black pigment is rec-
O
ommended, such as mixed metal oxide. Cl Cl
Dicumyl peroxide (DCP) is a popular curative for molded
HCR silicone elastomers. The scorch safety allows for mold cav-
ity fill. Dicumyl peroxide is a vinyl specific peroxide, making it
better protected against cure inhibition. In addition to molding Figure 2 - dicumyl peroxide
applications, dicumyl peroxide can also be used as a secondary
peroxide in HCR silicone elastomer extrusion compounds.
When used in combination with a fast reacting non-vinyl spe-
cific peroxide, the vinyl specific dicumyl peroxide can help in-
O
crease crosslink density and improve compression set properties. O
The 2,5-dimethyl-2,5-di(t-butylperoxy) (DBPH) is similar

Table 1 - key peroxide properties

Peroxide MW % active One hour

oxygen half life (°C)
Figure 3 - 2,5-dimethyl-2,5-di(t-butylperoxy)
Dicumyl 270.3 5.9 137
DBPH 290.44 5.5 139 hexane
DCBP 380.07 4.21 55

Table 2 - formulations O
O
Ingredient phr level O
O
Xiameter RBB 2001-65 100.0
Crosslinking agent 0.5, 0.8,
(DDCBP-50, Si-DCP-40 or Si-DBPH-50) 1.0 or 1.2

26 RUBBERWORLD.COM • JUNE 2023

 Table 3 - moving die rheometer; 15 minutes Figure 4 - maximum torque (MH);
at 100°C 15 minutes at 100°C

MDR (15' at 100°C) MH, maximum torque at 100°C (dNm)

Property DDCBP-50 14.00

MH, maximum torque (dNm)

0.5 0.8 1.0 1.2 0.5 phr
MH (dNm) 7.04 9.85 11.63 12.87 12.00
0.8 phr
ML (dNm) 1.26 1.22 1.25 1.20 10.00 1.0 phr
Tc90 (minutes) 4.03 3.44 3.17 3.03 1.2 phr
Si-DCP-40 8.00
Property 0.5 0.8 1.0 1.2
6.00
MH (dNm) 1.10 1.10 1.10 1.03
ML (dNm) 1.06 1.04 1.05 0.83 4.00
Tc90 (minutes) 11.37 10.17 13.27 6.67
Si-DBPH-50 2.00
Property 0.5 0.8 1.0 1.2
0.00
MH (dNm) 1.10 1.08 1.06 1.09 DDCBP-50 Si-DCP-40 Si-DBPH-50
ML (dNm) 1.04 1.03 1.01 1.04
Tc90 (minutes) 10.67 11.67 11.27 11.97

Figure 5 - minimum torque (ML);

Table 4 - moving die rheometer; 15 minutes 15 minutes at 100°C
at 177°C
ML, minimum torque at 100°C (dNm)
MDR (15' at 177°C) 1.40

ML, minimum torque (dNm)

Property DDCBP-50 0.5 phr
1.20
0.5 0.8 1.0 1.2 0.8 phr
MH (dNm) 5.82 0.00 8.61 9.22 1.00 1.0 phr
ML (dNm) 5.78 7.28 8.57 9.18 0.80 1.2 phr
TS2 (minutes) - - - -
0.60
Tc90 (minutes) 14.96 - 14.96 14.96
Si-DCP-40 0.40
Property 0.5 0.8 1.0 1.2 0.20
MH (dNm) 25.57 26.12 25.67 26.60
ML (dNm) 0.97 0.91 0.89 0.96 0.00
TS2 (minutes) 0.52 0.44 0.42 0.37 DDCBP-50 Si-DCP-40 Si-DBPH-50
Tc90 (minutes) 2.50 1.79 1.60 1.42
Si-DBPH-50
Property 0.5 0.8 1.0 1.2 showed a consistent step change in MH value based on the
MH (dNm) 25.38 25.41 24.79 24.57 loading level (figure 4). The higher loadings of DCBP were
ML (dNm) 0.93 0.92 0.86 0.84 increasing the crosslinking throughout the compound. The di-
TS2 (minutes) 0.64 0.51 0.46 0.43
cumyl peroxide and DBPH peroxide remained within the stan-
Tc90 (minutes) 2.75 1.99 1.73 1.53
dard margin of deviation, despite the increase of loading levels.
This indicates that additional volumes of peroxide did not result
translucent, general purpose silicone base. Peroxide type was in additional crosslinking in the compound.
one variable, and peroxide loading level was the second vari- The minimum torque (ML) can be used as a general corre-
able in this study. The loading levels chosen were 0.50 phr, 0.80
phr, 1.00 phr and 1.20 phr.
The mixing of the formulations was done on a chilled two- Figure 6 - cure time (Tc90); 15 minutes at
roll mill. The silicone base was passed three times through the 100°C
mill rolls before the peroxide was added. After the addition of
Tc90 at 100°C (minutes)
the peroxide, the material was passed 20 times through the mill. 14.00
For each pass, the material was rolled off and vertically re- 12.00
0.5 phr
added to the nip of the mill. 0.8 phr
Tc90 (minutes)

10.00 1.0 phr

8.00 1.2 phr
Rheology
Due to the low decomposition temperature of the DCBP, all 6.00
batches were tested on the MDR at 100°C and 177°C for 15 4.00
minutes. Summaries of the results can be seen in tables 3 and 4
2.00
and figures 4-7.
The maximum torque (MH) can be used as a general corre- 0.00
DDCBP-50 Si-DCP-40 Si-DBPH-50
lation to crosslink density. At 100°C, the DCBP peroxide

FOLLOW US ON TWITTER @rubberworld 27

 Figure 7 - cure time (Tc90); 15 minutes at Figure 10 - Si-DBPH-50; 15 minutes at
177°C 177°C

Tc90 at 177°C (minutes) 26

16.00 24
22
14.00 0.5 phr

Cure 01, S' (dNm)

20
12.00 0.8 phr 18
Tc90 (minutes)

1.0 phr 16
10.00 14
1.2 phr
8.00 12
10
6.00 8
4.00 6
4
2.00 2
0.00 0
DDCBP-50 Si-DCP-40 Si-DBPH-50 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14
Time (minutes)

Figure 8 - DCBP; 15 minutes at 100°C stantly decomposing at 177°C when the platens closed. At
100°C, the reaction was readable; however, it was still so quick
20
that the calculation of Ts2 could not be made. Increasing the
18
loading level of peroxides does increase the amount of cross-
Cure 01, S' (dNm)

16
14 link reaction; however, the decomposition temperature always
12 stays the same. Despite this, a step change reduction in time to
10 scorch was seen as dicumyl and DBPH peroxide levels were
8 increased (figure 6). On both the dicumyl and DBPH perox-
6 ides, the biggest step change came when increasing from 0.50
4 phr to 0.80 phr.
2 The Tc90 (cure time) showed similar trends to what was
0 seen with scorch time. At 100°C, the DCBP showed a small
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 step change of reduction in cure time as loading levels in-
Time (minutes) creased (figure 6). Dicumyl and DBPH peroxides showed in-
consistencies on cure time at 100°C. At 177°C, the dicumyl and
lation to the expected viscosity or plasticity. Peroxide type DBPH peroxides showed small step changes of reduction in
should not have much bearing on this value, nor should loading cure time in correlation with an increase of loading level (figure
level. At 177°C, a step change on the DCBP results was seen; 7). At 177°C, the DCBP provided skewed numbers because the
however, this was due to the very fast decomposition tempera- ML and MH values were inaccurate due to the instant decom-
ture (figure 5). The compound was crosslinking almost imme- position of the DCBP. The ODR curves based on tables 3 and
diately upon closing the MDR platens. 4 are shown in figures 8-10.
The lack of Ts2 (onset of scorch) for DCBP at 177°C means
that an accurate minimum torque was not detected, so no 2 Crosslink density: State of cure
point rise could be calculated. This means the DCBP was in- A solvent swell method developed internally at ACE Labor-
atories based on ASTM D6814 (Determination of Percent
Devulcanization of Crumb Rubber Based on Crosslink Den-
Figure 9 - Si-DCP-40; 15 minutes at 177°C sity) and the Flory-Rehner equation was used for this analysis.
The results are shown in table 5 and figure 11.
28
26 The DCBP peroxide showed a significant step change in-
24 crease in crosslink density as the loading levels increased. This
Cure 01, S' (dNm)

22
20
18
16 Table 5 - crosslink density via Flory-Rehner
14 method
12
10
8 Crosslink density (mol/cm3)
6 phr level DDCBP-50 Si-DCP-40 Si-DBPH-50
4 0.5 3.14E-04 9.30E-04 7.78E-04
2
0 0.8 5.55E-04 9.64E-04 7.93E-04
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 1.0 6.84E-04 9.82E-04 7.96E-04
Time (minutes) 1.2 7.92E-04 9.71E-04 7.93E-04

28 RUBBERWORLD.COM • JUNE 2023

 Figure 11 - crosslink density via Figure 12 - unaged hardness (durometer A)
Flory-Rehner method
Unaged hardness
Crosslink density (mol/cm3) 80
1.20E-03 70 0.5 phr
Crosslink density (mol/cm3)

0.5 phr 60 0.8 phr

1.00E-03 0.8 phr 1.0 phr

Durometer A
1.0 phr 50 1.2 phr
8.00E-04 40
1.2 phr
6.00E-04 30
4.00E-04 20
10
2.00E-04 0
0.00E+00 DDCBP-50 Si-DCP-40 Si-DBPH-50
DDCBP-50 Si-DCP-40 Si-DBPH-50

correlates with the MH values measured on the MDR testing Figure 13 - unaged tensile strength (MPa)
system. The more DCBP that is made available to the polymer,
Unaged hardness
the more the state of cure and total crosslink density of the 12.0
compound increased. 0.5 phr

Tensile srength (MPa)

10.0
On the other hand, the dicumyl and DBPH peroxides 0.8 phr
showed minimal changes as loading levels increased. Both 8.0 1.0 phr
1.2 phr
showed the most change when increasing from 0.50 phr to 0.80 6.0
phr; however, overall change was very minimal. This indicates
that adding higher levels of these peroxides does not necessar- 4.0
ily provide increased crosslinking. 2.0
0.0
Standard physical properties DDCBP-50 Si-DCP-40 Si-DBPH-50
All sample preparation was done in accordance with ASTM
D3183. DCBP compound test plaques were vulcanized at 100°C for 10 minutes, while compression set buttons were
vulcanized at 100°C for 12 minutes. Dicumyl and DBPH per-
oxide test plaques were vulcanized at 177°C for 8 minutes, and
Table 6 - unaged hardness (durometer A) compression set buttons were vulcanized at 177°C for 10 min-
utes. Cure times were kept consistent within each peroxide type
Hardness (durometer A)
phr level DDCBP-50 Si-DCP-40 Si-DBPH-50
to maintain consistency.
0.5 49 72 72 All physical testing was conducted in triplicate, with the aver-
0.8 60 73 72 age values reported in tables 6-17 and figures 12-23. None of the
1.0 64 73 73 physical testing had any datapoint skews within the triplicate sets.
1.2 67 73 73 Durometer A testing was done in accordance with ASTM
D2240. The DCBP batches showed a substantial increase when
going from a 0.50 loading level to a 0.80 loading level (table 6
Table 7 - unaged tensile strength (MPa) and figure 12). The increase to 1.0 phr and 1.2 phr yielded in-
cremental step increases. The dicumyl and DBPH peroxides
Tensile strength (MPa)
phr level DDCBP-50 Si-DCP-40 Si-DBPH-50
did not yield any change to durometer A hardness with the in-
0.5 9.4 11.0 10.1 crease in loading levels.
0.8 10.7 11.3 9.9 Tensile testing was done in accordance with ASTM D412.
1.0 10.4 10.5 10.2 While the DCBP saw relevant changes in durometer, the tensile
1.2 10.8 9.4 10.1 properties remained stable between the four loading levels
(table 7 and figure 13). The main step change was in the in-
crease from 0.50 to 0.80 phr. The dicumyl peroxide started to
Table 8 - unaged ultimate elongation (%) slightly decrease after topping out at the 0.80 phr loading level.
The DBPH peroxide compounds remained within standard
Ultimate elongation (%)
phr level DDCBP-50 Si-DCP-40 Si-DBPH-50
deviation across all loading levels.
0.5 810 365 354 Elongation was also conducted in accordance with ASTM
0.8 566 360 344 D412. While the DCBP samples did not see much change in
1.0 467 341 348 tensile properties, there was a consistent decreasing step change
1.2 420 311 331 in elongation properties as loading levels increased (table 8 and

FOLLOW US ON TWITTER @rubberworld 29

 Figure 14 - unaged ultimate elongation (%) Figure 15 - unaged modulus at 100%
elongation (MPa)
Unaged ultimate elongation
900 100% modulus
800 0.5 phr 3.5
700 0.8 phr 3.0 0.5 phr
Elongation (%)

600 1.0 phr 0.8 phr

2.5

Modulus (MPa)
500 1.2 phr 1.0 phr
400 2.0 1.2 phr
300 1.5
200
1.0
100
0 0.5
DDCBP-50 Si-DCP-40 Si-DBPH-50 0.0
DDCBP-50 Si-DCP-40 Si-DBPH-50

figure 14). The rate of change in tensile property increase did not
match up with the rate of decrease in elongation properties.
Typically, these properties would correlate more in unison. The Figure 16 - unaged modulus at 300%
dicumyl and DBPH peroxide compounds՚ elongation values elongation (MPa)
stayed within normal testing tolerance, despite the increase in
300% modulus
loading levels. 10.0
The DCBP compounds maintained a consistent step change 9.0 0.5 phr
increase in modulus properties as loading levels increased (ta- 8.0 0.8 phr
Modulus (MPa)
bles 9 and 10, and figures 15 and 16). The dicumyl and DBPH 7.0 1.0 phr
6.0 1.2 phr
peroxides remained within standard testing deviation, despite 5.0
the loading level increases. 4.0
Tear testing was done in accordance with ASTM D624 and 3.0
2.0
1.0
Table 9 - unaged modulus at 100% 0.0
elongation (MPa) DDCBP-50 Si-DCP-40 Si-DBPH-50

100% modulus (MPa)

utilizing the die B specimens. The DCBP peroxide compounds
phr level DDCBP-50 Si-DCP-40 Si-DBPH-50
0.5 0.9 2.8 2.7 yielded a consistent decline in tear properties as the loading level
0.8 1.5 2.9 2.8 of the peroxide increased (table 11 and figure 17). The dicumyl
1.0 1.9 2.9 2.8 and DBPH peroxide compounds remained within standard test-
1.2 2.3 3.0 2.9 ing deviation, despite the increase in peroxide levels.

Compression set and heat aging

Table 10 - unaged modulus at 300% Compression set testing was done in accordance with ASTM
elongation (MPa) D395. Testing conditions were 150°C for 22 hours with a 30
300% modulus (MPa)
phr level DDCBP-50 Si-DCP-40 Si-DBPH-50 Figure 17 - unaged tear resistance; die B
0.5 2.3 8.6 8.5
0.8 4.7 9.2 8.9 (kN/m)
1.0 6.2 9.1 8.7
1.2 7.5 9.0 9.0 Die B tear resistance
40.0
35.0 0.5 phr
Tear resistance (kN/m)

0.8 phr
30.0
Table 11 - unaged tear resistance; die B 1.0 phr
25.0 1.2 phr
(kN/m)
20.0
Die B tear resistance (kN/m) 15.0
phr level DDCBP-50 Si-DCP-40 Si-DBPH-50 10.0
0.5 35.3 19.9 21.2 5.0
0.8 29.8 19.9 21.2
0.0
1.0 26.0 19.0 19.2
1.2 22.3 21.0 21.3 DDCBP-50 Si-DCP-40 Si-DBPH-50

30 RUBBERWORLD.COM • JUNE 2023

 Table 12 - compression set aged 22 hours Figure 18 - compression set aged 22 hours
at 150°C at 150°C

Compression set (%), 22 hours at 150°C Compression set (%), 22 hours at 150°C
phr level DDCBP-50 Si-DCP-40 Si-DBPH-50 50
0.5 44.1 4.4 4.4 45 0.5 phr

Compression set (%)

0.8 21.0 4.0 3.8 40 0.8 phr
1.0 17.6 4.8 3.5 35 1.0 phr
1.2 14.9 4.3 3.6 30 1.2 phr
25
20
15
Table 13 - heat aged durometer A hardness 10
change (150°C for 72 hours) 5
0
Change in hardness (durometer A) DDCBP-50 Si-DCP-40 Si-DBPH-50
phr level DDCBP-50 Si-DCP-40 Si-DBPH-50
0.5 7 3 2
0.8 3 2 1
1.0 2 1 1 Figure 19 - heat aged durometer A hardness
1.2 3 2 1 change (150°C for72 hours)

Heat aged hardness change

8
Table 14 - heat aged tensile change (150°C
7 0.5 phr
for 72 hours) 0.8 phr
6
1.0 phr
Heat aged change in tensile strenth (%) Durometer A 5 1.2 phr
phr level DDCBP-50 Si-DCP-40 Si-DBPH-50 4
0.5 -8.0% -12.3% -1.4% 3
0.8 -2.1% -16.8% 4.7% 2
1.0 -5.8% -9.4% -4.2%
1.2 2.5% -7.1% -8.1% 1
0
DDCBP-50 Si-DCP-40 Si-DBPH-50
Table 15 - heat aged elongation change
(150°C for 72 hours) inconsistent and not a steady trend on all three peroxides. DCBP
did reflect a trend on elongation change improvement, with the
Change in hardness (durometer A)
phr level DDCBP-50 Si-DCP-40 Si-DBPH-50 1.00 phr loading being an outlier. The DBPH peroxide com-
0.5 -11.9% -12.6% -6.1% pounds reflected a slight negative trend on elongation in ratio to
0.8 -2.1% -16.5% -2.4% loading level increase, with 0.80 phr loading being an outlier.
1.0 -5.8% -12.3% -9.5%
1.2 0.9% -10.9% -10.1% Post-cured samples
All compounds were post-cured for 60 minutes at 177°C, and
minute recovery period. The DCBP compounds yielded a con- then retested for compression set and heat aged durometer
siderable improvement in compression set properties when
loading levels were increased from 0.50 to 0.80 phr, going from
44.1% to 21% (table 12 and figure 18). There were smaller step Figure 20 - heat aged tensile change
changes at 1.00 and 1.20 phr loading levels. Dicumyl peroxide (150°C for 72 hours)
compounds varied slightly throughout; however, within stan-
Heat aged tensile strength
dard testing ranges. DBPH peroxide compounds did trend with 10.0%
slight improvement. 0.5 phr
Tensile strength (MPa)

5.0%
Heat age analysis was done in accordance with ASTM D573. 0.8 phr
Conditions for the heat age analysis were 150°C for 72 hours. 0.0% 1.0 phr
The DCBP peroxide compounds reflected a sharp improvement 1.2 phr
-5.0%
in hardness change after oven aging, when loading levels in-
creased from 0.50 to 0.80 (tables 13-15 and figures 19-21). Val- -10.0%
ues remained stable when increasing to 1.00 and 1.20. The dicu- -15.0%
myl and DBPH peroxide compounds showed the biggest shift
-20.0%
when going from 0.50 phr to 0.80 phr; however, it was still
DDCBP-50 Si-DCP-40 Si-DBPH-50
minimal in comparison to the DCBP. Tensile change values were

FOLLOW US ON TWITTER @rubberworld 31

 Figure 21 - heat aged elongation change Table 16 - compression set aged 22 hours
(150°C for 72 hours) at 150°C (post-cured samples at 177°C for
60 minutes
Heat aged ultimate elongation
2.0% Compression set (22 hours at 150°C)
0.0% 0.5 phr *Post-cured samples (60 minutes at 177°S)*
-2.0% 0.8 phr
phr level DDCBP-50 Si-DCP-40 Si-DBPH-50
Elongation (%)

-4.0% 1.0 phr

-6.0% 0.5 20.5 3.8 4.4
1.2 phr
-8.0% 0.8 10.4 4.2 3.8
-10.0% 1.0 11.3 4.0 2.1
-12.0% 1.2 11.3 4.0 3.8
-14.0%
-16.0%
-18.0% Table 17 - heat aged durometer 22 hours
DDCBP-50 Si-DCP-40 Si-DBPH-50 at 150°C (post-cured samples at 177°C for
60 minutes

Figure 22 - compression set aged 22 hours Unaged hardness (durometer A)

*Post-cured samples (60 minutes at 177°S)*
at 150°C (post-cured samples at 177°C for
60 minutes phr level DDCBP-50 Si-DCP-40 Si-DBPH-50
0.5 49.9 72.0 72.6
Compression set 0.8 60.4 73.1 72.1
(post-cured 60 minutes at 177°C, tested 22 hours at 150°C 1.0 63.8 72.8 72.7
1.2 66.6 73.6 72.1
25.0
0.5 phr
16 and figure 22). After this increase, the results leveled off.
Compression set (%)

20.0 0.8 phr

1.0 phr The dicumyl and DBPH peroxide compounds remained stable
15.0 1.2 phr at all loading levels.
Similarly, the hardness change after heat aging for DCBP
10.0
had a sharp improvement when increasing from 0.50 phr to
5.0 0.80 phr, and leveling off at 1.00 and 1.20 phr (table 17 and
figure 23). Dicumyl and DBPH compounds were all within the
0.0 standard testing margin, despite the loading level increase.
DDCBP-50 Si-DCP-40 Si-DBPH-50
Conclusions
DCBP peroxide compounds reflected increased crosslink den-
Figure 23 - heat aged durometer 22 hours sity and physical performance as loading levels increased. The
at 150°C (post-cured samples at 177°C for primary jump in properties happened when increasing from
60 minutes 0.50 phr to 0.80 phr. Compression set properties continued to
improve all the way up to a 1.20 loading level for DCBP. Post-
Unaged hardness
(post-cured 60 minutes at 177°C) curing of the samples did level out results, with the 0.50 phr to
80.0 0.80 phr step change being the only relevant swing.
70.0 0.5 phr Dicumyl and DBPH peroxides showed slight improvements in
60.0 0.8 phr crosslink density when increasing from 0.50 to 0.80 phr. Physical
1.0 phr properties did not swing much at any of the loading level in-
Durometer A

50.0 1.2 phr

40.0
creases. Based on standard loading levels of HCR silicone elasto-
mers, many likely have residual dicumyl and DBPH peroxide re-
30.0
maining. The amount needed will increase based on filler loading,
20.0
inhibition and vinyl content of the silicone polymer being used.
10.0
0.0
References
DDCBP-50 Si-DCP-40 Si-DBPH-50
1. Xiameter RBB-2000-35 base. Dow (n.d.). https://www.dow.com/
en-us/pdp.xiameter-rbb-2000-35-base.01953621z#properties.
change. The purpose of this analysis was to see if the additional 2. P.J. Flory and J. Rehner, Jr., J. Chem. Phys., 11, 521 (1943).
curing time reduced some of the variation and provided clearer 3. Chemical search engine. ChemicalBook (n.d.). https://www.
trends. chemicalbook.com/.
The DCBP peroxide compounds had a sharp improvement 4. ASTM International, Standards Worldwide (n.d.). http://
in compression set when going from 0.50 phr to 0.80 phr (table www.astm.org/.

32 RUBBERWORLD.COM • JUNE 2023

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Thermoplastic-silicone elastomer composites
production by multi-component injection
molding with polycarbonate and polypropylene
by H.-P. Heim, Ralf-Urs Giesen, Annette Rüppel, Michael layer consisting of silicone oxides is formed on the thermoplas-
Hartung and Mohammad Ali Nikousaleh, University of Kassel tic surface (refs. 8 and 9).
In addition to the pretreatment methods described above,
In plastics technology, the processing of silicone rubber is at- UV curing liquid silicone rubbers are also available for the
tracting more and more attention. In medical technology, liquid production of standard thermoplastic LSR components by in-
silicone rubber (LSR) is frequently used because of its good jection molding. Furthermore, there are LTC (low temperature
processability and physiological safety. In automobiles and curing) LSR grades that cure at temperatures around 90°C
trucks, silicone rubbers are often used because of their good (refs. 10 and 11).
elastic properties over a wide temperature range from -50°C to
+200°C, especially for sealing applications and hoses. Like- Experimental
wise, silicone elastomers are becoming more and more interest- Materials used
ing for optical applications because of their excellent transpar- The following thermoplastics were used for the tests: PC Cali-
ency and very good light conducting properties in flexible ap- bre Megarad 2081 from Trinseo, and a PP 575P from Sabic.
plications (refs. 1-3). Siloprene 2742 from Momentive Performance Materials was
In all these areas, it will become increasingly interesting to available as an adhesive LSR. The materials used are suitable
process LSR in combination with thermoplastics in the future. for medical applications.
Multi-component injection molding is very well suited for this
purpose. For certain material combinations, such as polyamide Specimen and test equipment
(PA) and polybutylene terephthalate (PBT), there are already Figure 1 shows the specimen for the tests. The hard component
numerous applications on the market (ref. 4). Material manu- has the dimensions 150 mm x 50 mm x 2 mm, and the soft
facturers such as Wacker Chemie, Shin-Etsu Silicone and Mo- component measures 210 mm x 20 mm x 2 mm. The test
mentive Performance Materials offer LSR grades that contain specimen is thus based on the VDI guideline 2019. The speci-
additional organofunctional silanes, and thus act as adhesion men was tested in a peel test with a universal testing machine
promoters between the inorganic Si-O chains of the silicone rub- from Hegewald & Peschke at a test speed of 100 mm/minute.
ber and the functional groups on the surface of the thermoplastic.
Standard thermoplastics such as acrylonitrile butadiene sty- Equipment used and specimen production
rene (ABS) and polyethylene (PE) cannot be produced by An Arburg Type 370-600 70/70 injection molding machine was
multicomponent injection molding with LSR, because LSR used to produce the test specimens. The machine was equipped
normally crosslinks in the mold at temperatures above 130°C. with a liquid injection molding (LIM) unit on the main axis for
This is why LSR is not suitable for multi-component molding. processing LSR. The thermoplastic unit was mounted in the L
ABS and PE cannot withstand these temperatures, as they are position. The machine has a three-axis robot, which can be used
then already in a plastic state. For polypropylene (PP), no ad- for the transfer process in the mold, as well as for depositing the
hesive LSR grades are currently available on the market; and test specimens. An LSR metering unit from Reinhardt Technik
for polycarbonate (PC), there is only availability to a limited GmbH fed the material into the LIM unit. The 2C injection mold
extent. for producing the test specimen was built by EDEGS Formen-
Surface pretreatment methods for thermoplastics, such as
PP and PC, can help in this application. These include, for ex-
ample, UVC pretreatment (ref. 5) and the silicatization of Figure 1 - test specimen based on VDI
thermoplastic substrates. guideline 2019
UVC pretreatment uses light in the wavelength range of
100-280 nm. The light can be generated, for example, by a low 210
pressure mercury lamp. Exposure times are about 5-10 seconds 150
for PC, and about 30 seconds for PP. The simple lamp technol-
ogy and the short exposure times are very well suited for mul-
20

40
50

ticomponent injection molding, so that the cycle time of the

injection molding process is little affected if a robot can be used
at the injection molding machine (refs. 6 and 7). In the silicat-
ing process, a propane-butane mixture containing actuating
2

components is completely converted into silicate particles by a

2

high temperature flame (approximately 1,300°C), and a silicate

34 RUBBERWORLD.COM • JUNE 2023

 after different post-treatment processes. For adhesion genera-
Table 1 - post-treatments of the 2K tion, two UVC irradiation times (5 and 10 seconds) were first
composites selected, with which the PC component was activated before
overmolding with LSR. The LSR PC composites produced
Post-treatment Description
Freshly molded Direct measurement of peel were then subjected to the post-treatment processes shown in
resistance after composite production table 1.
Untempered Storage of composites at standard The results show that UVC pretreatment produces very
climate for 24 hours good adhesion after only very short irradiation times (no adhe-
Tempered 1 hour at 100°C in convection oven sion without irradiation). Compared with the two irradiation
Sterilization (gamma) At B. Braun Melsungen AG
Sterilization (EO) At B. Braun Melsungen AG times, there are no significant differences for the freshly
Aging 60 days under variation of sprayed, annealed and unannealed composites. Due to the post-
temperature (-20°C to 55°C) and treatment process of sterilization, the characteristic values in-
humidity (20% to 80%) crease, especially for an irradiation time of 10 seconds. The
results of the sterilization process are not significant. Due to the
bau GmbH. A UV pretreatment unit was integrated on the three- artificial aging process, which involves stressing the compos-
axis robot. For silicatization, a flaming unit was used, which is ites with a 60 day variation in temperature and humidity, the
adjustable in height. The sample was placed on a mobile car- characteristic values drop slightly at an irradiation time of 5
riage. This allowed the pretreatment speed and flame distance to seconds, but not significantly below the initial value of the
be adjusted. For the tests, a speed of 0.4 meters/second was se- freshly injected samples.
lected with a flame distance to the substrate of 15 mm. For the 10 minute irradiation, there are no differences to the
The PC was injected into the thermoplastic cavity at a melt sterilized samples, except for a slightly increased scatter. In
temperature of 300°C; the mold temperature was 100°C. After general, the characteristic values at an irradiation time of 10
a cooling time of 15 seconds, the thermoplastic part was re- seconds are at a higher and more stable level than the 5 seconds
moved by the robot and pretreated with UV radiation for 5 or irradiated composites.
10 seconds during the transfer process. The premolded part was The results show that UVC pretreatment can produce a
then placed in the LSR cavity and overmolded. At a mold tem- good adhesive bond between polycarbonate with self-adhesive
perature of 140°C, the silicone cured within 60 seconds (ref. LSR. Cohesive failure (tear off directly at tab or at least more
12). than 50% remaining silicone on the hard component) occurs in
The PP was injected with a compound temperature of all tested samples. The composites are stable, even with a wide
190°C at a mold temperature of 60°C. The surface was then variety of post-treatment processes. A loss of adhesion is not
activated with silicatization. In the next step, the soft compo- evident, even after 60 days of aging.
nent (LSR) was overmolded at a melt temperature of 20°C and Figure 3 shows the results of the bonded joints produced
a mold temperature of 140°C. The crosslinking time during with silicatization of the PP after storage time at room tempera-
which the two components remain in the mold is about one ture. As expected, without the surface activation, it is not pos-
minute. The crosslinking time during which both components sible to produce an adhesive bond between the two compo-
remain in the mold is 50 seconds. nents. With silicatization, composites with very strong adhe-
sion can be produced. After curing the composites at room
Results temperature, the characteristic values do not change signifi-
Figure 2 shows the adhesion of LSR polycarbonate composites cantly.

Figure 2 - adhesion between polycarbonates Figure 3 - adhesion between polypropylene

with LSR after different post-treatment and LSR with and without silicatization
processes
4
5 Ozone 5 seconds
Ozone 10 seconds 3
4
Adhesion

3 2
Adhesion

2
1
1

0 0
Without Splash 1 7 14 28
sh

St ma) n

(E tion

da 60
re

re

o
fre

am ti

Ag )

ys

activation fresh
g
pe

pe

O
(g iza

in
iliz
y

l
ra

i
er

er
te

Te

Storage compound (days)

Sp

St
Un

FOLLOW US ON TWITTER @rubberworld 35

 There is constant adhesion with cohesive failure over the 5. C. Dölle, “Licht als werkzeug: Einsatz von vakuum-UV-ex-
entire period up to 28 days. cimerstrahlung zur aktivierung von polymeren,” AiF-Schlussb-
ericht IFAM Bremen (2012).
Conclusions and outlook 6. M. Hartung and R.-U. Giesen, “UV light: The ideal pretreat-
The results presented here with silicatization and UVC pretreat- ment method for LSR-thermoplastic composites,” Silicone
ment show that very good composites of PP and/or PC with Elastomers World Summit, Cologne, Germany (2016).
LSR can be produced. UVC pretreated polycarbonates show a 7. R.-U. Giesen, M. Hartung, A. Rüppel and H.-P. Heim, “Hart-
long lasting adhesion, even after different post-treatment pro- weich-verbunde aus LSR und UV-licht-aktivierten polycarbon-
cesses. Thermoplastics that have been silicatized also show aten,” SKZ Fachtagung Siliconelastomere, Würzburg, Germa-
very good adhesion, despite long storage times. These results ny (2017).
show that composites of LSR and thermoplastics, such as PC 8. SURA Instruments: Handbuch GVE2/HB, Pyrosil SURA In-
and PP, are certainly ready for the market. In addition, costs can struments GmbH (2004).
be reduced by new material combinations (cf. PP: 2 Euro/kg; 9. J. Tiller, S. Lee, K. Lewis and A. Klibanov: “Polymer sur-
PA: 6 Euro/kg), and savings can be made in manufacturing faces derivatized with poly(vinyl-N-hexylpyridinium) kill air-
costs. borne and waterborne bacteria,” Biotechnology and Bioengi-
neering, 79, pp. 465-471, DOI: 10.1002/bit.10299 (2002).
References 10. P. Beyer and H.-P. Wolf, “Low temperature cure LSRs:
1. O. Franssen and H. Bayer, “Die erfolgsgeschichte der sili- Exploring benefits and applications,” LSR innovations 2018,
conelastomere,” GAK Gummi Fasern Kunststoffe, Fachmaga- Cologne, Germany (2018).
zin für die Polymerindustrie, July 2012. 11. B. Ganter, S. Boßhammer and U, Irmer, “UV-vernetzende
2. B. Keck, “Transparente ielfalt,” KGK, October 2014. silikonkautschuke erschließen neue anwendungsfelder,” GAK,
3. T. Maucher, “Molded LSR optics in innovative headlamp February 2013.
systems,” Silicone Elastomers World Summit, Munich, Ger- 12. R.-U. Giesen, M. Hartung, A. Rüppel and H.-P. Heim,
many (2017). “Mehrkomponentenbauteile aus flüssigsilikonkautschuken
4. C. Baumgart, B. Höll, T. Neumeyer and V. Altstädt, “Ein (LSR) und UV-licht aktivierten polycarbonaten,” GAK, Octo-
ungleiches paar hält zusammen,” Kunststoffe, August 2016. ber 2017.

Knowledge in action

36 RUBBERWORLD.COM • JUNE 2023

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Polyfarnesene branched butyl rubber: An
efficient, sustainable processability solution
by Jeremy L. Bourque, Sarah J. Elliott, Jon A. Bielby, Kevin to produce a branched butyl rubber. This can be achieved during
Kulbaba and Gregory J.E. Davidson, Arlanxeo polymerization through the addition of a branching agent.
Branching agents for butyl rubber have traditionally been based
Butyl rubber (IIR) is formed from the cationically initiated co- on styrene-butadiene copolymers, where the butadiene fragment
polymerization of isobutylene and isoprene at reaction tempera- is active in the branching process. As shown in figure 2, growing
tures below -90°C. Commercially available grades have be- butyl polymer chains terminate onto the unsaturation of the
tween 0.5 to 2.5 mol% of isoprene monomer available along the branching agent, leading to the generation of a high molecular
polymer backbone for curing or further functionalization reac- weight branched fraction and lower molecular weight linear
tions. The unique properties of IIR are due to the isobutylene chains. It has been shown that compounds derived from this
units, which are sterically hindered by the presence of two bulky branched butyl rubber possess improved green strength and
methyl groups positioned on alternating carbon units along the flow stability, while also demonstrating better processability.
backbone; see, for example, R.H. Boyd et al. (ref. 1) and P.V. Arlanxeo has recently developed a new platform technology
Krishana Pant et al. (ref. 2). To accommodate the bulky methyl for producing a branched butyl rubber using polyfarnesene as
groups, the polymer backbone must elongate and twist, causing the branching agent. Polyfarnesene is a biobased polymer gen-
the butyl rubber chains to adopt a more densely packed struc- erated from high purity trans-β-farnesene, produced through a
ture. This distortion and increased packing density in butyl rub- yeast fermentation process (ref. 6). Unlike traditional branching
ber results in excellent permeation resistance to gases and agents based on butadiene, polyfarnesene adopts a “bottle-
moisture. In addition, the extremely low level of unsaturation of brush” structure due to the presence of relatively long side
IIR ensures excellent thermal, oxidative and chemical stability. chains (ref. 7). This structure results in significantly more of the
IIR can be halogenated by the addition of bromine or chlo- unsaturated sites being accessible during the course of the po-
rine to the isoprene unit to yield bromobutyl rubber (BIIR) or lymerization; and thus, polyfarnesene is a significantly more
chlorobutyl rubber (CIIR), respectively (figure 1). Halogenation efficient branching agent than previously utilized styrene buta-
allows for increased vulcanization rates and improved cure diene derivatives. Polyfarnesene is approximately 10 times
compatibility with high diene rubber types such as polybutadi- more effective as a branching agent in comparison to styrene
ene, polystyrene butadiene or natural rubber. Various reviews butadiene derivatives used for existing technology (figure 2).
have been published on the production and halogenation of Arlanxeo has applied for patent protection of this platform tech-
butyl rubber; see, for example, H. Brandt et al. (ref. 3) and M. nology (ref. 8).
Happ et al. (ref. 4). Polyfarnesene butyl rubber (PF-IIR) can also be halogenated
Both CIIR and BIIR retain the key properties of the parent to produce polyfarnesene halobutyl rubber (PF-XIIR). A sig-
IIR elastomer, including low gas and liquid permeation rates nificant benefit of using polyfarnesene as a branching agent as
compared to other elastomers (including low water absorption). opposed to those based on butadiene is the cleanliness of the
In addition, due to the nature of the manufacturing process, resulting polymer. As polyfarnesene is highly efficient, PF-IIR
halobutyl rubber (XIIR) has low extractable or leachable materi- contains minimal residual or unincorporated branching agent.
als with good compatibility (i.e., low reactivity) towards active As a result, after halogenation, the polymer remains colorless,
ingredients which may be present in pharmaceutical prepara- unlike branched halobutyl rubbers made using styrene butadi-
tions or biological samples (i.e., blood collection). A low glass ene based branching agents. The reaction of the residual unsatu-
transition temperature (-68°C) allows butyl rubber compounds ration of the polyfarnesene branching agent with halogen adopts
to remain flexible over a wide temperature range, which also the same structure as the isoprene comonomer in the butyl rub-
enables XIIR to be used in the lyophilization process (freeze ber chains. In the case of butadiene branching agents, the bromi-
drying) of pharmaceuticals. Compounds made of XIIR can be nation leads to a mixture of products that are highly colored and
designed with good sealing and resealing properties, as well, to
allow, for example, easy needle penetration without significant
fragmentation. The combination of these properties makes XIIR Figure 1 - chemical structure of butyl rubber
ideal for use in the medical industry, as highlighted in a previous (IIR) and halobutyl rubber (XIIR, X = Br or Cl)
Arlanxeo publication in Rubber World (ref. 5).
Butyl rubber is a relatively linear polymer, mostly due to a Butyl rubber (IIR) Halobutyl rubber (XIIR)
low comonomer content. In some instances, higher molecular
weight/high Mooney butyl containing compounds can suffer
from poor processability, while lower molecular weight/lower
Mooney butyl containing compounds conversely can suffer m m
n n
from poor green strength. One method to decouple these depen- n>>m X
X = Br or Cl, n>>m)
dencies of the processing properties on the molecular weight is

38 RUBBERWORLD.COM • JUNE 2023

 Figure 2 - existing approaches used to produce branched butyl rubber (top); Arlanxeo approach
to branched butyl rubber using highly efficient polyfarnesene as a branching agent (bottom)

Existing branched butyl

rubber technology

Methyl chloride
+ initiator High molecular weight
at -95°C branched fraction
+
linear fraction

Arlanxeo branched butyl

rubber technology

OH Methyl chloride
HO + initiator
m n
at -95°C High molecular weight
branched fraction
+
linear fraction

can easily eliminate hydrogen bromide (HBr). tercurves of G' and G" were constructed at a reference tempera-
This article describes a series of branched butyl rubbers pro- ture of 20°C. Vertical corrections were made to compensate for
duced using polyfarnesene and their use in a variety of rubber the temperature dependence of the modulus.
compounds, including both pharmaceutical and
innerliner formulations.
Table 1 - bromobutyl rubber samples used in
Experimental pharmaceutical compound study
Butyl rubber samples
Property Arlanxeo Arlanxeo PF-BIIR 1 PF-BIIR 2 PF-BIIR 3
A series of PF-IIR samples was prepared using X_BUTYL X_BUTYL
traditional laboratory procedures for butyl rubber BB 2030 BB X2
polymerization. This included polymerizing isobu- Mooney 34 47 56 51 41
tylene and isoprene in methyl chloride at -95°C in (MU; 1+8, 125°C)
the presence of polyfarnesene (Total Cray Valley) Ca (ppm) 1,386 1,413 1,420 1,115 1,371
using aluminum chloride as the initiator. The prop- Br (wt%) 1.76 1.82 1.81 1.83 2.18
Level of branching 0 0 ++ + +++
erties of the prepared polymers are shown in tables
1 and 2. The PF-IIR was brominated following
standard laboratory techniques using Br2 as the
bromine source. Table 2 - bromobutyl rubber samples used in innerliner
compound study
Polymer testing
Property Arlanxeo Arlanxeo PF-BIIR 4 PF-BIIR 5 PF-BIIR 6
For raw polymer rheology, measurements were X_BUTYL X_BUTYL
made with an Anton Paar MCR stress controlled BB 2030 BB X2
rheometer equipped with 25 mm plates using 1 mm Mooney 34 47 33 50 34
thick specimens. Linear viscoelastic frequency (MU; 1+8, 125°C)
sweep tests at temperatures from 20°C to 110°C Ca (ppm) 1,386 1,413 1,456 1,218 1,148
were performed covering a frequency range of 10-3 Br (wt%) 1.76 1.82 1.98 1.88 1.87
Level of branching 0 0 + +++ ++
to 10+2 rad/s. Time-temperature superposition mas-

FOLLOW US ON TWITTER @rubberworld 39

 hardness tested according to ASTM D2240. Die B and C tear
Table 3 - formulation for pharmaceutical testing were completed following ASTM D 624. Permeability
closure compound with bromobutyl rubber measurements were taken with O2 at 40°C based on ASTM D
1434 with convergence by cycle (two cycles). Compression set
Component Tag phr
Bromobutyl rubber 1A 100 values were obtained following the ASTM D395 procedure.
Glomax LL (kaolin clay) 1B 70 Further details on compounding and key properties of butyl
Maglite K (magnesium oxide) 2A 5 rubber can be found in the Arlanxeo Rubber Book, H. Dikland
Spider sulfur 2A 1 et al. (ref. 9).
Mixing procedure:
Stage 1: Internal laboratory mixer, 60 rpm, with initial Compound formulations
temperature of 60°C Data for the pharmaceutical closure compound and the low oil
0 seconds: add polymer, 1A innerliner compound are presented in tables 3 and 4.
60 seconds: add filler, 1B
240 seconds: perform a sweep
300 seconds: drop batch Results and discussion
Raw polymer properties
Stage 2: Laboratory mill, 40°C The PF-BIIR samples were analyzed to determine rheological
Band compound on mill and add curatives, 2A properties. To show the relative level of branching observed in
Refine compound with six 3/4 cuts and six endwise passes
the polymers, a van Gurp-Palmen plot was generated to demon-
strate the differences between commercial Arlanxeo bromobutyl
rubber and PF-BIIR. The plot, shown in figure 3, demonstrates
Table 4 - formulation for innerliner that at low G* (x-axis), samples with a lower δ (y-axis) indicate
compound with bromobutyl rubber a more branched material (ref. 10). Additional information con-
cerning the number of short chains can be gained from figure 3,
Component Tag phr
Bromobutyl rubber 1A 100 by comparison of the δ at G* = 300,000 Pa. Here, a higher δ
Carbon black N660 Sterling V 1B 60 denotes more short polymer chains; whereas a lower δ denotes
Sunpar 2280 (paraffinic oil) 1B 7 or 5 fewer short chains. The PF-BIIR samples generally follow a
SI Group SP-1068 1B 4 trend where samples with more polyfarnesene show more
Akrochem stearic acid TP 1B 1 branching (lower δ at low G*); and those that are lower poly-
Spider sulfur 2A 0.5
Vulkacit DM/C (MBTS) 2A 1.3 farnesene loading are less branched (higher δ at low G*).
Kadox 911 (zinc oxide) 2A 3
Pharmaceutical stopper compounding study for demonstration
Mixing procedure:
Stage 1: Internal laboratory mixer, 60 rpm, with initial A series of polyfarnesene bromobutyl rubber samples (PF-BIIR
temperature of 60°C 1-3) was compounded using a general pharmaceutical stopper
0 seconds: add polymer, 1A formulation, alongside Arlanxeo commercial X_BUTYL BB
60 seconds: add filler and additives, 1B 2030 (1.8 ± 0.2 wt% Br, ML [1+8] 125°C: 32 ± 4 MU) and
240 seconds: perform a sweep
300 seconds: drop batch

Stage 2: Laboratory mill, 40°C Figure 3 - van Gurp-Palmen plots of

Band compound on mill and add curatives, 2A Arlanxeo bromobutyl rubbers (X_BUTYL BB
Refine compound with six 3/4 cuts and six endwise passes 2030, X_BUTYL BB X2) and laboratory
produced polyfarnesene bromobutyl
For compound testing, compound Mooney viscosity mea- rubbers (PF-BIIR 1-6)
surements were conducted according to ASTM D1646 at
70
100°C. The tc90 and delta torque values were determined ac- Increasing branching
cording to ASTM D-5289 with the use of a moving die rheom- 60
eter at 170°C for mineral filled compounds (160°C for carbon
black filled compounds). Rubber process analyzer (RPA) analy- 50
sis was performed to determine the Payne effect at 60°C at a 40
frequency of 0.5 Hz and strain sweep between 0.06% to 300%. X_BUTYL BB 2030
δ (°)

X_BUTYL BB X2
RPA analysis was also performed for a compound frequency 30
PF-BIIR 1
sweep from 0.1 Hz to 40 Hz at 100°C. Green strength speci- PF-BIIR 2
20
mens were molded at 100°C, followed by measurement accord- PF-BIIR 3
ing to ASTM D6746. Samples for stress strain, tear and perme- 10 PF-BIIR 4
ability testing were cured at 170°C for mineral filled compounds PF-BIIR 5
PF-BIIR 6 Increasing short chains
(160°C for carbon black filled compounds) for tc90 + 5 minutes 0
and for tc90 + 10 minutes for compression set testing. Stress 1.0E+03 1.0E+04 1.0E+05 1.0E+06
strain analysis was completed following ASTM D412, with | G* | (Pa)

40 RUBBERWORLD.COM • JUNE 2023

 The processability of bromobutyl rubber is improved when
Figure 4 - mixer torque (Nm) over time branching is introduced. As shown in figure 6 with the increase in
(seconds) for a bromobutyl pharmaceutical tan delta, the PF-BIIR samples show better processability in com-
closure compound parison to their respective Arlanxeo controls. PF-BIIR 1 and 2
have Mooney viscosities higher than that of X_BUTYL BB X2
35
(56 MU and 51 MU versus 47 MU); but due to the low molecular
30 weight linear fraction of the PF-BIIR samples, the processability
is improved. This effect was also observed in the comparison of
25 PF-BIIR 3 (41 MU) and Arlanxeo X_BUTYL BB 2030 (34 MU).
Torque (Nm)

20 The impact of the branched fraction of PF-BIIR on the green

strength of its compounds is demonstrated in table 5, which
15
X_BUTYL BB 2030 shows that the peak green strength of the PF-BIIR, independent
X_BUTYL BB X2 of the raw polymer Mooney viscosity, is higher than that of the
10
PF-BIIR 1 Arlanxeo controls. As an example, PF-BIIR 3, which has the
5 PF-BIIR 2 lowest Mooney viscosity (41 MU), but highest polyfarnesene
PF-BIIR 3 content of the three PF-BIIR samples in this study, has the high-
0 est peak green strength of all the samples in the compounding
0 50 100 150 200 250 300
study, including the X_BUTYL BB X2 control with a Mooney
Time (seconds) viscosity of 47 MU.
The cured properties of the bromobutyl rubber pharmaceutical
X_BUTYL BB X2 (1.8 ± 0.2 wt% Br, ML [1+8] 125°C: 46 ± 4 closure compounds also show benefits from using PF-BIIR. An
MU) as controls. The compound data are summarized in table improvement in compression set is observed, especially when
5. X_BUTYL is a registered trademark of Arlanxeo. comparing rubber samples of similar Mooney viscosity (table 5).
As shown in figure 4, the PF-BIIR compounds demonstrated PF-BIIR 1 and PF-BIIR 2 (56 MU and 51 MU, respectively) have
increased mixer torque in comparison to the linear Arlanxeo a 16% relative improvement in compression set in comparison to
control samples. The increased torque can be attributed to the X_BUTYL BB X2 (47 MU). In addition, the PF-BIIR com-
branching in the PF-BIIR samples, and is independent of the pounds also provided a higher modulus at 300% and increased
Mooney viscosity of the polymers. The Payne effect of the com- tear strength compared to the linear control BIIR compounds. The
pounds, tested using the RPA (figure 5), shows improved filler permeability of the PF-BIIR samples is unchanged, despite the
dispersion for the PF-BIIR compound examples in comparison introduction of a new comonomer for branching, likely due to the
to the Arlanxeo BIIR controls. With the increased mixer torque very low loading that is required to impart significant changes to
and improved filler dispersion observed in the PF-BIIR com- the polymer architecture and resulting physical properties.
pounds, equivalent filler dispersion could potentially be achieved
with less mixing time (and possibly less energy input) in com- Innerliner compounding study
parison to linear bromobutyl rubbers. PF-BIIR samples were also compounded in an innerliner formu-
lation for tubeless tires. As improvements in processability were

Figure 5 - Payne effect (or strain sweep)

plot measured at 60°C of a bromobutyl Figure 6 - tan delta versus frequency (Hz)
pharmaceutical closure compound showing plot of a bromobutyl pharmaceutical closure
improved filler dispersion with lower G’ at compound showing improved processability
0.06% dynamic amplitude with increased tan delta
800 0.8
X_BUTYL BB 2030 X_BUTYL BB 2030
700 X_BUTYL BB X2 0.7 X_BUTYL BB X2
PF-BIIR 1 PF-BIIR 1
600 PF-BIIR 2 0.6 PF-BIIR 2
PF-BIIR 3 PF-BIIR 3
500 0.5
Tan delta
G' (kPa)

400 0.4
300 0.3
200 0.2
100 0.1
0 0
0.01 0.1 1 10 100 1,000 0.1 1 10 100
Dynamic strain amplitude (%) Frequency (Hz)

FOLLOW US ON TWITTER @rubberworld 41

 content. They also demonstrate simi-
Table 5 - pharmaceutical closure compound properties with lar filler dispersion to their full oil
bromobutyl rubber counterparts (figure 7); whereas X_
BUTYL BB 2030 and X_BUTYL BB
Property X_BUTYL X_BUTYL PF-BIIR 1 PF-BIIR 2 PF-BIIR 3
BB 2030 BB X2 X2 have increased compound Mooney
30.5 29.2 29.8
viscosity and worsened filler disper-
Peak mixer torque (Nm) 24.4 26.0
G’ (kPa; dynamic amplitude 617 682 530 573 452 sion when the oil is decreased. The
= 0.06% at 0.5 Hz, 60°C) low molecular weight fraction of PF-
Compound Mooney viscosity 75 88 98 93 79 BIIR is believed to act similarly to a
(MU; 1+4+4 at 100°C) processing aid, plasticizing the com-
Area under Mooney curve 852 1,902 2,564 2,167 1,676
pound during mixing; therefore, less
(1+4+4 at 100°C)
Tan delta (25 Hz at 100°C) 0.25 0.21 0.21 0.22 0.27 oil was used in the formulation. The
Peak green stress (MPa) 0.25 0.32 0.33 0.31 0.36 plasticizing effect was illustrated for
MH (dNm; 1° arc at 170°C) 17.8 18.4 18.7 18.4 16.6 the PF-BIIR compounds, which show
ML (dNm; 1° arc at 170°C) 2.8 4.0 4.1 3.6 2.8 a substantial improvement in process-
MH-ML (dNm; 1° arc at 170°C) 15.0 14.4 14.6 14.8 13.8
2.4 2.1 2.1 2.7
ability compared to the Arlanxeo con-
ts2 (minutes; 1° arc at 170°C) 2.4
t90 (minutes; 1° arc at 170°C) 10.1 10.0 10.6 10.5 11.4 trols of similar Mooney viscosity, as
Hardness (points) 45 48 49 48 44 shown in figure 8. It should be noted
Ultimate tensile (MPa) 11.8 11.5 10.6 11.7 9.6 that PF-BIIR 5, a sample with a
Modulus at 300 % (MPa) 2.6 3.1 3.7 3.8 3.0 Mooney viscosity of 50 MU and only
Ultimate elongation (%) 976 859 757 787 815
18 15 15 18
5 phr oil, has ‘equivalent processabil-
Compression set (%, 22 hours 19
at 70°C) ity’ to the Arlanxeo X_BUTYL BB
Die C tear strength (kN/m) 22.4 25.6 27.2 30.0 26.6 2030 control at 34 MU with 7 phr oil
Die B tear strength (kN/m) 28.5 32.0 33.1 33.1 33.1 in the frequency range tested. At the
Permeability (cc mm/(m2 day 123 121 115 119 121 same time, the branched fraction of
atm); O2 at 40°C)
the PF-BIIR polymers is increasing
the green strength and flow stability
observed in the pharmaceutical closure formulation with properties of the rubber compounds. Improved flow stability
branched bromobutyl rubber, a lower loading (2 phr lower) of (increased green strength) can be a benefit when forming larger
processing oil was chosen for the PF-BIIR compounds to further sheets, and for shape retention during the tire building and cur-
demonstrate the utility of these novel butyl polymers. PF-BIIR ing processes. The permeability of the PF-BIIR compounds
samples were compared to Arlanxeo control samples compound- with less oil is improved, since the oil serves to increase the
ed with both the normal (7 phr) and reduced (5 phr) oil loading. mobility of the butyl chains in the matrix, allowing for gas mol-
The data from these compounds are shown in table 6. ecules to pass through more easily. A lower permeation coeffi-
Despite having less process oil in the formulation, the PF- cient will result in greater air retention for the car tire when less
BIIR samples have similar compound Mooney viscosities com- oil is used. Proper tire inflation pressures can cause a significant
pared to their respective Arlanxeo control materials at full oil improvement in fuel economy, safety and lifetime of the tire. As

Table 6 - innerliner compound properties with bromobutyl rubber using varied process oil loading

Property X_BUTYL X_BUTYL X_BUTYL X_BUTYL PF-BIIR 4 PF-BIIR 5 PF-BIIR 6

BB 2030 BB 2030 BB X2 BB X2 5 phr oil 5 phr oil 5 phr oil
7 phr oil 5 phr oil 7 phr oil 5 phr oil
Peak mixer torque (Nm) 28.4 29.6 30.5 30.8 34.1 35.5 36.2
G’ (kPa) at dynamic amplitude = 0.06% at 60°C 854 997 827 886 893 831 858
Compound Mooney viscosity (MU, 100°C, 1+4+4) 63 68 70 75 64 73 64
Area under Mooney curve (100°C) 697 844 1,269 1,409 941 1,583 1,114
Tan delta (18 Hz at 100°C) 0.34 0.33 0.29 0.30 0.38 0.33 0.37
Peak green stress (MPa) 0.26 0.28 0.28 0.35 0.31 0.34 0.30
MH (dNm) at 160°C 11.3 11.5 11.3 12.2 10.0 9.8 9.1
ML (dNm) at 160°C 3.0 3.3 3.7 4.0 2.6 3.2 2.6
MH-ML (dNm) at 160°C 8.3 8.2 7.6 8.2 7.4 6.6 6.5
ts2 (minutes) at 160°C 2.8 2.8 2.5 2.3 2.1 1.9 2.1
t90 (minutes) at 160°C 8.1 8.0 7.2 7.3 12.4 13.3 14.2
Hardness (points) 55 57 55 57 59 56 58
Ultimate tensile (MPa) 11.5 11.2 10.9 10.2 10.2 10.7 9.8
Modulus at 300% (MPa) 4.8 4.9 4.9 6.0 5.0 5.0 4.6
Ultimate elongation (%) 681 663 609 499 647 677 691
Permeability (cc mm/(m2 day atm); O2 at 40°C) 183 167 182 170 165 166 164

42 RUBBERWORLD.COM • JUNE 2023

 Figure 7 - Payne effect (or strain sweep) Figure 9 - permeability (cc mm/(m2 day atm)
plot measured at 60°C of a bromobutyl of O2 at 40°C) data for a bromobutyl
innerliner compound showing improved innerliner compound
filler dispersion with lower G’ at 0.06%
dynamic amplitude 180
170

Permeability of O2 (cc mm/

1,200
X_BUTYL BB 2030, 7 phr oil 160

[m2 day atm]) at 40°C

X_BUTYL BB 2030, 5 phr oil
1,000 X_BUTYL BB X2, 7 phr oil 150
X_BUTYL BB X2, 5 phr oil 140
800 PF-BIIR 4, 5 phr oil
PF-BIIR 5, 5 phr oil 130
G' (kPa)

600 PF-BIIR 6, 5 phr oil

120
400 110

200 100

2,
,

2,
30

30

oil
TY r oil
oil

BU hr B X

-B r o B X
BU r o 20

-B oil 20

hr
hr

h
0

5p
X_ 7 p L B

PF ph L B
5p
5p
X_ ph BB

PF hr B

IIR il
5p LB
TY il
0.01 0.1 1 10 100 1,000

TY

5,
6,
4,
7 L
TY

BU
IIR
IIR
Dynamic strain amplitude (%)

5
BU

-B

X_
PF
X_
Figure 8 - tan delta versus frequency (Hz) PF-BIIR could lead to reduced mixing times, less energy input
plot of a bromobutyl pharmaceutical closure during mixing, better compound strength during calendering,
compound showing improved processability and better injection molding. The platform technology devel-
with increased tan delta oped by Arlanxeo, based on polyfarnesene as a sustainably
sourced, highly efficient and clean branching agent, has shown
1.2
X_BUTYL BB 2030, 7 phr oil benefits in many compound properties, including better process-
X_BUTYL BB 2030, 5 phr oil ability, better filler dispersion, higher green strength, lower per-
1.0 X_BUTYL BB X2, 7 phr oil
X_BUTYL BB X2, 5 phr oil
meation coefficients and lower compression set behavior.
0.8 PF-BIIR 4, 5 phr oil Different compounding strategies may be employed which
lead to other improvements in the permeation resistance and
Tan delta

PF-BIIR 5, 5 phr oil

0.6 PF-BIIR 6, 5 phr oil physical properties of branched butyl rubber compounds. Such
benefits imparted by polyfarnesene branched butyl rubber could
0.4
also find utility in other industries, including adhesives and seal-
0.2 ants, where the branched structure can be tuned to provide im-
proved cohesive strength and creep properties. The impact of
0 different filler systems, additives and alternative cure systems is
0.1 1 10 100 beyond the scope of this article, but has been the subject of ad-
ditional internal studies by Arlanxeo.
Frequency (Hz)
References
shown in figure 9, there is an approximate 10% improvement in 1. R.H. Boyd and P.V. Krishana Pant,“Molecular packing and
the permeability of the innerliner compounds with 5 phr oil in diffusion in polyisobutylene,” Macromolecules, Volume 24,
comparison to the Arlanxeo X_BUTYL BB 2030 and X_ 6325 (1991).
BUTYL BB X2 controls with 7 phr oil; and with improved 2. P.V. Krishana Pant and R.H. Boyd, “Molecular dynamics
processing performance in the PF-BIIR compounds. simulation of diffusion of small penetrants in polymers,” Mac-
romolecules, Volume 26, 679 (1993).
Summary and conclusions 3. H.-D. Brandt, W. Nentwig, N. Rooney, R.T. LaFlair, U.U.
Halobutyl rubber is ideal for use in pharmaceutical closure ap- Wolf, J. Duffy, J.E. Puskas, G. Kaszas, M. Drewitt and S. Glan-
plications due to superior permeation resistance, low extract- der, “Synthesis of butyl rubber by cationic polymerization,” in
ables and excellent sealing performance. Branched halobutyl Ullmann՚s Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry, electronic re-
rubber offers improvements for certain applications of halobutyl lease, 5, Wiley-VCH, Weinheim, Germany (2010).
rubber; however, PF-BIIR in particular has shown significant 4. M. Happ, J. Duffy, G.J., Wilson, S.D. Pask, H. Buding and A.
improvements in the cured compound properties which are of Ostrowicki, “Halobutyl rubber,” chapter 8 in Ullmann's Ency-
use for pharmaceutical closure applications, as well as tire in- clopedia of Industrial Chemistry, Wiley-VCH, Weinheim, Ger-
nerliners. The green compound improvements observed with many (2012).

FOLLOW US ON TWITTER @rubberworld 43

5. K. Kulbaba, D. Adkinson, G. Davidson and S. Elliott, “Effects butyl rubber polymers,” WO2023000096A1; J.L. Bourque and
of steam sterilization and gamma irradiation on halogenated butyl S.J. Elliott, “Branched butyl rubber compounds,”
rubber compounds,” Rubber World, Volume 266, 26, June 2022. WO2023000099A1.
6. https://farnesene.net/#, Amyris, retrieved February 28, 2023. 9. H. Dikland, T. Früh, T. Gross, C. Hassmann, N. Sary, R.
7. C. Iacob, T. Yoo and J. Runt, “Molecular dynamics of poly- Schmidt and M. van Duin, Handbook of Synthetic Rubber, Ar-
farnesene,” Macromolecules, Volume 51, 4917 (2018); S. Hen- lanxeo Performance Elastomers, chapter on Butyl Rubber: X_
ning and T. Yoo, “Synthesis and characterization of farnesene Butyl (XIIR), (2020).
based polymers,” Rubber Chemistry and Technology, Volume 10. S. Trinkle and C. Fredrich, “Van Gurp-Palmen plot: A way to
90, 308 (2017). characterize polydispersity of linear polymers,” Rheologica Acta,
8. G.J.E. Davidson, A.H. Murray and J.L. Bourque, “Branched Volume 40, 322, internal Arlanxeo Technical Reports (2001).

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Substitutions for specialty bases in
medical silicones
by Sarah Lewis, Taylor Smith, Amelia Berry and Dominic amounts of fillers, initiators and other additives. Plots showing
Testo, Specialty Silicone Products the various properties as a function of loading are shown in figure
1 (Minusil, 5U quartz filler) and figure 2 (di(2,4-dichlorobenzoyl)
The silicone shortage highlights the risk of overreliance upon a peroxide or DCLBP initiator). The observed trends were neither
single supplier of specialty bases, especially when comparable new nor unexpected; however, the results helped established
off-the-shelf offsets do not exist. The techniques and approach- loadings that were used to target compound durometers of 50A.
es to modifying the properties of silicones are well known, but
it is important to take a systematic approach regarding potential Experimental details
substitutions. This article describes how Specialty Silicone Samples were formulated at the laboratory scale on either an 8”
Products (SSP) identifies formulations with a specific combi- two-roll mill, or the combination of an 0.25 gallon laboratory scale
nation of properties, and uses various fillers, initiators, cure dough mixer and an 8” two-roll mill. For highly filled formula-
mechanisms and other additives, such as functional polymers. tions, the filler was combined with the silicone base in the dough
Applications include USP Class VI medical silicones. mixer before catalysts and any additives were added to the two-
roll mill. ASTM 6” by 6” test slabs were press cured at 177°C for
Initial trials 10 minutes and post-baked for 4 hours at 200°C, except for spe-
Initial trials for current work began with the addition of varying cific samples that used alternate peroxides requiring different press

Figure 1 - properties as a function of filler content using Minusil, 5U

60 1,800
1,600
50
1,400
Tensile strength (psi)

40 1,200
Durometer A

1,000
30
800

20 600
400
10
200

0 0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90
Minusil, 5U content (phr) Minusil, 5U content (phr)

900 140
800 120
700
Elongation at break (%)

100
Tear strength (ppi)

600
500 80

400 60
300
40
200
20
100
0 0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90
Minusil, 5U content (phr) Minusil, 5U content (phr)

46 RUBBERWORLD.COM • JUNE 2023

 Figure 2 - properties as a function of initiator content using DCLBP
60 1,800
1,600
50
1,400

Tensile strength (psi)

40 1,200
Durometer A

1,000
30
800

20 600
400
10
200

0 0
0 1 2 3 4 5 0 1 2 3 4 5
DCLBP content (phr) DCLBP content (phr)
900 120
800
100
700
Elongation at break (%)

600 Tear strength (ppi) 80

500
60
400
300 40

200
20
100
0 0
0 1 2 3 4 5 0 1 2 3 4 5
DCLBP content (phr) DCLBP content (phr)

cure temperatures. Tested properties were selected from ASTM Sample details
D2000 and other requirements. The tested properties were: All samples used a commercially available 40 durometer general
• Durometer A (ASTM D2240) purpose base, with the exception of the control sample, which also
• Tensile strength, elongation at break and tensile stress at used the 60 durometer version of the base from the same series
50%, 100% and 200% elongation (ASTM D412) and same manufacturer to provide a 50 durometer baseline. Ex-
• Tear strength (ASTM D624) cept where noted, all
• Specific gravity (ASTM D792) samples were cured
• Shrinkage after press cure and after post-bake; the using 1.7 phr 34% Table 1 - sample
shrinkage samples can be used to cut other samples for 2,5-dimethyl-2,5-di(t- identifications and
testing (internal test method SSP-55) butylperoxy)hexane formulations used for the
• Compression set as ply 22 hours at 175°C and as ply 70 (DBPH). Samples current work
hours at 150°C (ASTM D395) were press cured for
Sample ID Formulation
• Heat aged 70 hours at 225°C to measure durometer 10 minutes at 177°C, TS-03-016 Control
change, tensile change, elongation change and weight loss and then post-cured TS-03-011 53 phr Minusil, 5U
(ASTM D573) for 4 hours at 200°C. TS-03-014 35 phr Aktisil Q
• Low temperature brittleness at -55°C, -60°C and -65°C Samples that were AB-12-140 15 phr Celite 350
(ASTM D2137) cured using di(2,4-di- AB-12-144 3.5 phr HS-5
fumed silica
The curing characteristics of all samples were measured chloro benzoyl)perox- TS-03-019 Addition cured sample
using an Alpha Technologies ODR 1000 at 3° angular displace- ide used a 50 wt% AB-12-136 4.5 phr DCLBP paste
ment and 350°F. The sample made with di(2,4-dichloro ben- paste and cure condi- TS-03-022 5 phr high vinyl gum
zoyl)peroxide was tested at 240°F. tions of 10 minutes at AB-12-148 10 phr low vinyl gum

FOLLOW US ON TWITTER @rubberworld 47

 Table 2 - basic physical properties of the Figure 3 - plot showing the range of
various samples measured physical properties from table 2

Sample ID Tensile Elongation Tensile Tear

strength at break stress strength
(psi) (%) at 100% (ppi)
elongation 100 125 150 175 200 225 250
(psi) Tear B (ppi)
TS-03-016 1662 708 140 130
TS-03-011 1094 632 116 115
TS-03-014 1293 732 144 98 50 100 150 200 250 300
AB-12-140 1294 533 258 120 Tensile stress at 100% elongation (psi)
AB-12-144 1785 762 130 135
TS-03-019 1597 798 133 190
AB-12-136 1087 367 201 62
TS-03-022 1309 624 245 230 300 400 500 600 700 800 900
AB-12-148 1032 379 222 127 Elongation at break (%)

116°C. Addition cured samples used 1 phr of a commercially

available HCR platinum catalyst blend and 0.4 phr of a low vis- 800 1,000 1,200 1,400 1,600 1,800 2,000
Tensile strength (psi)
cosity methyl hydrogen fluid.
Sample identifications and formulations are provided in
table 1. For all of the formulations, the measured durometer A processes that is overlooked includes processing considerations
was 50 ± 2. such as scorch, cure time and shrinkage. A good materials solu-
tion will cause as little disruption as possible to existing tooling
Results and discussion and processing conditions. Table 3 shows the linear shrinkage
Basic physical properties values and select ODR data for the various samples. With the
Table 2 shows the samples’ basic physical properties. For each exception of the alternate curing mechanisms (TS-03-019 and
property, the minimum and maximum observed values are AB-12-136), there is no great impact on the scorch time, with
shaded in gray. In the previous screening work that focused on the exception of the Aktisil Q filler. The overall cure time is
how properties changed as the amount of a specific additive extended by the addition of fumed silica (AB-12-144) and the
was changed, the properties measured were highly interdepen- two vinyl gums (TS-03-022 and AB-12-148).
dent, as would be expected where the mechanism of the impact For the gum containing samples, the increase in T90 is
on the measured properties is the same because the same addi- about 50%, suggesting that special attention will need to be
tive is always used. When the amount of quartz filler was in- paid to existing cycle times if such formulations are to be of-
creased, the durometer rose, and the tensile strength and elon- fered as replacements. However, the addition of gums has a
gation at break decreased (figure 1). relatively small impact on the shrinkage of cured parts; where-
In those screening experiments with a single additive, each as the highly filled formulations, as would be expected, show
of the properties could not be varied independently. With the significantly less shrinkage when compared to the control. This
range of additives used in the current work, the trade-offs be- has implications for existing tooling, and illustrates why con-
tween the various properties were not as pronounced. Figure 3 sideration of other properties outside of specified basic physical
plots the various physical properties from table 2 to show the properties is key to formulating appropriate offsets.
breadth of the observed mechanical properties. The measured
tensile strength varies about 700 psi, the elongation at break is
about 430%, the tensile stress at 100% elongation varies about Table 3 - linear shrinkage and select ODR
130 psi, and the tear strength varies about 170 ppi. These broad data for the various samples
ranges were obtained while maintaining a consistent durometer.
Sample ID Linear Linear TS2 T90
The red dots represent the baseline material without modifica- shrinkage shrinkage (minutes) (minutes)
tion. on cure on post-cure
The relative independence of the various physical properties (%) (%)
is illustrated in some selected example regression plots in figure TS-03-016 3.8 4.0 0.94 2.33
4. This is of prime importance when formulating silicones to TS-03-011 2.8 3.3 0.79 2.27
externally controlled specifications, or to legacy specifications TS-03-014 3.2 3.3 0.55 2.02
AB-12-140 3.0 3.4 0.95 2.58
that exist as a function of selecting a very specific specialty AB-12-144 3.5 3.9 0.93 2.85
base when the part specifications were initially set. TS-03-022 4.0 4.5 0.97 3.33
AB-12-148 3.7 4.3 1.07 3.51
Processing considerations TS-03-019 3.0 3.3 0.55 1.98
A key constraint of replacing existing materials in existing AB-12-136 1.9 3.0 0.41 1.95

48 RUBBERWORLD.COM • JUNE 2023

 Figure 4 - example linear regression plots illustrating the lack of dependence of some
physical properties
250 300

Tensile strength at 100% elongation (psi)

250
200
Tear strength (ppi)

200
150
150
100
100

50 y = 0.0901x + 298.25
y = 0.0642x + 47.483 50 R2 = 0.1993
R2 = 0.1251
0 0
0 500 1,000 1,500 2,000 0 500 1,000 1,500 2,000
Tensile strength (psi) Tensile strength (psi)

explicitly called out in specifications, but are

Table 4 - heat aged and compression set data for the still of vital importance to a product’s end use.
various samples For example, an existing specialty base may
have a low compression set, and this property
Sample ID Heat aged 70 hours at 225°C Compression set (%)
Durometer Tensile Elongation Weight 22 hours 70 hours is essential to the proper functioning of the final
change change change loss at 175°C at 150°C part; however, if the compression set is not de-
(points) (%) (%) (%) fined as part of the specification, a custom
TS-03-016 -5 -46 -41 5.4 32.3 23.2 compound could meet all of the specified re-
TS-03-011 +4 -23 -32 0.9 27.4 28.0 quirements, but still be unsuitable for the final
TS-03-014 +3 -30 -17 1.1 22.1 12.7 application.
AB-12-140 +2 -29 +24 1.4 21.2 16.9
AB-12-144 +4 -42 -24 1.0 25.7 30.6
TS-03-022 +24 -82 -97 2.5 28.3 Alternate curing mechanisms
28.1
AB-12-148 +21 -64.8 -87.9 1.9 17.2 Using a DCLBP type catalyst at very high load-
20.8
TS-03-019 +7 -49 -58 1.4 33.1 ing results in a final material with poor physical
34.5
AB-12-136 +10 -31.8 -56.7 1.2 69.3 65.0
properties. This is expected because of the high
crosslink density that results from the chains’
The constraints of existing tooling and shrinkage can often ability to become crosslinked at any point along their length,
be overlooked or perceived as less important than specifica- rather than only where there are available vinyl groups. The re-
tions around physical properties. However, this can lead to duced physical properties may preclude the use of this formula-
difficulties in the final testing and acceptance of custom com- tion in many applications; however, there may be niche applica-
pounds. tions where the reduced shrinkage on curing makes the formula-
tion attractive.
Application/environment properties
Specifications may include properties that are important to the Controlling the network structure with functional gums
performance of the part in the final application environment. The primary interest in the addition of the vinyl bearing gums
Examples include compression set or heat aged properties. was to understand if the introduction of additional vinyl groups
Table 4 shows heat aged property changes and compression set on flexible chains could impact the stiffness of the final rubber,
under two different conditions for the various tested formula- independent of the durometer. Previous work with traditional
tions. Overall, the additions of Celite 350, Aktisil Q and the low fillers and oligomeric vinyl species resulted in formulations
vinyl gum resulted in the best compression set properties. The with higher tensile stress at 100% elongation, but also much
filled formulations (Minusil, 5U, Celite 350, Aktisil Q and higher durometers than the specifications called for. In the cur-
fumed silica) had the best overall heat aged properties. rent work, it can be seen that the tensile stress at 100% elonga-
While the low vinyl gum had low compression set at both tion can be controlled with vinyl bearing gums.
test temperatures, the heat aged properties were very poor. This An immediate application for this was in the replacement of
difference in high temperature properties shows the importance a specialty base that had been experiencing significant supply
of considering the impact of additives on the whole range of issues, even after many other bases had seen increased avail-
desired properties; and especially when some properties are not ability. For the final application, the key requirements were

FOLLOW US ON TWITTER @rubberworld 49

 modifications to general purpose bases permits
Table 5 - properties with and without the addition of a low lower costs, more stable supply chains and the
vinyl gum to a platinum cured system for a customer dual sourcing of bases to protect customers
application from supply issues that are associated with
single sources. Some specifications require
Property Typical SSP2390-55D SSP2390-55D Specification
+ 5 phr gum specialty bases that are among the most chal-
Durometer A 52 52 56 50-60 lenging to source during the recent shortages.
Tensile stress at 100% 195 143 205 N/A The current work enables the displacement of
elongation (psi) specialty bases and their substitution with more
TS1 (minutes) 1.15 0.68 1.03 0.8 flexible formulations. For example, some ap-
plications require high tensile strength and high
tear strength. Both can be met through the addition of a high
Table 6 - ODR data collected at 215°F for vinyl gum to a general purpose base, rather than sourcing a
various formulations developed to meet the specialty base.
required processing conditions
Case studies in custom compounds
Sample ID Notes TS2 T90
(minutes) (minutes) 80 durometer USP Class VI compound
In this application, the customer required an 80 durometer USP
TR-02-122A Standard catalyst No cure No cure
TR-02-122B Commercial low 0.91 5.66 Class VI material that is overmolded onto a plastic insert. Be-
temperature catalyst cause of part constraints and processing conditions, the cus-
SL-01-122 SSP low temperature 0.71 8.50 tomer specified a TS2 time of 2.5 to 3.5 minutes, and a T90
catalyst time of 5 to 7 minutes. SSP2390-80D is SSP’s existing plati-
AB-04-006 Custom catalyst 2.65 6.87 num cured USP Class VI 80 durometer material; however, this
material is designed for much higher cure temperatures than
durometer (the specification is 50-60), tensile stress at 100% those required by this application. Figure 5 shows an example
elongation (needs to match the existing material as closely as ODR curve for SSP2390-80D collected at 350°F. The TS2 for
possible), TS1 time at 320°F (0.8 minutes, and preferably as this specific sample was 0.68 minutes, and the T90 was 3.40
close to the current material as possible in order to ensure ad- minutes.
equate fill of the complex mold), and that the material be plati- Switching to a commercially available low temperature
num cured. platinum catalyst resulted in an acceptable T90, but a TS2 that
The low vinyl gum was added to SSP’s existing standard was too fast. The internal SSP low temperature catalyst had a
SSP2390-55D formulation (USP Class VI platinum cured one- TS2 that was too fast and a T90 that was too long. Further work
part compound), resulting in the desired increase in the tensile was then performed with custom mixed platinum catalysts
stress at 100% elongation. The combination of the gum and a made internally. A series of custom catalysts was made with
slight modification to the platinum catalyst also brought the varying platinum and inhibitor (diallyl maleate), and regression
TS1 into the appropriate range (table 5). analysis was applied to the values of TS2 and T90 as a function

Conclusions on controlling mechanical properties

Understanding the breadth of accessible properties with various Figure 6 - fitted data for TS2 and T90 based
on platinum and inhibitor loadings

Figure 5 - example ODR curve for 9

SSP2390-80D at 350°F 8

100 7
TS2 or T90 (minutes)

6
80
Torque curve (lb.-in.)

5 T90
60
4

40 3

2
20
1 TS2
0
0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 -8 -6 -4 -2 0 2 4
Test time (minutes) Platinum/inhibitor loading factor

50 RUBBERWORLD.COM • JUNE 2023

of platinum and inhibitor loading. Applying the model to calcu- compound specifically designed for their manufacturing pro-
late the required platinum and inhibitor loadings revealed that cess and made with USP Class VI compliant bases.
32 ppm of platinum and 0.72 wt% diallyl maleate would be
required to attain the required cure conditions (figure 6). Conclusions
While these values would theoretically provide the appro- Silicone compounders can mitigate the risks caused by over-
priate cure, the excessive addition of catalyst and inhibitor re- reliance on specialty bases from a single supplier. By under-
sults in higher costs for the customer. The experiments were standing the scope of accessible properties and making appro-
repeated with an alternate inhibitor (1-ethynyl-1-cyclohexa- priate modifications to general purpose bases, compounders
nol), and the results of the final formulation that required ap- can protect customers from shortages. Although it can be
proximately an order of magnitude lower addition of catalyst challenging to find flexible formulations for some specialty
and inhibitor are shown as sample AB-04-006 in table 6. The bases, the benefits of dual sourcing include not just more sta-
final formulation was supplied to the customer as a two-part ble supply chains, but also include lower costs.

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FOLLOW US ON TWITTER @rubberworld 51

 Meetings
Liquid silicone rubber conference planned
LSR 2023, organized by Executive elastomer made from silicone, which temperature applications. LSR can with-
Conference Management, will be held is a versatile material that can be found stand temperatures up to 200°C (392°F)
September 11-14 at the Sonesta Charlotte in many products, including medical without losing its properties, making it
Executive Park in Charlotte, NC. LSR devices, automotive parts and electron- suitable for use in demanding environ-
2023 unites professionals from various ics, according to organizers. ments.
industries and disciplines to discuss tech- One of the key benefits of LSR is Another advantage of LSR is said to
nological and scientific developments in said to be its excellent resistance to heat, be its flexibility and durability. LSR is
liquid silicone rubber and related mate- which makes it an ideal material for high highly resistant to tears, abrasions and
rials. Attendees will explore new com-
mercial uses for LSR in various markets,
Rubber Group News on September 7 at the Rubber Chamber
including medical, automotive, electron- Auditorium in Mexico City, Mexico. Further
ics, consumer products, and more. The Chicago Rubber Group will hold its information is available at www.rubber.org/
LSR 2023 is said to be a unique oppor- Chicago golf outing July 20 at the Village mexico-rubber-group.
tunity to learn about new silicone chemis- Links in Glen Ellyn, IL. The CRG will The MidAtlantic Rubber and Plastics
hold its Wisconsin golf outing September Group will hold a Lunch and Learn online
try, novel processing and manufacturing
13 at the Hawk՚s View Golf Club in Lake event June 22 on PFOA, PFAS, PFCA,
techniques, emerging technologies, mar- Geneva, WI. Further information on the FKM, So Many Ps and Fs, What Does It
ket dynamics and new business directions CRG golf outings is available at www.chi- All Mean for the Rubber Industry. The
of LSR; meet key decision-makers and cagorubbergroup.org. MARPG announced that its 2023 scholar-
industry experts representing LSR suppli- The Detroit Rubber Group will host ship is officially open for applications. As a
Tech and Teardown on June 20 at A2Mac1 membership benefit, members can sponsor
ers, processing equipment manufacturers,
in Belleville, MI. During the event, partici- one scholarship applicant. To apply online,
molders, fabricators and end-users; show- pants will receive a facility tour of A2Mac1, visit https://marpg.org/scholarships/. The
case company strengths, technologies and review A2Mac1՚s extensive database, and deadline for scholarship applications is July
products; network and establish new busi- have a hands-on look at each individual 30. The MARPG will hold a Lunch and
ness contacts and explore future oppor- piece, rubber and all, of a recently released Learn online event July 27 on ChemTrend
automobile. The cost to attend the technical Product Technologies. The MARPG will
tunities; and display company products,
program is $50 for DRG members, $65 hold a social event August 10 at Workhorse
technology and services at the exhibit. for non-members and $25 for OEMs and Brewing in King of Prussia, PA. The
Liquid silicone rubber is said to be a students. Lunch is included in the cost of MARPG will hold a Lunch and Learn
unique material that offers a wide range attendance. A one-year membership to the online event August 24 on Sustainability of
of benefits and uses. LSR is a synthetic DRG is included in the non-member cost. Rubber and Plastics. Details are available at
All proceeds from the event go to the DRG www.marpg.org.
Scholarship Program. The Detroit Rubber The New England Rubber & Plastics
Group will hold a fishing outing July 13 at Group will hold its annual golf outing
the Toledo Beach Marina in LaSalle, MI. August 1 at Blackstone National Golf in
Attendees are requested to arrive at the Sutton, MA. Further information is avail-
marina at 6:30 a.m. The boat is scheduled to able at www.nerpg.org.
depart at 7 a.m. and return at noon. The cost The Ohio Rubber Group will hold
INJECTION MOLDING to attend is $195 per person and includes a golf outing August 28 at Silver Lake
CERTIFICATE PROGRAM only the outing. Event sponsorships are Country Club in Stow, OH. The ORG will
June 26, 2023 – June 30, 2023 available, with the suggested sponsorship hold a technical meeting on September 26
DAYS 1 & 2: INTRODUCTION TO POLYMER MATERIALS AND amount being $100. All proceeds from the at the Hilton Garden Inn in Twinsburg, OH.
THEIR BEHAVIOR
1- Introduction 2- Thermal Transitions 3- Blends event go to the DRG Scholarship Program. Details are available at www.ohiorubber-
4- Rheology 5- Introduction to Polymer Processing The Detroit Rubber Group will hold a golf group.org.
6- Quiz
outing August 22 at the Bay Point Country The Ontario Rubber Group will hold
DAY 3: INJECTION MOLDING BASICS Club in West Bloomfield Township, MI. a golf tournament September 13 at the
1- Processing: Extrusion & Injection Molding
2- Environmental & Occupational Health & Safety Details are available at www.rubber.org/ Royal Ontario Golf Club in Milton, Ontario,
3- Machine/Mold/Material Troubleshooting
4- Quiz detroit-rubber-group-inc. Canada. Further information is available at
The Mexico Rubber Group will hold www.rubber.org/ontario-rubber-group.
DAY 4: MOLD DESIGN & ENGINEERING
1- Mold Design & Engineering the course, “How To Improve Rubber The Twin Cities Rubber Group will
2- Quiz Compounds, Part 2,” instructed by Jose hold a golf event August 3 at Williger՚s
DAY 5: PRODUCT DESIGN FOR INJECTION MOLDING Gazano, on July 27 at the Rubber Chamber Golf Club in Northfield, MN. The TCRG
1- Product Design for Injection Molding
2- Injection Molding Simulation Auditorium in Mexico City, Mexico. will hold a technical meeting September
The MRG will hold the course, “Rubber 21 at Cowboy Jack՚s in Bloomington, MN.
https://www.uakron.edu/apts/courses/injection-molding-certificate-program
Compounds, Part 1: Chemical Reactions Details are available at www.twincitiesrub-
Contact: Penelope Pinkston, Manager of Polymer Training
330-972-8303
Mechanism,” instructed by Soul Leonides, bergroup.org.

52 RUBBERWORLD.COM • JUNE 2023

 Meetings
punctures, making it an ideal material for tion,” Samuel Saldarriaga and Umberto micro molding,” Roberto Hernandez,
use in applications that require high dura- Carchia, Simtec; “High volume silicone RHL Plastics; “Utilizing simulation soft-
bility, such as seals and gaskets, accord- molding considerations,” Rob Theriaque, ware for gate and process optimization,”
ing to organizers. LSR is also said to have Dymotek; “Successful processing of Jake Michaelson, Sigmasoft; “How to
excellent electrical insulation properties, LSR,” Kurt Mannigater, Elmet; “How reduce foreign material rejects in sili-
and offers a range of aesthetic benefits. part design, flow simulation, tool concept cone medical device manufacturing,”
The technical program for LSR 2023 and quality intertwine,” Tavo Kolling, Bruno Giraldo, Life Sciences Foamtec
will include the following presentations: EMDE; and “Continued navigation of International; “2K compact mold for
Tuesday, September 12: “Opening the ever evolving regulatory landscape LSR,” Catia Ruivo and Flaminio Sales,
remarks,” Amos Golovoy, conference of low level impurities in liquid silicone Turtle Petals; “Micro precision parts
chair; “Keynote Address: Silicones, rubber.” made of LSR: From prototype phase
trends and a focus on LSR,” Bertrand Wednesday, September 13: “Panel to serial production,” Wolfgang Roth,
Mollet, Elkem Silicones USA; “Medical discussion: Dosing systems,” Daniel Wittmann Battenfeld, Ryan Hall and
molding: Navigating the risks and regu- Ehrlich, Kracht; Christian Hose, Wagner Scott Baird, Starlim; and “LSR molding
lations before taking the plunge,” Emily Group; Craig Lustek, R.D. Abbott; and and machine considerations from micro
Logsdon, PTG; “Silicone rubber enables Mike Flander, NeXus Elastomer Systems; to big silicone molding,” Thomas Gradl,
safe and reliable electric vehicles,” “CTQ considerations in LSR overmold- Engel.
Jake Steinbrechner, Dow Performance ing,” Ben Binyamin, Extreme Molding; A tour of Elkem՚s facilities will be
Silicones; “Advancements in low tem- “Mold concepts to suit the molders՚ held on Thursday, September 14.
perature curing liquid silicone rubber,” needs versus the mold-maker needs,” Further information on LSR 2023 is
Rob Rudolph, Momentive; “Maximizing Joachim Kruder, Rico; “Scientific mold- available at www.executive-conference.
output with a 96 + 96 cavity solu- ing approach for cold deck valve gated com.

HOW LONG
WILL IT LAST?
in silico adjective
Definition of in silico
(of scientific experiments or research) conducted or produced
by means of computer modeling or computer simulation
“in silico analysis of knuckle replacement durability”

54 RUBBERWORLD.COM • JUNE 2023

 Meetings
Registration opens luncheon, The Business of Rubber assist with covering several students’ hotel,
event, Career Catalysts meal and transportation costs. The number
for 2023 IEC presentations, Expo theater of students the Division can host depends
Registration and housing are open for the presentations and awards breakfast) on the amount of support it receives. The
2023 International Elastomer Conference Those registering for the 2023 IEC cost to sponsor a student is $750.
(IEC), to be held October 16-19 at before July 1 will save $200. Sponsorship Student sponsorships will take some
the Huntington Convention Center of and marketing opportunities are avail- coordination, so the sooner the Division
Cleveland. The IEC is organized by able. Visit www.rubber.org. receives support commitments, the bet-
the Rubber Division of the American Support from companies in the rubber ter. Email Gretchen Cermak (gc@rubber.
Chemical Society (ACS). industry has provided the opportunity org) by August 15 if interested in provid-
IEC is said to be the one place, one for Rubber Division to host many under- ing support for students.
time of year, where attendees will find the graduate students at the International On July 19, Rubber Division will
best of the industry all under one roof. It Elastomer Conference over the past few hold a free webinar: Global Economic
is an event where connections are made, years. This has proven to be a very suc- Challenges and Rubber Division, ACS
knowledge is shared, and new products, cessful program in making all aspects of Update. Paul Hodges, a global expert on
new technology and new ideas are intro- the industry known to these students. It the chemicals industry with the World
duced, business is conducted, developed is a great opportunity for them to gain Economic Forum will focus on the twin
and gained, fun is had, encouragement knowledge specific to the industry, make challenges impacting the global econ-
and empowerment happen, and the future connections and show them how amaz- omy: the move into recession, plus the
is embraced, according to the Division. ing the rubber industry is, and why they need to develop new products or ser-
The 2023 International Elastomer should be a part of it. vices for the net zero/new normal world.
Conference will include the following Rubber Division is seeking support to Details are available at www.rubber.org.
components:
• Expo
• Technical meeting
• Educational symposium
• Women՚s event SEPTEMBER

2023
11 - 14
• Student programs
• Networking events

2023
• Special events (including the
opening ceremony and keynote
address, 5K walk/run, 25 year club

International conference on liquid silicone rubber

and related products
WWW.EXECUTIVE-CONFERENCE.COM
This premier conference will take place in
ONLINE COURSE: Charlotte, North Carolina
Rubber Technician Training
3 Day Course It is a most comprehensive silicone event
07/10/2023 – 07/12/2023
and 10/09/2023 – 10/11/2023 covering important developments in: Material
ONLINE COURSE:
Innovations, Equipment, Processing, Part &
Polymer Chemistry Characterization Course Process Design, Markets, and Applications.
2 Day Course
08/21/2023 – 08/22/2023
LSR 2023 includes a tour to Elkem.
For more information, contact Executive Conference Management:

[email protected]
586-737-7373

FOLLOW US ON TWITTER @rubberworld 55

October 16-19, 2023 • Cleveland, OH
Save $200
on the
Technical Meeting
Join us at IEC 2023 where connections are when you register
made, knowledge is shared, new products, by July 1!
new technology and new ideas are introduced,
business is conducted, developed and gained,
fun is had, encouragement and empowerment happen,
and the future is embraced.

Components include:
Expo • Technical Meeting • Educational Symposium • Women’s Event •
Student Programs • Career Catalysts • Receptions • 5K Walk/Run •
25-Year Club Luncheon • Awards Ceremony • Networking Events

Interested in exhibiting or attending?

Visit rubberiec.org.
Brought to you by:
Calendar
Rubber Division, ACS, Formulating Rubber Division, ACS, Formulating
Future Fridays Webinar: Sulfur and Accelerators, Fridays Webinar: Formulating Wrap Up,
Meetings/ www.rubber.org/training - July 21. www.rubber.org/training - August 18.
Rubber Division, ACS, Communications Detroit Rubber Group, golf outing, Bay
Expos Workshop and STEM Fair, Akron, OH, Point Country Club, West Bloomfield
2023 www.rubber.org - July 21-22. Township, MI, www.rubber.org/detroit-
Cleveland October 16-19 Rubber Division, ACS, Introduction rubber-group-inc - August 22.
to Compounding, Mixing and Testing MidAtlantic Rubber and Plastics
2024 course, Elastomer Training Center, Akron, Group, Lunch and Learn: Sustainability
Pittsburgh September 9-12 OH, www.rubber.org/training - July 26. of Rubber and Plastics online event, www.
www.rubber.org Mexico Rubber Group, How to Improve marpg.org - August 24.
Rubber Compounds, Part II course, Ohio Rubber Group, golf outing, Silver
Rubber Chamber Auditorium, Mexico Lake Country Club, Stow, OH, www.
University of Akron, Akron Polymer City, Mexico - www.rubber.org/mexico- ohiorubbergroup.org - August 28.
Training Services, Rubber Adhesion and rubber-group - July 27.
Adhesives course, www.uakron.edu/apts/ MidAtlantic Rubber and Plastics
- June 19-21. Group, Lunch and Learn: ChemTrend September
Detroit Rubber Group, Tech and Tear- Product Technologies online event, www.
down, A2Mac1, Belleville, MI, www.rub- marpg.org - July 27. Mexico Rubber Group, Rubber
ber.org/detroit-rubber-group-inc - June 20. Rubber Division, ACS, Intermediate Compounds, Part 1: Chemical Reactions
Smarter Shows, Adhesives & Bonding Rubber Compounding course, Akron Mechanism course, Rubber Chamber
Expo 2023, Suburban Collection Rubber Development Laboratory, Barber- Auditorium, Mexico City, Mexico -
Showplace, Novi, MI, www.adhesives- ton, OH, www.rubber.org/training - July www.rubber.org/mexico-rubber-group -
andbondingexpo.com - June 20-22. 27. September 7.
MidAtlantic Rubber and Plastics Rubber Division, ACS, Formulating Executive Conference Management,
Group, Lunch and Learn: PFOA, PFAS, Fridays Webinar: Peroxides, www.rubber. LSR (Liquid Silicone Rubber) 2023,
PFCA, FKM, So Many Ps and Fs, What org/training - July 28. Sonesta Hotel, Charlotte, NC, www.exec-
Does It All Mean for the Rubber Industry utive-conference.com/conference/lsr-2023
online event, www.marpg.org - June 22. - September 11-14.
Rubber Division, ACS, How to Extend August Chicago Rubber Group, Wisconsin golf
Lifetime of Elastomers and Rubber outing, Hawk՚s View Golf Club, Lake
Products webinar, www.rubber.org/train- New England Rubber and Plastics Geneva, WI, www.chicagorubbergroup.
ing - June 22. Group, golf outing, Blackstone National org - September 13.
Rubber Division, ACS, Formulating Golf, Sutton, MA, www.nerpg.org - Ontario Rubber Group, golf tourna-
Fridays Webinar: Silica-Silane, www.rub- August 1. ment, Royal Ontario Golf Club, Milton,
ber.org/training - June 23. Rubber Division, ACS, Sponge Rubber Ontario, Canada, www.rubber.org/ontario-
Rubber Division, ACS, Formulating 101 course, www.rubber.org/training - rubber-group - September 13.
Fridays Webinar: Bulk Fillers, www.rub- August 3. Messe Düsseldorf North America,
ber.org/training - June 30. Rubber Division, ACS, Formulating T-PLAS, International Trade Fair for the
Fridays Webinar: Antidegradants, www. Plastics and Rubber Industries, Bangkok
July rubber.org/training - August 4.
Twin Cities Rubber Group, golf event,
Trade & Exhibition Center (BITEC),
Bangkok, Thailand, www.mdna.com -
Willinger՚s Golf Club, Northfield, MN, September 20-23.
Rubber Division, ACS, Formulating www.twincitiesrubbergroup.org - August Twin Cities Rubber Group, technical
Fridays Webinar: Process Oils, www.rub- 3. meeting, Cowboy Jack՚s, Bloomington,
ber.org/training - July 7. Hiplex, International Plastics Expo 2023, MN, www.twincitiesrubbergroup.org -
University of Akron, Akron Polymer Hitex, Hyderabad, India, info@hiplex. September 21.
Training Services, Rubber Technician co.in - August 4-7. Center for the Polyurethanes Industry,
Training course, www.uakron.edu/apts/ - Rubber Division, ACS, Elastomers American Chemistry Council, 65th
July 10-12. for Selective Gas Separation, Including Polyurethanes Technical Conference,
University of Akron, Akron Polymer Carbon Capture course, www.rubber.org/ Marriott Rivercenter, San Antonio, TX,
Training Services, Rubber Extrusion training - August 7. https://www.americanchemistry.com/
Technology course, www.uakron.edu/ University of Akron, Akron Polymer industry-groups/center-for-the-polyure-
apts/ - July 11. Training Services, Rubber Extrusion thanes-industry-cpi/polyurethanes-techni-
Detroit Rubber Group, fishing outing, Technology course, www.uakron.edu/ cal-conference - September 25-27.
Toledo Beach Marina, LaSalle, MI, www. apts/ - August 8. Ohio Rubber Group, technical meeting,
rubber.org/detroit-rubber-group-inc - July 13. MidAtlantic Rubber and Plastics Hilton Garden Inn, Twinsburg, OH, www.
Rubber Division, ACS, Formulating Group, social event, Workhorse Brewing, ohiorubbergroup.org - September 26.
Fridays Webinar: Specialty Plasticizers, King of Prussia, PA, www.marpg.org - Interplas Events Limited/Rapid News
www.rubber.org/training - July 14. August 10. Group, Interplas Insights Conference
Rubber Division, ACS, Global Economic Rubber Division, ACS, Formulating 2023, National Exhibition Center (NEC),
Challenges webinar and Rubber Division, Fridays Webinar: Process Aids, www.rub- Birmingham, U.K., www.interplasuk.com
ACS Update, www.rubber.org - July 19. ber.org/training - August 11. - September 26-28.
Chicago Rubber Group, Chicago golf R.D. Abbott, Manufacturing with Silicone Gerlach, Hot Air Vulcanization online
outing, Village Links, Glen Ellyn, IL, Rubber workshop, Barberton, OH, www. seminar, www.gerlach-machinery.com -
www.chicagorubbergroup.org - July 20. rdabbott.com - August 15-18. September 27-28.

FOLLOW US ON TWITTER @rubberworld 57

 Suppliers Showcase Silicone/Medical

Dual drive processing of silicone, rubber

New technologies, such as the company’s Dual Drive con- product quality (which means the cleanest and purest rubber),
cept, are said to help to handle the increasing requirements as well as greater cost effectiveness. The Roll-Ex gear pump
of the rubber and silicone industry. This system, based on technology is said to ensure the particularly gentle extrusion
the dual drive of the gear pump, is specially of materials, and fast, easy compound changes.
designed to process abrasive compounds. This The company’s solutions cover various
innovation leads to a reduction in rotor and fields of application, and include the modular
gear pump wear, an increase in the lifetime of Roll-Ex system combined with the two-roll
the machines, and, therefore, to a long term feeder (TRF), the screw feeder (SF) or the con-
increase in productivity, according to the com- ical twin-screw feeder (DSE), which allows a
pany. In addition, maintenance costs are said to suitable configuration for all applications. The
be reduced. DSE component is, for example, part of the
Economical and sustainable solutions for polymer dosing system which is also based on
the fine mesh staining of rubber and silicone Roll-Ex gear pump technology, allowing the
compounds provided by the company are said to be highly feeding, plasticizing and exact dosing of polymers of higher
relevant in these times, as rubber processing presents enor- viscosity in a continuous mixing process. (UTH GmbH)
mous challenges, including the demand for a high level of www.uth-gmbh.com

Self-adhesive silicones LSR dosing system

Silicone products for medical applications include self-adhesive The SMARTmix TOP 7000 Pro is said to show what is pos-
liquid silicone rubber for hard/soft combinations with polycar- sible today in the field of liquid silicone rubber dosing systems.
bonate, and silicone adhesives for wound dressings and fixing With a footprint of only 1,150 x 790 mm, it has the smallest
aids. Such adhesive gels not only reduce the pain of dressing footprint of all the dosing systems suitable for 200 liter drums
changes; high strength adhesive products are also suitable for on the market, according to the company. The completely over-
fixing sensors and medical aids. Pleasant to the touch, skin com- hauled pump unit has been simplified, and the number of indi-
patible and with good mechanical properties, silicone elastomers vidual parts has been minimized. Its slimmer design is said to
have been used in medical technology for many years. This make the unit, in spite of a working pressure of up to 210 bar,
high tech material is very versatile: Silicones are often used in considerably more compact. At the same time, it is said to result
the production of seals, tubes, catheters and orthopedic aids. In in a significantly smaller volume of LSR in the system. This, in
hard/soft combinations, too, which are typically made of rigid turn, increases the process reliability even further and reduces the
thermoplastics, manufacturers often choose silicones for the purging volume, according to the company. (Elmet)
soft components. Silicone elastomers are chemically and bio- www.elmet.com
logically inert, can be easily sterilized, and have high rebound
resilience and good elasticity over a wide temperature range, Silicone rubbers for seals
according to the company. (Wacker Chemie AG)
www.wacker.com LSR and HCR based NEVSil products are said to be suitable
for a wide range of sealing applications in vehicles powered by
alternative energies, including e-mobility, hybrid concepts and
Liquid silicone processing fuel cell technology. In addition to a generally low compres-
sion set, their wide range of grades includes high temperature
With a cycle time of just 35 seconds, the IntElect LSR package resistance, as well as flame retardancy, self-lubrication, low
is said to produce 12 gram smart caps with absolute precision, viscosity, low stiffness, fast curing, increased crack and aging
according to the manufacturer. Featuring a 570 mm wide tie resistance, good colorability and thermal conductivity, accord-
bar, the generous tool space is said to be especially suitable for ing to the manufacturer. The flame retardant NEVSil FR LSR
accommodating multi-cavity and complex tools. Achieving and HCR grades with durometer A hardnesses ranging from
outstanding process stability, the actual weight of the parts is 35 to 70 meet the requirements according to UL94 V-0 for 1
0.01 grams accurate, according to the company. Vacuuming mm thickness with balanced mechanical properties and very
and venting provide optimal tool support. The synchronized good heat resistance. Typical applications include connectors
sequence of the axes is said to be highly precise and perfectly and heat aging resistant molded components such as gaskets,
parallel to each other. Additionally, the system is said to be o-rings, etc. Two NEVSIL SLFR grades offer both UL94 V-0
extremely efficient, characterized by very low energy con- flame retardant properties coupled with self-lubricating func-
sumption. (Sumitomo Demag) tionality. (Momentive Performance Materials)
www.sumitomo-shi-demag.us www.momentive.com

58 RUBBERWORLD.COM • JUNE 2023

 Suppliers Showcase Silicone/Medical

Flame resistant silicone Silicone mixing system

Answering an ongoing market demand, this company has A patented silicone mixing system has been developed to
recently completed a series of flammability tests on several replace the traditional mixing process. It is based on the use
silicone materials. So far, solid silicone compound MR60- of a single machine, the CTM (conical twin mixer), which can
60-34BK and closed cell silicone sponge compound MR60- mix all of the ingredients (silicone base,
242-RD-02 have both passed the following tests: 14 CFR Part fillers, masterbatch, peroxide, color),
25.855(d) Amd 25-142 Appendix F Part 1(6), a 45-degree and can even extrude the final com-
angle burn test; 14 CFR Part 25.853(a) Amd 15-116 Appendix pound in order to produce preformed
F Part I(a)(1)(i), a vertical flammability test; and 14 CFR Part strips to be used in later extrusion or
25.853(a) Amd 25-116 Appendix F Part I(a)(1)(iv), a horizontal injection molding processes. The CTM
flammability test. Title 14 of the Code of Federal Regulations consists of a heavy steel weldment that
Part 25 is an airworthiness standard by the Federal Aviation forms the base of the unit, the gear box and two conical screws
Administration featuring over 1,800 regulations covering trans- placed in a conical chamber. The rotation of the two screws
port aircraft, like jets and propeller planes, according to the continuously moves the compound from the back to the front
company. As an approved manufacturer for several major aero- side of the cylinder in order to obtain the final mixed batch.
space and defense companies, the firm is said to be consistently The mixing process is maintained at low temperature, as the
striving to ensure that its materials meet the most rigorous and screws, cylinder and the front head are temperature controlled.
stringent requirements. The company is currently putting other The mixing cycle is automated by the use of a pre-programmed
material through the same rigorous testing and will post results mixing recipe that can change the speed of the screws, as well
as available. Inquiries for this material, as well as other aero- as their rotation, and control the compound temperature during
space and defense inquiries are welcome. (Mechanical Rubber) the process. (Colmec USA)
www.mechanicalrubber.com www.colmecusa.com

Fatigue Ÿ Abrasion Ÿ Friction

FT-3132 FPS DMA RTM

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FOLLOW US ON TWITTER @rubberworld 59

 Suppliers Showcase Silicone/Medical

Fast cure LIMS products LSR parts production

Advanced technical demonstrations in collaboration with indus- Featuring tie-bar-less servo-hydraulic clamping and elec-
try leading machinery and equipment partners featured the tric injection units, the injection molding machines from the
company’s fast-cure KEG-2001-60 LIMS (liquid injection E-Victory series are said to be predestined for precision applica-
molding system) product’s advanced handling and molding tions with liquid silicone rubber (LSR). The electric injection
properties being run in the production of silicone Wayfarer style unit is said to ensure high precision injection. On top of this,
sunglasses. KEG2001-60 is a very fast cure type LIMS silicone the machine design features of this model support low flash,
supplied as two A/B translucent components which are mixed rework free processing of low viscosity materials. The moving
in a 1:1 ratio to ensure easy and accurate blending, according platen follows the mold precisely, while clamping force is being
to the company. The 60 durometer A hardness product features built up, which is said to result in excellent platen parallelism.
a viscosity low enough to allow easy pumping through most Patented force dividers ensure that the clamping force is distrib-
injection molding systems. Notably, the product features high uted evenly over the entire platen face. Even for large multiple
tear strength, rapid cure time at elevated temperature and long cavity molds, the cavities near the outer edge of the platen are
pot life at room temperature, according to the manufacturer. kept closed with exactly the same clamping force as those near-
Beyond the complex sunglass configuration at the demo, the er the center. In cases of batch fluctuations in the raw material,
USP class VI certified “workhorse” product is said to be ideal or environmental conditions, for example, due to weather condi-
for typical applications, including o-rings, diaphragms, gaskets, tions, digitalization is said to come into its own. Equipped with
medical devices, baby care components and consumer products. the iQ weight control smart assistance system from the firm՚s
The company is said to be a major supplier of silicone materials Inject 4.0 portfolio, the injection molding machine continuously
to North America՚s medical, automotive, electronics, aerospace analyzes the injection profile and readjusts quality relevant pro-
and manufacturing industries. (Shin-Etsu Silicones of America) cess parameters in the same cycle. (Engel)
www.shinetsusilicones.com www.engelglobal.com

Designing silicones that work for you and your application.

For over 25 years CRI-SIL Silicone Technologies has

supported the silicone industry by offering custom
HCR and RTV compounds. These custom grades
are designed with quality and repeatability in
mind and meet or exceed your material
and process specifications.

www.crisil-silicones.com 800.290.9192 [email protected]

60 RUBBERWORLD.COM • JUNE 2023

 don’t worry
start testing
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All these tasks could be a nightmare if you don’t Start smiling! Ask immediately for information
use the right tools. Gibitre solution: a complete about the professional solutions for your lab.

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 Suppliers Showcase Equipment

Spray gun technology Hybrid extrusion tooling

Patent pending rapid trigger air valve technology, along with The 800 Series Hybrid has been introduced. In some extru-
the reduced needle diameter, allows for faster on/off switching sion applications that utilize crossheads and inlines, layers
performance, reducing overspray, minimizing material used of the exact same material are applied multiple times using a
and producing a near perfect spray pattern, according to the single die. This method is used to reduce
manufacturer. Air volume is said to be increased by 60% so that the propensity for errors caused by gels
even highly viscous material can be atomized. With a switching breaking through a thin wall, weld lines,
frequency of up to 30 Hz, the patent pending pre- and post-air inconsistent wall thickness, plus material
control is said to offer high precision and reproducibility in and process variations. Additional errors
fully automated spraying systems. The rapid trigger air valve include difficult to process materials and
technology is said to be unique and unlike any existing technol- demanding applications where there is
ogy. A new innovation in air-assistant airless technology, the zero fault tolerance. Seeking to design the
DUO A 22, is designed for rapid and precise on/off switching next generation multi-layer die to over-
dynamics. The rapid trigger air valve technology is said to pro- come these challenges, engineers looked for a way to incorpo-
vide a precise spray pattern, minimizing overspray and provid- rate this technology into an updated version of the 800 Series.
ing cost savings on materials, as well as requiring less energy to The inherent benefits of the 800 Series are retained, including
complete the spray cycle. The DUO A 22 is lightweight, with compact design, low residence time and a common deflec-
fewer parts, making it quick and simple to maintain, according tor bore that eliminates tolerance stack up. The hybrid design
to the company. With precise and rapid fan pattern develop- is said to incorporate the benefits of layer overlapping, while
ment, the DUO A 22 is said to excel in sophisticated, fully reducing unnecessary complexity and making the technology
automatic coating systems. (Krautzberger North America) more cost affordable for customers. (Guill Tool & Engineering)
www.krautzberger.com www.guill.com

Powering the evolution in tire recycling

U.S. based ECO Green has met evolving demand by efficient way to produce small crumb in large volumes. For
developing next generation equipment, including its ECO example, the production of 400,000 pounds of 8 mesh to 18
Krumbuster cracker mill, a fine rubber processing mill pow- mesh may generate roughly 100,000 pounds of -20 mesh
ered by this company՚s direct drive hydraulic crumb; however, the amount of small crumb
motors. Every year millions of tires are bro- by product produced with traditional equip-
ken down into rubber crumb that is used to ment is not enough to fulfill the growing need
manufacture other goods, like athletic surfaces, for the smaller sized materials. The ECO Green
rubberized asphalt and commercial flooring. Krumbuster allows the processor the flexibility
In particular, larger rubber crumb, which is typi- of producing very high volumes of both larger
cally processed to sizes ranging from 5 mesh to and smaller crumb rubber sizes with minimal
30 mesh, is used to make products like artificial effort required to change nip (roller spacing),
sports fields and play surfaces. friction ratios and roller corrugation design; thus
There is also increasing global demand for offering the best option for both large and small
commercial quantities of finer crumb rubber crumb rubber production.
sizes or powder, such as 50 mesh material, which is about ECO Green designed its patented ECO Krumbuster fine
the size of table salt. Finer sizes can be mixed with recycled grinding mill to process wire-free and fiber-free tires, which
plastics to make plastic rubber pellets that can be injection previously have been processed into rubber chips 6 mm or
molded or extrusion molded into a range of products. smaller, into rubber powder down to 0.850 mm and smaller,
Even smaller crumb rubber can be used to make asphalt depending on the screening. The capability of this next gener-
binding or mixed into roofing materials like epoxies; applica- ation cracker mill to process rubber into finer material allows
tions that tend to bring the highest value for the rubber mate- tire recyclers to take potentially unusable large crumb rubber
rial. As a result, tire recyclers are looking for more productive and produce smaller, higher value material that aligns with
milling machines, including alternatives to more traditional this upward demand.
gearbox driven equipment, that can efficiently and cost effec- Although the ECO Krumbuster has evolved since it was
tively grind these smaller crumb particles. first introduced, the hydraulic grinding mill has always oper-
These trends create challenges for many tire recyclers, ated with two corrugated rollers, one small and one large,
because traditional gearbox driven mills are built to process each powered by a compact and powerful CA 100 direct drive
mostly larger crumb rubber sizes, with the smaller crumb motor. (Hägglunds/Bosch Rexroth)
being a by product of big crumb processing. This is not an www.boschrexroth-us.com/hagglunds

62 RUBBERWORLD.COM • JUNE 2023

 Suppliers Showcase Instruments

Durometer testing system Green tire measurement

The Max-Hand 3000 durometer is offered for the testing of The Green Tire Uniformity System is a sensor and software
specimens with creep. The Max-Hand 3000 has a max-hand package used to scan green tires at any stage of production to
and an active hand for observing the creep characteristics of a measure the key geometry features that affect cured tire uni-
specimen. What makes the Model 3000 unique formity and balance performance. The system is available in
is the magnetic drag maximum reset mecha- two configurations, including portable and fixed. The portable,
nism, according to the manufacturer. The user tripod mounted version can be moved from drum to drum, and
simply rotates the reset knob on the front of the from machine to machine, which provides a way to thoroughly
gauge to clear the previous reading. The sim- study the carcass, belt/tread package and final shaped green
plicity of the reset mechanism is said to ensure tire for radial and lateral runout, and splice quality. This can be
a lifetime of use. Features include an NIST used by the setup technician to verify the TBM setup, and can
Calibration Certificate; conforms to ASTM be used by the uniformity engineer to troubleshoot tires with
D-2240, DIN 53505, ISO 868 and ISO 7619; uniformity issues. The fix mounted version provides a means
large diameter grip; 18 mm diameter presser to perform 100% inspection at any drum for any parameter
foot; holds reading until reset; one year warran- that is useful for understanding the population characteristics of
ty; custom made carrying case; reads maximum green tire runouts and to alarm when limits are exceeded. GTU
and creep; cost effective; hand operated; and jeweled move- is available in several size combinations of width, depth and
ment. Durometers are available in ASTM D 2240 durometer standoff distance. The GTU system utilizes the CrossCheck line
types: A, B, C, D, E, DO, O, OO, OOO, OOO-S, M, R, as well laser sensor to scan green tires at any stage of production. GTU
as JIS, DIN ISO, ASKER and other custom durometer scales. sofware has a suite of viewing and analysis tools for assessing
(Rex Gauge) all aspects of the green tire uniformity. (Starrett Bytewise)
www.durometer.com www.starrett.com/bytewise

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FOLLOW US ON TWITTER @rubberworld 63

 Suppliers Showcase Materials

Recycled synthetic rubber Thermoplastic elastomers

Recycling synthetic rubber is the focus of this company, which This global manufacturer of thermoplastic elastomer products
has a manufacturing plant in Denizli, Turkey. A team of chem- and customized solutions for a variety of industries is said to
ists knows which material can be useful for customers. The meet consumer demand for cost effective, high performance and
firm matches its materials to its customers՚ needs. The company sustainable TPE solutions for tooling handles. Tools are said to
recycles 98% of the materials it receives with scrap synthetic be indispensable devices that are used in industries and at home
rubber. Reprocessed synthetic rubber available from the com- to perform specific tasks or functions, such as cutting, drilling,
pany includes SBR 1502, 1500, 1723 and 1712; S-SBR dry measuring, fastening or cleaning. From simple hand tools to
(non-oil); S-SBR 1205 grade; S-SBR oil extended; high cis BR; more complex power tools, handles and grips can have a sig-
low cis BR; and EPDM. Off-grade synthetic rubber available nificant impact on a user՚s comfort, control, safety and the tool՚s
from the company includes SBR 150s, 1500, 1723 and 1712; durability. To ensure the best performance and safety, consumers
S-SBR dry (non-oil); S-SBR oil extended; and high cis BR. The are said to prefer tools with well designed handles made of high
company is said to provide the following to its customers: trust- quality materials, such as thermoplastic elastomers (TPEs). This
able and high quality rubber solutions; cost reducing effective global manufacturer of thermoplastic elastomer products and
reprocessed rubber; European quality reprocessed rubber; green customized solutions for a variety of industries is said to offer
environmental solutions for rubber mixing; various types and high quality TPE compounds for tool handles and grip applica-
grades of reprocessed synthetic rubber for different needs; after tions. TPEs are said to provide ergonomic and safety benefits for
sales technical support; easy to use and environmentally friendly tool designed applications. With the good characteristics of their
packaging with EVA bags that can be melted at 80°C; and a mechanical properties, the TPE compounds are frequently used
global transportation network to deliver goods worldwide with in applications requiring high strength, flexibility, durability and
cheaper freight rates. (Cinar Kaucuk) resistance to heat, chemicals and wear. (Kraiburg TPE)
www.cinarkaucuk.com www.kraiburg-tpe.com

64 RUBBERWORLD.COM • JUNE 2023

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 Corporate Sponsor
Rubber World Industry Links
Doss Visual Solution (www.dossvisualsolutionusa.com) has been working closely
with customers for over 25 years to offer increasingly innovative and customized solu-
tions in the field of quality control and optical inspection. Passion and professionalism
are the two drivers that have allowed DVS to become one of the top leaders in the
sector worldwide.
Research, development and innovation have always been part of Doss Visual
Solution’s DNA, and Doss continues to invest in them to build its future; a future that
Doss imagines more and more in the name of collaboration with its customers, consid-
ered as its true partners, to continue to offer the best solutions in the industry. All this
is accomplished by implementing an increasingly precise and transparent communica-
tion strategy on which to base not only strategic partnerships, but also real relationships forged through reliability and trust.
Visual inspection requires precision, especially with small parts requiring tight tolerances, many parts moving along a pro-
duction line and a quality assurance process that needs to deliver top quality products to customers. Machine learning is now
an integral part of visual inspection processes, something Doss takes to new levels thanks to its deep learning capabilities.
Deep learning, rather than machine learning, utilizes scalability because of the available data and algorithms. Deep learning
can classify over 200 different pieces of metal parts. It can also detect in-line non-conformity for o-rings, including when the top
of the ring does not adhere to the bottom. Because deep learning aggregates layers and layers of data, the algorithm improves
over time, mimicking how the human mind works.
From finding surface defects to sorting variable parts on the same line, deep learning can also look at serial numbers and
assess product quality. A Doss system can autonomously classify data and structure them hierarchically, finding the most rel-
evant and useful ones quickly as it strives to solve problems and improve its performance continuously. Traditional machine
learning contains two to three layers of thinking, while deep neural networks can contain over 150 decision making algorithms
that sort data into the most useful ones.

ChemiCals and materials maChinery and equipment testinG equipment / laboratories

R.D. Abbott The Bonnot Company Akron Rubber Development
AGC Chemicals Americas Davis-Standard Laboratory, Inc.
AirBoss Rubber Solutions Desma USA, Inc. Facts, Inc.
Akrochem Corporation Doss Visual Solution Future Foundation
Akron Dispersions, Inc. Emsodur Gibitre Instruments
APV Engineered Coatings French Oil Mill Machinery Co. Hoosier Racing Tire
ARP Materials Gomaplast Machinery Hoto Instruments
Brenntag Specialities Guill Tool and Engineering Co. Rex Gauge
Cabot Corporation Hilma Div. of Carr Lane Seika
Cancarb Limited Roemheld The L.S. Starrett Co.
Carter Brothers
HITEC Luxembourg Starrett Bytewise
Chemours
Jing Day Machinery Industrial Co. TA Instruments
Çınar Kauçuk Kayton Industry Co., Ltd. Ueshima Seisakusho
Cri-Sil Silicones
Davis-Standard LWB Steinl Uncountable
DRP Industries Reliable Rubber & Plastic Wallace Instruments
Eagle Elastomers Machinery
ECO USA Samson Machinery Custom miXinG & CompoundinG
Elmet Seika Machinery Carter Brothers
Emsodur Sprinter Marking Eagle Elastomer
Evonik Troester Machinery Ltd. Hoosier Racing Tire
Goldsmith & Eggleton Tung Yu Hydraulic Machinery Co. Polymerics
H&R Group United Feed Screws
HallStar Company UTH GmbH rubber shows
Harwick Standard UTPVision International Elastomer Conference
Infinity Rubber VMI Americas Inc. Rubber Tech India
Kayton Industry Co., Ltd. Wabash MPI/Carver
Kenrich Pertochemicals
Kumyang mold releases
Monolith Materials
Polymer Solutions Group ITW Franklynn
Polymer Valley Chemicals, Inc. McLube
Pyropel, Inc. Release Coatings of New York
Renkert Oil
Sartomer
Struktol Company of America Custom CalenderinG
Tokai Carbon Cancarb Limited Hoosier Racing Tire
Vanderbilt Chemicals
Wacker Chemical Corporation

66 RUBBERWORLD.COM • JUNE 2023

@ rubberworld.com
Davis-Standard (www.davis-standard.com), headquartered in
Pawcatuck, CT, is a global leader in the design, development and
distribution of extrusion and converting technology. Davis-Standard
systems encompass more than ten product lines to support manufac-
turing applications and customers within every major industry.
Davis-Standard extruders provide unparalleled performance and
durability. Davis-Standard extruders are so reliable that some are
still operating after 50 years of continuous service. This track record,
combined with high output rates and a rapid return on investment,
makes Davis-Standard extruders the workhorses of the industry.
From single and twin screw extruders to specialty, reclaim,
medical and elastomer extruders, the depth and availability of Davis-
Standard՚s extruder offering are what make the company the global extrusion leader. Davis-Standard is also recognized for its
coextrusion technology, supporting both vertical and horizontal coextrusion configurations. Regardless of application or location
in the world, Davis-Standard has the extruder to suit customer requirements and budgets.
Davis-Standard՚s elastomer solutions support global markets for tires, automotive hoses, adhesives and sealants, recreational
equipment, construction and medical applications. Davis-Standard is an industry leader in turnkey rubber and silicone technology
to support a range of applications, including rubber hose, rubber and silicone gaskets, rubber barrier products, silicone tubing and
weatherstrip.
With elastomer extruders in multipurpose, hot and cold feed, silicone, vacuum vented, pin barrel and smooth barrel designs,
Davis-Standard՚s extensive offering of elastomer systems provides a specific solution for nearly every elastomer application.
Engineers work with customers to supply elastomer equipment that meets their precise product requirements, including technol-
ogy for product curing and in-line processing.
Wacker (www.wacker.com) is a technological leader in the chemical
industry and manufactures products for all key global industries. It is
active in the silicone, polymer, life sciences and polysilicon markets.
With a range of more than 2,800 silicone products, Wacker ranks among
the world՚s largest manufacturers of silanes and silicones. Wacker is also
the market leader in key subsegments, with a product portfolio ranging
from silanes through silicone fluids, emulsions, elastomers, sealants and
resins to pyrogenic silicas. Thanks to their highly diverse properties,
silicones offer virtually unlimited potential for intelligent, customizable
solutions to numerous sectors. Key application areas include engineer-
ing, electronics, chemicals, cosmetics, textiles and paper.
Wacker՚s wealth of products, experience and expertise enables the
firm to offer complete, customized solutions. Cooperating closely with
customers, Wacker develops new products and innovative production
processes to help customers cut costs and optimize their business. To this end, Wacker provides laboratory support for product
formulation and approval, and for scale-up to full production. Wacker also assists customers with the development of supply
chain and packaging strategies.
Non-vulcanized silicone rubber consists of polymers of different chain lengths. These so-called polysiloxane chains always
contain a silicone-oxygen backbone, with two organic side groups, usually methyl groups, bound to each silicon atom. These
polysiloxane chains determine the key material properties common to all silicone rubbers, such as heat resistance and electrical
characteristics. The choice of additive determines the particular processing and material properties of Wacker՚s silicone rubber
portfolio, extending the approximately 1,000 products. Crosslinkers, fillers and catalysts are among the most important additives.
Wacker offers a wide range of different silicone rubber grades marketed under the trade names Elastosil, Geniosil, Powersil,
Semicosil, Silmix, Silpuran and Wacker.
Wacker՚s integrated management systems represent the company՚s most comprehensive management tool to maintain sustain-
able business practices.
If you would like your web site featured here contact your sales rep
Dennis Kennelly, [email protected], Mike Dies, [email protected] or Pete McNeil, [email protected]
FOLLOW US ON TWITTER @rubberworld 67
CHEMICAL RESISTANCE
GUIDE FOR ELASTOMERS IV
12% NEW DATA, 15,000 NEW COMBINATIONS OF MATERIALS AND CORRODENTS.

Chemical Resistance Guide for Elastomers IV - a concise guide to

chemical and environmental resistance of rubber and elastomeric
compounds, when exposed to various hostile media.

More than100,000 combinations with corrodents, including 3060 liquid

or dry chemicals, gases, lubricants, household fluids, foods,
Atmospheres and other environments are covered.

All data are compiled in an easy to find matrix format, with corrodents
listed in alphabetical order. 500+ chemical trade names are covered,
with synonyms listed for more than 1,000 chemicals, gases, etc., and
indexed to corresponding page numbers.

Here are just a few of the many features that will help you on the job...
Π3,060+ liquid or dry chemicals, gases, lubricants, household fluids,
foods and other environments are covered
Π500+ chemical trade names are covered
Π1,000+ synonyms of covered chemicals, gases, etc., indexed to page
numbers.
ΠCorrodents are listed in alphabetical order
ΠData are presented in symbolic format (A, B, C, NR) with some data
at specific rates of deterioration, time and temperature
ΠA quick reference summary of chemical resistance for each elastomer compound is provided
ΠWhere known chemical resistance varies with concentration and temperature, data Is presented
in descending order of
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ΠMechanical, physical and electrical properties data for each elastomer compound are provided

$15.00
 People in the News
Seeley named president of Polymer Valley
Ed Seeley was elevated to the role of
president of Polymer Valley Chemicals.
Michael R. Beck, Jr., owner and CEO
of the mineral filler and specialty car-
bon black service provider, said, “We
are beyond thrilled that (Ed) Seeley has
agreed to take his exceptional leader-
ship skills and vision for Polymer Valley
Chemicals and apply them to our entire Ed Seeley Jeff Kasper Levi Cottington Ben Nosse
staff and operation.” Seeley will oversee Polymer Valley Struktol R.D. Abbott Sovereign Chemical
the company՚s entire operation, includ-
ing the corporate headquarters and sales
staff in Akron, OH, and the Macon, GA SaleS technical
based production facilities, and direct the
company՚s overall strategy in terms of Gabriel Rodriguez was appointed se- Brian Swanton was named director of
customer service, efficiency and growth. nior account manager in the northern process engineering for Novation Solu-
territories of Mexico for R.D. Abbott de tions, LLC (NovationSI), the manufac-
ManageMent México de R.L. de C.V.
Ben Nosse joined Sovereign Chemi-
turing subsidiary for R.D. Abbott.
Smithers, a provider of testing, con-
Jeff Kasper joined Struktol Company of cal, a global supplier of chemicals to the sulting, information and compliance ser-
America as director of manufacturing. tire and rubber industries, as business de- vices for the rubber, elastomers and other
Levi J. Cottington was named vice velopment manager. industries, hired Chad Atzemis as a se-
president, head of supply chain for R.D. Leandro Estrada has joined Haus- nior consultant.
Abbott. Cottington is responsible for child SpeedMixer՚s USA organization as Taylor Smith was appointed as a re-
driving speed and predictable results for regional sales manager, responsible for search development technician for Spe-
R.D. Abbott՚s customers through priori- all customers in the northeast region. cialty Silicone Products (SSP).
tization, risk mitigation and complexity
management.
Giorgio Gramegna was appointed Harwick promotes Buchanan and Potirakis
director of Europe for Global Rubber
Monica Buchanan was promoted to roles with the Harwick supplier base.
Industries (GRI), a specialty tire maker
sales, marketing and technical senior Harwick Standard Distribution is
based in Sri Lanka. Simon Michael was
administrator at Harwick Standard a supplier of raw materials for indus-
appointed director for the Middle East
Distribution. Harwick President and tries specializing in rubber, plastics and
and Africa (MEA) and South America.
CEO Ernie Pouttu says Buchanan՚s other poly-
Bosch Rexroth announced its presi-
new title reflects the key areas she mer related
dent and chief executive officer, Gregory
handles for Harwick, and the support fields, pro-
Gumbs, will leave the company July 1.
she provides for these most important viding an expansive and specialized
In the interim, Reinhard Schaefer, cur-
aspects of the business. product base which is able to address
rent executive board member, will join
Helen Potirakis is now senior challenging customer requirements.
the North American board to support
product manager for Harwick, han- Servicing the rubber, thermoplas-
the transition and identify the company՚s
dling key suppliers to the company, tics and other polymer related indus-
next regional CEO.
and taking on additional suppliers. tries for more than 90 years, Harwick
Kristen Beck was promoted to presi-
Pouttu expressed his appreciation Standard is a management owned and
dent of the Holcim Building Envelope
to Andreana Gonzalez for her “will- operated sales, marketing and technical
Americas Commercial Roofing Systems
ingness and enthusiasm on taking on support organization headquartered in
and Lining business unit.
some supplier responsibilities.” Pout- Akron, OH. Harwick Standard is ISO
Martin Baumann was named man-
tu additionally thanked Cris Welch, 9001:2015 registered and operates a
aging director of Arburg in Rocky Hill,
Bryan Shields, Mike McCarty and nationwide distribution network sup-
CT, succeeding Friedrich Kanz, who is
Chuck Bonawitz for their increased plying world class quality products.
retiring.

FOLLOW US ON TWITTER @rubberworld 69

Classifieds
Technical Consultant
• International experience in
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rubber-to-metal bonding
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Pulverizing - Fine Grinding

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▪ Pulverizing - Fine Grinding

▪ Blending – Mixing
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www. allgrind.com ▪ [email protected]

70 RUBBERWORLD.COM • JUNE 2023

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GEMGRAVURE.COM 781.878.0456

Coming in July!
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FOLLOW US ON TWITTER @rubberworld 71

 Index To Advertisers
R.D. Abbott (www.rdabbott.com) ...................................................................... 21, 65 Kenrich (www.4kenrich.com) ............................................................................70
ACE Laboratories (www.ace-laboratories.com) .........................................11, 13 Kneader Machinery (www.kneadermachinery.com) ........................................71
AGC Chemicals Americas (www.agcchem.com) .........................16, 17, 65, 70 Krautzberger (www.krautzberger.com) .................................................................. 65
AirBoss Rubber Compounding (www.airbossofamerica.com) ...........2nd cover Laur Silicone (www.laur.com) ................................................................................. 10
Akrochem Corporation (www.akrochem.com)..................................... 4th cover Lawer (www.lawer.com) ................................................................................... 65
Akron Rubber Development Laboratory, Inc. (www.ardl.com).....................63 Lianda (www.liandacorp.com) ...........................................................................12
Allgrind Plastics (www.allgrind.com) ................................................................ 70 LSR 2023 (www.executive-conference.com) ......................................................... 55
APV Engineered Coatings (www.apvcoatings.com) .......................................70 McLube (www.mclube.com).................................................................................65
ARP Materials (www.arpmaterials.com) ..............................................................6 Nordmann (www.nordmann.global) ....................................................................36
R.E. Carroll (www.recarroll.com) ........................................................................ 65 Polymerics (www.polymerics.com) ..............................................................65, 71
Cinar Kaucuk (www.cinarkaucuk.com)...............................................................71 Polymer Machinery Company (www.polymermachineryco.com) ................. 24
Colmec (www.colmecusa.com) .......................................................................... 65
Pyropel, Inc. (www.pyropelinc.com)....................................................................71
Color Service S.r.l. (www.colorservice.eu).........................................................65
Release Coatings of New York, Inc. (www.rcony.com) ..................................70
Cri-Sil Silicone Technologies (www.crisil-silicones.com) ..............................60, 71
Renkert Oil (www.renkertoil.com) .......................................................................65
Davis-Standard (www.davis-standard.com) ........................................................... 67
Rubber Division, ACS (www.rubber.org) ......................................................45, 56
Doss Visual Solution USA (www.doss.it) ........................................................65, 66
Rubber Tech China (www.rubbertech-expo.com) ........................................... 53
Elmet (www.elmet.com) ..................................................................................... 18, 19
Sanyu USA (www.sanyu-sti.com) ......................................................................22
Endurica LLC (www.endurica.com) ....................................................................... 54
Seika USA (www.seikausa.com) .........................................................................59
Entex Rust & Mitschke Gmbh (www.entex.de) ...............................................65
SI Group (www.sigroup.com) ............................................................................. 65
Fluid Research (www.fluidresearch.com) ..........................................................64
Silicone Expo USA (www.silicone-expo.com) ...................................................51
Fulflex, A Garflex Inc. Company (www.fulflex.com) .......................................65
Gem Gravure (www.gemgravure.com)...............................................................71 Sovereign Chemical Company (www.sovchem.net) ..................................... 65
Gibitre Instruments (www.gibitre.it/dont_worry) ...............................................61 Sprinter Marking (www.sprintermarking.com) ..................................................71
GJH ([email protected]) ...........................................................................70 Struktol Company of America (www.struktol.com)............................................1
Gomaplast Machinery, Inc. (www.gomaplast.com)..........................................20 TechnoBiz (www.rubber-expo.com) .......................................................3rd cover
Harwick Standard Distribution (www.harwick.com) ................................ 15, 51 Ueshima Seisakusho, Co., Ltd. (www.seikausa.com) ........................................59
HB Chemical (www.hbchemical.com) ......................................................... 7, 8, 9 University of Akron (www.uakron.edu/apts/training) .................................52, 55
HF Mixing (www.hfmixing.com) .......................................................................... 65 UTPVision (www.utpvision.com) .................................................................. 23, 65
Hoto Instruments (www.hoto-instruments.com)................................................70 Vanderbilt Chemicals, LLC (www.vanderbiltchemicals.com) .....................2, 65
Peter Inch ([email protected]) .............................................................. 70 VMI (www.vmi-group.com) .....................................................................................5
Industry Links Directory (www.rubberworld.com) .....................................66, 67 Wacker (www.wacker.com) ...................................................................................... 67
Interbusiness USA, Inc. (www.interbusinessgroup.com) ................................71 Zochem (www.zochem.com) ...............................................................................25

Rubber World
SALES STAFF
DENNIS J. KENNELLY PETE MCNEIL MAggIE LIU
Senior VP-Associate Publisher Sales Consultant Phone: +86-20 8732-3316
1741 Akron-Peninsula Rd. 1741 Akron-Peninsula Rd. EXT 9332
Akron, OH 44313-5157 Akron, OH 44313-5157 Email: [email protected]
Ph: 330-864-2122 Ph: 330-864-2122
Fx: 330-864-5298 Fx: 330-864-5298
Email: [email protected] Email: [email protected] Hong Kong
MIKE hAY
MIKE DIES RINgIER TRADE PUBLIShINg Phone: +852 2369 8788 ext 11
Marketing Representative East China - VIVIAN ShANg Email: [email protected]
1741 Akron-Peninsula Rd. Phone: +86-21 6289-5533 EXT 169
Akron, OH 44313-5157 [email protected]
Ph: 330-864-2122 Taiwan
North China and South China SYDNEY LAI
Fx: 330-864-5298
Email: [email protected] 886 4 2329 7318
Email: [email protected]

72 RUBBERWORLD.COM • JUNE 2023

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