A: Signa’ Axansmission theough linear systems systems Unit — alge a stem 2 : Ris oO physica ae Gena that acts on output a ed 7 prt signa ond txansfoxmns wt into eae boy Up Cos) \ pny olp (o) Res ponse So Eaucttakion 5 : a system thexe oxe WOO \enpostant aspect fox signe’ Axansmssion- “Whey ase \ Enea 2 Time voriance (0 fame WNABLANCE Uneas systen, ae a Rie os stem a which ahe puinciple of SUPE’ por ertion and panciple of homoge vey owe vald ve) tne arty peoperty #Distowton. ARe change of Snape ok a Sgn § astpy® of ane system Ys eNO ng Cditoewor™ € should © dictexQon \ess s\00 > Fos Oo syerem _knex AKONSMISSION ‘a oxdes * hone SH Fyorn One poce Ap anche’: x Luneas Aame NOBON LTT Syste : yok system Ns god xo be La system RNS Yoox ond “ne Be system shod gotishy both how ston pancigies ww addition We Sho rit OS output ChawarckesiseesS Loxt Tyne 5 A system 19 said * UT, fF ovtort 2 due %0 wnput delay must be equol *© output produced due *o delay wa the output Ler 1b) be he put signe! and yo be the output signal ahen ol KeONstNs yquawant E> aqetiy od SURES wid ast chonge ws OW saducedhe olp produced due to spat delay, alt-T) (at year ss equal to delay W'olp Qed we " \te ay = yen ] Reve, queD=0|, a yeed> ye lester Lneas time Vasiont systems [UN] A system ‘es soid x be- UW, Faris Vneas atd Kone variant ve, his a sygen rich satisfies both homogenstay and suupespastien pend kh changes wat Lime let aL be the ‘apa signe! and ye be output siqnal then | olp produced due to MPt delary -D HYD | is act equal to delay wn Olp ULE 2e > . { ye DF YD aT y >) at impulse re sponse of a yekeo (nis] system vahen signal Cis applied as input sl aH and Yd be the of a sqeo’ 4hen pies and wn addition gi 2k 6 Whe output of a an wnpulse rapt saqiel EBeSPONSE aw= Co yd = HOS Hewe, HUD 6 KNOWN AS sen pulse wesponse ok the system > Lonpuise KESPONSE cna domain denvted by aus) @ * = (nvense By ApRyrg Fouses (09 Lop AGS) (on) HIS) we can obtan “mpulse response HD) Ven beds Ter [weal Ter Gues) a\sv present frequency us lace ‘tsan sfowm forsUmpulse ae anes: sesponse of a system 1s useful \9 AN q the behavious of the system as é FILS ]=1 and UVF gud]=1 1 Response of A system yuo) Ris defines ce output of a system When ad input siqnak NS appied: 4 : >The oe of the system by convolu’ nq +he wmpul signal with the ienpulse sesponse of asystem Slet WO be Wwe input siqna vesponse of a system _ tren the an be obtained \ and nid be srmpulse Kes ponse oka system AS. given. bY Y= 2 * WED = HW * 2D] . Wed AEE — f W when the signal ye non- cause) and system \s J when iw | {alo hK-DAT ~ a non- Causal , oO yds PREd ae ae = AS NOn- causal ond sistem MS Wy) When the siqnol cousal Meo o yo: (aco AA-DAT = 0 t it a (apne OS8T oO ti) When signal 5S cousal and system vs cousal fren | * q 3 eo (ne ale-Dsd T= fated Wle-Wd % ov oO em 6 non-causa’ | Ww) When the sq ‘sg cousal and sy then g 2 yo= (hu ate-O4d T= (aed bit- OAT -& 0 ok) S stem. ut 0 system when an | Step vespoase Tire defined a5 OUre step agna\ S apples os inputlet a and yy be the cacttation and XeSpons KeSPonse of a system, hen Wu) —> Tp lo excrlaton yey sw = >olp (or) vesponse then WO = AW) a HED = HO * ALD Nese, st. abd HLS = WLO yur 2 2, sWe (ude Dd eT = FHedule "DAT e ~o ® When ane sim is causal Aen SW&= (HUD ult-Dar Let wtd-1 then ule- Det ther \ > th oar] : J bd © When ae sl XS AON- causal thea sW)= (hLD alk -DA Tt ane [soe Tdae L -2 | system, the step wesponse is defined | fox a causal vnpulse response OF ug) as the sunning wMtegsal of system es) q q | frat | a) Peoperties of Ui system: > An LTV system exhibits cextain peopesties x oxdes *o sven the wesponse fa system They ase \ Commutative psopesty | An em system satisfies commutatve loro: Let HS, | he and yr be the spt signal sam pulse as | xesponse of LT! Slim respectively hen commukat! property stotes that system vorth vnput aw | sponse of Oalong Wrthy impuls e ; pulse wesponse WU is equal bo th yesponse! | ne Xe x ; P of X system orth NPL WL and smpulse sesponse al of whe syste” Tk 1s Va by QUO = WLS HE aH = 2D * NEO ii distsibutive property’ An UT : Tl system extrbits distxibutive propesty let aw 5 : ve put siqnal and HD and hd be the es xesponses of the system Lahich axe connec ted in pasallel os sho so oe coe of the Sim can be obtained as Follows 4a ye = yt +46 0 ole CovyRespor se Ny LO = 2 ¥ HLO Ya = 20) ¥ HO YO= ¥lO* 409 = (avo ¥ yes] * [2d * be] Whe above sims; con be replaced my a single Sim teh ronpulse: ves! onse of HUD SHES aong uath wput signal xB as _ nO Fiquse below ® mae) & [ho +h] Ly Fox’ an ETH system, distsi butive — pso exty states 28 on" prepernsy [ye T [Awe HS] 4 GOK hws] = 240 * [HO ah s] stem states Ane inp signa fi fii) Associative psopesty’ Hx an UV Wr wD Associative paopest a sypkem x Anort he wesponse Ol ao 4 ath ronpulse equal to “Are xe SPpOnse signal AWD) FHLO alon sath “enpulse [er [yah = eh 0d * St xesponses of the system Sox an’0 © Oy d) Stability: >A system is stable Ft has bounded input and | bended, o|p > An UI system is said to be BBO stable , fF ws impulse xesponse HL must be wntequovle fox on bounded input Heo Tnrolat <0 ae: Wve bility: fa > AN LT sim is Said to be \nviextibble sl, ft has WUESSE Sly With senpulse sesponse Wed) connected 9 sees WK whe riginal sim pxoduces an olp Wen 'S equal to T\p of oxginal sim Shown below | \ - LOL on ep be ye Th \ jinal Trverse 8) | | Saf " { pane ‘ f | ~ Tnvertible s/t 4* Tsansfex function of a syster’ (AUS) (9 A] mort is defined as the xatio of fourres txansfosm of vesponse of a system to he Fouries bsonsfosm of “ay AG of the oyster under ‘aital conditions (zero condition sek ax and yld be tre Te and xesponsé of a Slm then the twansfex function oF > system 's nen bY \ausd= ol >Tronsfex function is also fxequenci fespunse of the Shar Tris a combnaton of mnognstude os | Aamplitude . v a Spacer ~ prose spe deur as HOLY ‘Ss oO compiles function ves Hues) = (wus {t!?* 2 \new| e Ss quien by AW] and Hexe , the magnitude spectsa . en by [wus defined as he SALVO O wnpul of s|m phase speckxam 1S » Tsansfes function \s ekse Ff fouries txansfoxm of outprt x undes zeso condition: WK us: Les xls) Yes) = Ht x02) ] The above expression i spectaum Lor) oo Re slev >We magnitude of fequency weESPONSE AVE TD by \yusd\ = \nosd| \xtusd| >We prose ange se gen bY Wes) = Kus + wo >The sons es functions eakwbits comprare pore ALi) = WU) and prose ange ose > magne > prose ange 1S KNOWN, by aptyg) VeSPonse | asthe mo wrtude aver vy (acu9| > Wool WaLW= — [AW >Once we xconsfes function Tet fox Ws) ww con obtain ~he renpuise of the Sle fy beg ERE [ro= TT (HUS)] \ SKranskex Rinction can also be obtained saith the help of LT ve, Vaio: VY) X(s)_|> By Appia ¢ 5 sy . \ Vana a 4 Oe we can sblawny impulse eS poree of Slr se EU | wo yw [ry] “y Trverte, Laplace Transform ~ cre ~yThe sat | The elation bhe Laplace and Fouries fronsiorms | s qven by Jaus 2 wd] 7 S='ps = Filter choy ae ea = ibaa ae wacteristics of Kneax system! | ny Sa aven slm , an T]p aaqnal ge wises to a Zo {e signal yo hes; y= 1 (200) ~The signal has been changed Ws Charackesistics So “ma system processes the’ siqnal al *0 change its chawacterstics WwW such & Woy xhat to produce olp yd | >The spectsal density function of Tp signe! \s | denoted By RLY ©9 xs): >The spectsal density function of sesponse Cia system 6 gwen by YL) wo YG) ‘4 \ > Illy, the impulse sesponse (od bxansfex function of the system “6 denvted by His) wo WL) > Texe foxe , he spectxal ae ee modified by ess) stem: So the system acts os ao Rites fox various components: Some Requency | ay be boosted Ley Rhey axe omplified otteneuated (decreased) 0% rASty onchange ut signal can be | ean be | | components ™ co hey ase So *he frequency component of “OP ap ain accosding ko. the filtes chaxacteristics of | | the system: 3s Ws modification of bronsfex function of the syste can be obtained worth the help om So , fos wy)system the tsansfex function will acts as a filtex > Some LTL systems orill allow only low Ffxe - components and blacks mqh Frequency er u They axe Laspass filtess sy Some UTI systems will dlow , onl righ frequency components and blocks low Frequency components They owe Nigh poss Ritexs.” cextoin band of Requen- SSome LT systems allo ch oe Ces and stops al\ othexs frequencies Su axe Known os * Band poss _ Fi\tess : yejects a particulas band of | > Some UTI systems othes Reequencies: They I Feequencies and allow all Oxe KNmoN as ‘Band vejecton filtess: SA cextain vind of frequencies 1S allowed by . € the system 16 KNAAN aS oss bond. > Cextarn kind of frequencies axe xejected by the system se Known as * Rejection band.” Distoxtion less teansmission Ahwough a system She change © shape of Si nel Wheny Ls AeaNS” mrtted ansough oa system She txansmission oF qe Aywougn a SYeS is said to be diskoxtinn less \E Ae output 1s crack weplica Wanner “waage) rave change ys KNOWN As Ken of he \apt signe’ Wis xeplica HON a magnitude and me delay may also >We change i oO delay oxe not cons of he shar’ be allowed: artude and o constant Ame os distos tion out ony | \s Astosto exed eo of the signe’ Ane change > A\ Agnal 20 is bsansmitked Ahwougr a syetem uithoutt any distoxtion, fF Xhe outpst *S an Qed = Kr(e-t) - O whexe K=change 9 amplitude | magnitude,tye delay me [ ¥ ae vmpur siqne\ and eutput waveforms of a distostionless system axe shown below fw |v ry Digtortonless a) Ja. Thou! Typut warefoxn Output wavefoxn Taxing FT fos sesponse os the system syatern yrd.e0 | FTC \US) = PIP Kat | ; | Y Yd = k “asto xsd Wess Kee rus >| >The distoxtion ess bxansmission con be “he | achieved when the ‘txansfex function gis 1 the fs} foun ques below Abs XW | Ke ato X(us) oe Ue Xs) HUS)=——> Hus) = [muss ee ast m4 oping 27, = et | [no- ance +) | |: So, it eos “thot xhe mag Rinction should be \aus)\ =k > The phase anft is quen by B= [RUD .- Wt, tude of transfer , constant fox all '!~ | aS > So, fox a Ngaio 4 a distoxtionless system ithe mo constant (¥ ond band aitude | \AGSD| must be cath srould be yafiarte: > But fos practical ya limitations © wngpoe> fox yafinite band uidth So, pxdes ko Nave & ; distesbonless system We chould select constant od panda | magnitude ove’ a finrte band wid > skem snould be Kate a5 SAE as { of he SY possible: { sims con be achieved only Raxougn WVeos phase { system: So , a Wneos phase system acts aS & Arstoston\ess syste Sion band wis) * lo specteol Creequency) ar ee a AYO bi extended 2 WA 6; TOS. & certo asnount of ‘ole =mal peactiost signe, * con sists ences at >The spectsak components of a signet oppseanes | to Zexo 0S ‘wae We can negect Fsequenc components which cons o& vexy less ormpunt of ene bad consides only the spectsal components Laich hove praximnuny ences K Defi» defined oS Ye bond of Signal band width “s veg Wot consists of moet of he — frequenc WAH Cecrarn vonge ener 3Ta practical /Xhe sqrol bondurdth con be ob’ s amch Kos AS} of as *he wonge of Reequencie Kained‘Wwtal enevay ‘that can be caleule B : culoted ia eiciaun {pse detesmined) FEcision K System bandwidth > n > fox o distoxtionless aster, system should have | , constant magnitude |Hlusy| and infinite bandusidth | > fox a satisfactowy practical system , bond width should be rile ond aS mart OS possible .> Sp, fox a distowtion less s gkem , magnitude should be constant and band Yidthy should be as axge as, posable » The bandusdth of a os (od System bandwidth ws defined os band oF frequencies wahnich consists of magnitude (ones) \_ ames of NS ee G | SThe system bandwidth con be coleuloted os “he Affexence between highew cut off fee quenc and | lanes cut off feequency ve, system band Gadth =: | _ Per te ea Sy Hexe , 09 = system banduidth lowes cut of f Frequency 18, OO 9) 2 hiqhes cut off Feequency | LOO W9,, >The bandwidts ow 0 system 4s Shown below {Heol > fox a distoxtionless system, the system band width Approrimately equa\ to signal bandwidth i oI dea\ fitter chorwacter istics Ff an syster>A Ffiltes is a Frequency selective netwWOsk Which allnos Axansmission of signals fox a cextain sange of Fxequencies wrthout any attenuation (change) and allows all othex Frequencies wrth high attenuation >So fox an Aistoxtionless system, Me Filtes chawact- ewistics depends on the ee function chawacterisths of the system j > A distortionless system produces an output anich ‘6 e1ecky equal to ts without a0 distortion The ideal filtex ailows tyansmssion of siqnals whose, of frequencies Feequencies axe exactly equal © xan ces wrth atkenua- and stops (ox) blocks all othe» frequen Xion: An ideal Rites cnaxsacteristics depends ot Frequency | selective nekwoxe: These ove classified nto \ Tdeal \oss’pass Rites 2: Tdeal bi pass Altes 3 Teal band pass Altes & Tdeal band wejection Bites S All pass Kiltes \ deol tmopass Hers > Pin ridepl, LPF, 3S a filtex that allows ABANSMISSON ok sqnals wrose frequencies ore \ess Shan 8, and stops ox okkenuctes all cthex fseouencies gvectes Anan U9. ‘ig! cs enon a8 cutoff fsequenc “SThe txonsfex function oF a distovtionless system wit ideal LEF ve quer by Haus) = lauoler” The magnitude ond pHase ange oF on a iftcas} eo so by aul = (- ae © \wl 78 O(ve)= [LAWS) = - Ltd ae ee pe a Tre Frequency wesponse of an ideal LPF is shows te{\kex. 5 a Altes that allows tsansmission 2 Teeat igh y ws An \deol HPF whese frequencies axe Kighes than 9, ond oF Signals stops all uthex loses frequencies less thon K& BPE is wy We wogntude ond prose angle of on et tea io aves by \new) | = [° \ O(ts)= CUS .-yoty eral ‘ is shown 6 “The Frequency, wesponse oF on ideal WRF is S above Aqure STdeol bond poss ‘tex oy 5 Dn ideo) BPF 1s © filtes thot ollows transmission of aqnois fos a cestoin band of frequencies Le. \rturt= {0 8 R is a Altes which rejects a cestain wats of frequencies and allows all cthes Feequencies vsthout any attenuation: The mogpitude ond prose angle of an ideal BRF is gees by Hoo \vol \RUS)| = Ce ees oe nee WI, {L970Sy ©lus) = LAWS) 2 -v9tg 5 AN poss filtew’ badanae DN pose ee et SR 1s) @ Filkew which allows all frequen oe magnitude and those angle of all pass Aitex is. given PY AWE 1 | fox oll Ses!@W8) = (WO . -voty Frequenc vesponse \\ fine 4 pe of all poss fitters i aoe” iw the ah Relation between xise time wise time Fond \ bond Jaidth. The visetime con be obtoined from the i atita Xn input bandwidth, Considers , an ideal \wopass filters as YOO: dgnal x) and Us respons s Fox an ideal LPF, consider he BY and BeCB and -W. <9 Fox on ideal LOE | Keel Gia OF4 4 GD : Le x be an ut step function fos a0 deal LPF Lich produces xesponse YD: The fouxie® Agansfosms oF put signal ond wesponses one KW) ond y tus) then yuus) > ROS) AUD © Wd: wo 13a) Now , ad xs) = ET(ALO] = FA (uw) X (48) = # fuels ag -. 8 eq® become S, yw) = x (us) WOU) qusd: (x glo sa) BOS) Yod= n Sosy HWA ae Ned He re SC Us)= 1, B= Bsusy=od , WFO so = , AW)=EHWEL DS G&S) WUD=1 = gos) Yis)= 7 0 +z WU (sh HU» §) Apphyng Ths en bs we getrrr Tet (yur) = TF (xaos 4 js NW] ld = ITCH Gus] + TP (4, wes] OY Sa Tet (33 Nts] Tags ange a . eee ' just ety). ) ye marge a is Ws) € Ato aye x S09) | ey ere ywotd ust 2 ox \-& Sls) dw ax I Mele : (Exom €90] ety just ta) r+ [je Me ae (: atusd= 0] ate ee Sa rt AG {cos us lt- td) + Jsuta- ta] dvs “So -, 38 ae G cmt een a Sw [cos we ta psd we] dus ae om ( cos ug (t- td) doy | j ga lk- “| us —_ i te term “Up i dm the above eqn cos fmetien is ea function | winch aes to oO and sme texm is even function so WO: tat (36 w(t-ta) 4 2 or j BAe dus “Wm Sine tewm 1S even function: So, xsen yo: eli lige § sia us tg) ae | > aR ° m7 d= ta +f SO 9lk-49) 405 C = o . eer the standaxd inteqea’s, the above eqn will become s ywd= 4 +{a (c-eJPr yd= + ne at Si Wm -*Q) ASS ap es From the oboue equation , it is absered tat the vesponse of a syster yo depends cA band width eqSo the vise Lime 4 is ques by . eee mn 2n8 | G _ B {8 = band width} Rise Ame ST is the Ame *axen by wesponse of the system a each WS Anal value fom AS yaitial value Tis g b aol is cee x &® z wy , So; x. proportional to a \e., When bond width dd vicevessa- \ncxeases wise Mme deckeases 0% 6 shown 0 te Tre xespo Ss ey ET system below 1 ox go-Cousalis condition and Foley Wene’s weomdix an condition oS = cxitexion fox rhysicst scealizattion : 3A system is sad *% be causal system “fF does not produce ony xesponee without aPplying ave ‘put 4g sdid tp be cousal system “F Us is Ba Ctl oO stem u Xs equal to ze%0 fox % Th is &fined os distarbution of eres ate ZF sqnal wn Frequency domain: sThis v6 also KNOWN OS Enexgn (ev) 5 Fox on ene way rg Quend Density spectuurn , the total oweo andes the \otted as o ky | the *otol domain signal Gane or a te wanch equol Zonction of Fee quenc “Gen seed Waq° of Signo’Ly €s ESD LON ED is) denoted by Pls ow WCF) > let awd ws ALB Led and WW be the aput signa\ , output and , Sesponse of the system sespectiu \y then aL <—> Ks) 4 ema NOs nh ——> HLS) sThe ESh of a signal 1s ae by WUSD= \XW\* ' 4 Fox on UN gi stem, let WxLd= |XUDP | Wy Ws)= Wu!” WK Yas) = ROS) Ws) Wy) = [HWS yusy\* = agot eo? Esp = nual QWs) } - © i oe whe «es! NSE A Me ener spectsal densv Y inlet’ on SQUORE . gut ‘sequel to a uth ESD of WN of a system F impulse KEsponss souttiphres gqnat The enes! of a aAgnal is qen bi ay te 8 X E> (ay@ar ee d cae { pyo> we e 2 us) dus (rach wt -& 2 22 Frnese ©, US dus 0 = (RUDE YU dee v fos TWdeal CPF WUS)2) « ca , OW, US des ‘\ex ‘ 7 dvs Fower spectra) densit (Psp] pp) pe Ak a 15 defined as distevbution of eds ee > . . enc domarn | g of a signal Sreow X é SPSD is also KENDA OF Powe Density spectson | Leb a be al as shown © Aquee below a = "a9 “2 iC +o nas AW be the t*wuncated cursve of he ip signal Wiha a oxticulas time witesval ~%]}y tou, as shown in Aiquee below ty + lo oS oe -v y Th In i vanal 6) Aven fb e enexq & a kwuncoted SQ \ ee (9th at ° Wk An ® p> ¥ WS) | os pr Tho a $1, | dt oO x (1x dus aMattiphyng with + on bs we Ks = { Ae WP at —" 3h _Sreeot 2 | ~“® The above eqn ques mate power: So, *he above ean is known A OWES & cha density