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Groen tae Prcgealien:
The Melo ef Eledhomegnelic. weve ib trankverse te,
Zledvic Hed and
melil ftetd ave perperrdicular to
eth often AR» telly, of. Repogalicn ef. EN toave i
Barre as trek of Lap
The dilferent rece af EN waver Propogetion ove
1) Gyroura Rave tor) Surfle Love Propogaion
a Sky Wave ten Tonospheric taave, Bropoqtion
BD Space wave to dine of Sight propagehion
4) Roposphevic. setter Propogedion (on forioard Scalte
Rropegation
=) Duct Propogation:
® The Propogelion Of the Waves slong the Aurhice
eo} the eontls Ww Glled Grouns Wave PYOpog ation”. ahi
also Kroan an Sxhete Laawe Propegation” an the Raw
Fropogabe along We Ausfece af fhe cant.
ae frkerne
ea a®
extort 4) Ground wave Propagdion Ww ubeful Wavelen,
a > dithante from Lransmilling Antenna
be > Elfectve height fh raramsiting Antenna Tp a retsiving antenna iA plated , the Aignal IE
pill Yeaive Im Notte 4
Ve laothhy 1 Volks.
ad
Gxound effects On Waves:
Ag thre Wave Propogates over the earths , it tilts
every Mere and more When Wave trove! tora lhe
Veledvi arkenna , fhe InGreasing Hit Gures shovt
Gxtiling of electvic field Component af the EN Wave
and lente the electric Heid Abe Ww Yeduted-
aekeor ae Breeton Reopegelion
Trcreatii
LF weed
Aue
akg: Gyound ebecds om waren.
To prevent thin Khort Girt , kK better to Aend
Re Wares wil he trarsmitling power taith Verlad
Polaxizakion:
Tt both tKe antennas ie, transmitter and “Yeleives
axe Ins Wine ~of- Sight of exch omer pa diveck pals
Waitt exuk and Be lave 1 Krown as Alvect tow
The Waves an Yerch tRe Vetiver Via a ground
breection pis Called Reflecked roaves OF Space Waves
Ground Waves Cen Neath the Setivern Tre
divect pal, Yeflected Pals , Scattered Rel ox dilfvace
Ras.
Ground wanes one relebively Unaffected by
ranging abmoipheic Conditions.
ws,
Kol |
ee.
pearance enoneeameneenntannemrnitiartenntto eet " eas
dinmitdions of Ground wave Prapegation! ,
1) Requires’ “Bigh yargrnintion power.
>» Not Suilable for fora ae Communica,
a) They one Vresthed so Very Lora, WW and Medi,
eQuenCieh-
4) tees onthe qound Naoy Will Aurfure ¢
tnatenial- ;
Apdications ef. Ground He Prnagslien
1) gherk dikante Communicdtion \
>» Radio broad Casting 2
3 TV brood Cashing |
WD TL Ww Udehud for Communications akVLF, LF andy
S Hilthary Communications
Sate Sane Prapsastion:
The EN Waves treat propagates fron traramitter
to “Neceiver In the earth's troposphere ave
Called — &pate Loaves-
Wher the dyequenty of vanve A beboeen Zonith
SOONHZ , then Spaterave Proppgation UW Yesutted
TE em hho Called Tropospheric Pro on.
becuse Spote Waves Propagate trroughs troposphere.
Direct wave
bee Receiving
Eons Antenna
xg: Space wave Prepogtion - roneitier tO. *
after veflecti
Dry thi, EM Waves trovel frown
eithey divecly ov
Neteiver. antenna
trom We ground:
The Space Wave Connie af boo Conmporerts
hamey direct wave Component and ‘Yeflected
Wave Conrporent.
At the Yeletter , the Algqnal Strang
Vechoy — Sums of diveck and ‘Yefected Waves
fr ve the
ote .
povizer
Radio
oe
RelA]
prkerno
eq: Radio Horizes for Spate wove
Zz
e
W
height of Trartmsitling antenna
height 4 Reaiving antenna
dt = dithance bebseer branemitting antenna
and Yoadio haizon
dy = dishance behseers Netelving antenna
and Yadio horizon
Y
zi
v
Q= Radio Horizen
d= diskence beboeen, Tronemitting and
i Veteiving artenna:
fee Space Wave Propog-tion a akin Known
dine of Sight Cdtos) Propog-ties because the
styansrnitti and Yecelvi artenna Can Uuall
rod 19 a each ole - A
ste
The dishante bebdseer transmitting anh, Ce
* 1 ves
odio hover Mm gs
days 4Vbe _— © ;
The distance belneer We cewing arkenng.
“adio - Kerizen i giNe>
; da,-. Thy —_— ©
Tre debt diskance behseer tramennitting aN
“ekeivirg antenna Manger t
da detdy \
Score © and @: |
d= dptdy —
d= AVR + 4S by
d= 40h +] —+ ©
“ faz some Sf
Tr Equdies © ht, hy ave measured in teeters
and Aw treatured irs Kilometers.
nigte:
Pox Stamdard almoiphevic Condition, [Re
Woaxinun Vadio orge A giver by:
Ansan = At ie + Te] Reclers affectiog Space wave Hecho ~
Fe EM” tented tak \ trends chem» hrareratier
do ‘Y¥eteiver In te troposphere “agion of
eontys are Called Troposphenic Loaner (OO Space
WoNes-
The Various rctors thek affects Whe Apace Wav
Propogehion ore: 4
ia) Effects of Curvature of Saxtts
2 Effec af Santhh trsperfections ard
Ne
= Effects of height Above the ground
A) Elects of bith, buitdings and olhex
obshkacles.
Ss) Effects ef Polarization of Space Haves
© Elfeca of dramition beboeen qrund
eve ard Space Wave
+) Elfecta of fading
2) Ritecla of fed Stremgth Nasi ations
a) Rueds of bending of Waves
lo) RY eck of absorption )
