CLASS XIIl- PHYSICS - PRACTICAL] _ 2022-2023 Note = The record to be submitted by the students at the time of their annual examination has to include: 1, Record of at least 8 Experiments [With 4 from each section], to be performed by the students. 2. Record of at least 8 Activities [With 3 each from section A and section B], to be performed by the students. 3. The Report of the project carried out by the students. EXPERIMENT - 1 Aim: To determine resistance per cm of a given wire by plotting a graph of potential difference versus current. Apparatus: A metallic conductor (coil or a resistance wire), a battery, one way key, a voltmeter and an ammeter of appropriate range, connecting wires and a piece of sand paper, a scale, y Formulae Used: The resistance (R) ofthe given wie (resistance col) s obtained by Ohm's Law > =R ‘Where, V : Potential difference between the ends of the given resistance coil. (Conductor) I: Current flowing through it. R If is the length of resistance wire, then resistance per cm of the wire = [ Observation: (i) Range: Range of given voltmeter = 3 v Range of given ammeter = $00 mA. aie wan ] ————<—<$<—ae—2 i Preowet Gi) Least count Least count of voltmeter = 0.0Sv Least count of ammeter = 10 mA (iil) Zero error: Zero exror in ammeter, ¢) =0 Zero exror in voltmeter, ¢2 = 0 Ammeter and Voltmeter Readings: Ammeter Reading (A) | Voltmeter Reading, V (©) Sr.No. [Observed | Value Observed | Value I 30 500 mA 16 16x0,05-0.8 2 35 ia 0.5 3 32 10 0.50 4 1D 6 0.30 3 10 3 0.15 Mean Page 1 (PHYSICS)Length of resistance wire: 28 em Graph between potential difference & current: ley Scale: X-axis: | em=0.1 V of potential difference ‘Y-axis: 1 em=0.1 A of current ‘The graph comes out to be a straight line. Result: It is found thatthe ratio ViT is constant, hence current voltage relationship is established i.e, VecT or Obmn’s Law is verified ‘Unknown resistance per em of given wire = 5.57 x 10° Qem" Precautions: Voltmeter and ammeter should be of proper range. ‘* The connections should be neat, clean & tight. Source of Error: Rheostat may have high resistance, ‘The instrument screws may be loose EXPERIMENT -2 Aim: To find resistance of a given wire using Whetstone's bridge (meter bridge) & hence determine the specific resistance of the material. Apparatus: A meter bridge (slide Wire Bridge), a galvanometer, a resistance box, a laclanche cell, a jockey, a one- way key, a resistance wire, a screw gauge, meter scale, set square, connecting wires and sandpaper. Fo.2.1 Creat Diagram - Meter Bede Formulae Used: (i) The unknown resistance X is given by: LD vane R= known resistance placed in left gap, X= Unknown resistance in right gap of meter bridge. J-length of meter bridge wire from zero and upto balance point (in em) XxD’ aL (Gi) Specific resistance ( p ) of the material of given wire is given p= Where, D: Diameter of given wire L: Length of given wire Page 2 (PHYSICS)Observation Table for length (2) & unknown resistance, X: Resistance from ‘Unknown Resistance sr. Length Length ¥ resistance box ™ x _p {00=)) , mana} AB=Jem BC=(100- cm x-no 2 a 9 287 4 0 40 2.66 6 3 31 269 8 76 24 2.52 Table for diameter (D) of the wire: se. | tinearseale | "Socofenealar yy Chereaiamsis No. | Reading ¢X)mm | scale divisions xuejia pene nxt coinciding (n) 1 0 34 034 034 2 0 35 035 035 3 0 36, 036 0.36 4 0 35 035 0.35 ‘Observations: # Least count of screw gauge: 0,001 em Pitch of screw gauge: 0.1 em Total no, of divisions on circular scale: 100 Least Count = ——__Pitch___ No.of divisions on circular scale 2. LC=0.001 am * Length of given wire, L = 2Sem Calculation: © Forunknown resistance, X: Mean X BSS 2.680 D,+D,+D,=D, * Mean diameter, D =! =>" > = 0.035 om aD Specific Resistance, p =X. =1.03%10%Q.0m os tance, P= ATT Result: Value of unknown resistance = 2.68.0 Specific resistance of material of given wire = 1.03«10~Q cm Precauti observations. Instrument serews maybe loose. I plugs in resistance box should be tight. Plug in key, K should be inserted only while taking Page 3 (PHYSICS)square, sand paper and connecting wires. EXPERIMENT - 3 Alm: To verify the laws of combination (series & parallel) of resistances using meter bridge (slide Wire Bridge) Apparatus: A meter bridge, Inclanche cell, a galvanometer, a resistance box, a jockey, 1wo resistances wires, set —_—— m7 Observations: Table for length (1) & unknown resistance (1): Rakance tam | nom x ia ance = Resstat | oun, | reaktame | De | BCT10-1) “Toner, | Reman Dox, (ohm) Rieti i as a z ryonly 2 10 3 57. 1.24 i 3 30 30 i oF 30 30 only 2 10 38 62 151 5 is as Se i is i ra nénia [2 # 8 < a series 3 35 34 46 1 3 78 38 ae 4 2 8 “se 5 4 86 i Caleaations: (i) ta Series: Experimental value of R,= 2.72 (Gi) In parallel: Experimental value of Rp = 0.66 Q ‘Theoretical value of Rs ‘Theoretical value of Re= U2 = 0.680. a nen 15.2 Page 4 (PHYSICS)Result: Within limits of experimental error, experimental & theoretical values of Rs are same, Hence the law of resistance in series ie. Rs =; + 1 is verified. (1) Within limits of experimental error, experimental & theoretical values of Rp are same. Hence law of resistances in parallel ie. Rs= U2 is verified. nth Precautio (i) The connections should be neat, clean & tight. Gi) Move the jockey gently over the wire & don't rub it (Gil) All plugs in esistane box should be tight Sources of Error: () The plugs may not be clean, (i) The instrument screws maybe loose. EXPERIMENT - 4 Aim: To determine the resistance of a galvanometer by half-deflection method & to find its figure of merit. Apparatus: A Weston type galvanometer, a voltmeter, a battery, a rheostat, two resistance boxes (10,000 92 and 500 ), two one-way keys, a screw gauge, a meter scale, connecting wires and a piece of sandpaper. Creu Diagram : () For half detection method (0) Fortgure of met e ky e K, -—-+ —__ a ta © }—: Fg. 7.1: Rasatanee of gahanometar Fg. 72: Fique of ment Formulae Used: (i) The resistant of the given galvanometer as found by half-deflection method: Re R-S ‘Where R: resistance connected in series with the galvanometer S: shunt resistance For Half Deflection: (ii) Figure of merit: k= RG Deflection in | shunt | Walt Gree Ps talvanometer | resistance | efecto Where E : emf of the cell 2 @ sta) | 4") 0 : deflection produced with resistance R. [| as00 30 70 18 2 ‘9500 aa 70. z 3 5200 25 70 a Calculation: Mean G = 70.8 2 a) $700 24 70 2 Mean =70.8 0 (i) For G: Calculate G using formula. Fo Figure of Mec: Take mean of all values of G recorded in table. awd (ii) For k; Calculate k using formula & record in table, | emtortne | REP | petection More Take mean of values of k. No. jcetse | MOMEE | old) E na a Result: - 0 i [asxae3 | as00 30 | Base10° 2 3 9500 14 | 22310 3 2 5200 26 | 2484107 “ = 5700 3a | 26x10" Wan k= 219 x 0° A/a(i) Resistance of Galvanometer by half — deflection method: 7082 (Gi) Figure of merit, k= 2.19 x 107 A/div Precaution (i) All the plugs in resistance boxes should be tight (Gi) The emf of cell or battery should be constant. (iii) Initially a high resistance from the resistance box (R) should be introduced in the circuit. Otherwise for small resistance, an excessive current will flow through the galvanometer or ammeter & damage them. Sources of error: (i) Plug of the resistant boxes may not be clean. (Gi) The screws of the instruments maybe loose. (iii) The emf of the battery may not be constant, EXPERIMENT - 5 Aim: To convert the given galvanometer (of known resistance & figure of merit) into am ammeter of desired range & to verify the same. Apparatus: A Weston type galvanometer whose resistance & figure of merit are given, a coustantan or manganin wire, a battery, one-way key, a heostat, a mili-ammeter, connecting wires, sand paper etc. ‘iceut Diagram ir Fig. 2(A) = 1: Converted Galvanometer into an arnmeter. Formulae Used: To convert a galvanometer which gives full scale deflection for current Ic into an ammeter of range O to To amperes, t ) I,-Ie} ‘Required shunt resistant S is made sing a uniform wire whose, specific resistance is (known) & its lengta: teva ote saris pen: = [ 1 Observations: Given resistance of galvanometer, G= 70.82 Given value of figure of merit, k= 2.19 x 10 A div" Total no. of divisions on either side of zero, N.= 30 Current for full scale deflection, Ie OX k= 6.57 x 104 A “Tabi for Verification: 4) Caleulation of value of shunt resistance: Galvanometer Reading | Ammeter ise * Required range of converted ammeter, l= 3 Deflection] Current | Reading = i No [ée | w= exte | n=nxtc | G-WA * Value of shunt resistance, z T 3 SxO1=.3 | 6x05 903 00 z 5 05 [aix0.05*.55[ 00s |) 3 7 0.7 |15x0.05=.75| 0.05 4 2 08) 19%0.5=.95 | 0.05s=|—2_}.6-o01550 Tonle © Computing the length of the wire to make resistance of 0.185 b) Observations for diameter of the wire (i) Piteh of serew gauge, p= 1 mm i) No. of division of circular seale = 100 (ii) Least count, a= 0.01 mm (iv) Zero error, e= 0.0 mm (v) Diameter of the wire = 0.98 mm, Radius = 0.049 em ) Specific resistance of material of wire, p=1.92%10~ Qemr 4) Required length of the wire, pate® 0.0155%3.14 (0.049) 0 6.5 om Pp 1.72x10~ ‘Verification: Checking the performance of the converted ammeter Current indicated by full scale deflection (N.) of converted ammeter. [e=3A 1, Least count of converted ammeter, k OL Al div. Result: © Current Ic for fll scale deflection = 6.57 x 10% A # Resistance of shunt required to convert the galvanometer into ammeter, $ = 0.0155 Q Required length of wire, = 60.8 om #- Aservor/'—1is very small, conversion is verified Precautions & Sources of Error: (i) All connections should be neat & tight. i) The diameter ofthe wire for making shunt resistance should be measured accurately for diameter is taken in two mutually perpendicular ditections. (iii) The terminal of the ammeter marked positive should be connected to positive pole of the battery. Also ammeter should be in series with cicuit. EXPERIMENT - 6 Aim: To find the value of v for different values of ‘u’ in case of a concave mirror & fo find its focal length. Apparatus: An optical bench with three uprights. Concave misror, a mirror holder, two optical needles, a knitting needle & a half ~ meter scale, Rey Diagram Formulae Used: The mirror formula is Lit w. wey We have, f Where, f= focal length of concave micror. w= distance of object needle from pole of mirror. tance of image needle from pole of misvor. i. 9.1: Focal Langh of Concave Miror Observation: Rough focal length of given concave mirror = 10.9 cm Actual length of the knitting needle, x= 15 em Page 7 (PHYSICS)Observed distance between the mirror & object needle when knitting needle is placed between them, y Observed distance between the mirror & image needle When knitting needle is placed between them, Index error for u, ¢) = y—x=—0.2 cm Index error for v, e:=z—x=—0.8 em 15.2.¢m. 15.8 em. Position Conrected Distance Ve Concave | Object | Tmage PO Pr : i Mirror P(cm) | Needle | Needle uem vem (my cm) 1 [oo is 36 17s 086 [aos 2 [oo fa 303 168 0.06 Toss 3 [oo Lis 34 158 0.063 [0.031 + [oo 26 18 258 0.038 0.058 S_[00. 303 17 301 0.033 0.061 6 [00 4 16 332 0.030) 0.065 Calculations: () a=» graph Explanation: from mirror formula applied to point A: Graph Scale: X’ axis: Lem =$ em of Y" axis: 1om=S em of v oB ¥(em) <-—~ Alo f= =-10.5em ‘Mean value of f= -10.5 em Foyle Pee (a) Sand + graph wes The focal length, 04” OB 1 a Graph Seale: X” axis: I em = 0.01 em! of = Wlem)'<— Y' avis: I cm = 0.01 cnr" of = Result: The focal length of the given concave mirror: (i) From w—y graph is: (i) From 1 —2 graph is: f= 10.47 em ‘ u Precaution (4) The uprights should be vertical, (Gi) Tip-to-tip parallax should be removed between the needle I and image of needle O. (iii) To locate the position of the image the eye should be at least 30 cm away from the needle Sources of Error: * The uprights may not be vertical * Parallax removal may not be perfect Graph between Liuand Iv Page 8 (PHYSICS)EXPERIMENT ~7 Aim: To find the focal length of a convex mirvor using a convex lens. Apparatus: An optical bench with four uprights (2 fixed upright in middle two outer uprights with lateral movement), convex lens, convex mirror, a lens holder, a misror holder, 2 optical needles (one thin, one thick), a knitting needle, 2 half meter scale. ® Formula Used: Focal length of a convex mirror f Where R is radius of curvature of the mirror. ‘Observation: (i) Actual length of knining needle, x= 15 cm. (ieee ssc iat soem Sessoms ‘Object needle Lens ‘Mirror ‘Image needle | Curvature Soo faa es) Sie Stem soca =R= 18850 569m Result: The focal length of the given convex misror Precautis (i) The tip of the needle, centre of the mirror & centre of lens should be atthe same height. (Gi) Convex lens should be of large focal length. (ili) For one set of observations, when the parallax has been removed for convex lens alone, the position of the fens & needle uprights should not be changed. 9 cm Page 9 (PHYSICS)EXPERIMENT - 8 Alm: To find the focal length of a convex lens by plotting a graph: (i) between w and v (a between Sand wey Apparatus: An optical bench with three uprights, a convex lens, lens holder, two optical needles, a knitting needles & ahalf-metre scale. Formula Used: ‘The relation between u,v and ffor convex lens is: tid Where fi focal length of convex lens uu: distance of object needle from lens’ optical centre. ‘distance of image needle from lens’ optical centre Observations: (i) Rough focal length of the lens = 10 em (ii) Actual length of knitting needle, x= 15 em, (iii) Observed distance between object needle & the lens witen knitting needle is placed between them, (iv) Observed distance between image needle & the lens when knitting needle is placed between them, z (v) Index correction for the object distance u, x— y=—0.2 em (vi Index correction for the image distance v, x 2=+0.9 cm Page 10 (PHYSICS)Observation Table: Position of: (em) S.No. | Object Image | 1 (em | v (em) | 10 (em) | Yuen needie | E" | needle I 66 30 26 16 24 ‘0.041 0.062 2 oF 50 27 17 23 (0.043 0.058. 3 es 30 28 1s 22 (0.045 0.085 + 70 30 30 20 20 0.05 0.05 5 78 50 33 23 17 0.058 0.043 6 30 30 3d 24. 16 0.062 0.041 Calculation of focal length by graphical method: (i) ay graph: The graph is a rectangular hyperbola: Seale: X° axis: 1 em=5 em ofu YY axis: Lem=5 cm of AB= AC =2/0r OC = OB =2f OB oc f= and aiso f =P a a Mean value of f= 10.1 cm. Gi) 1-1 graph The graph isa straight line. Scale: X° axis: 1 m= 0.01 en of 4 u Y" axis: 1om=0.01 em" of 4 Jat e102 Focal length = 55-3 Result: (i) From ev graph is, f (ii) From + u Precautions raph is, f= 10.2 em | | sbeebs +o $= v (em) > ucem Iu ws We Curve (Gi) Tips of object &¢ image needles should be at the same height as the centre of the lens. (Gi) Parallax should be removed from tip-to-tip by keeping eye at a distance at least 30 cm. away from the needle. (ii) The image & the object needles should not be interchanged for different sets of observations. Page 11 (PHYSICS)EXPERIMENT -9 Aim: To find the focal length of a concave lens using a convex lens. Apparatus: An optical bench with four uprights, a convex lens (less focal length), a concave lens (more focal length), ‘hwo lens holder, two optical needles, a knitting needle & a half ~ metre scale. Formulae Used: From lens formula, we have: w. Observations: ‘Actual length of knitting needle, x= 15 em. Observed distance between object needle & the lens when knitting needle is placed between tiem, Observed distance between image needle & the lens when knitting needle is placed between them, Index correction for w= x—y=0 em Index correction for 15 em. Sc, Observation Table: - Position of (em) im SNol oem [tata | 1 Li T waIt; | wT, | f= Tp» | 3 [| 3 78 «0 30 | -180 2 [37 | 30 | 1s] 68 TS 65 3 | 1354 3 [35 [30 | 703 | 65 Rs 55 78 | =1864 4 | 3s | 50 [713 | 63 712 83 2 | 1745 Calculations: Result: The focal length of given concave lens = ~ 17 em. Precauti (i) The lenses must be clean, (Gi) A bright image should be formed by lens combination, (ii) Focal length of the convex lens should be less than the focal length of the concave lens, so that the combination is convex. Page 12 (PHYSICS)EXPERIMENT - 10 Aim: () To determine angle of minimum deviation for a given prism by plotting a graph between angle of incidence & angle of deviation. (i) To determine the refractive index of the material (glass) of the prism Apparatus: Drawing board, a white sheet of paper, prism, drawing pins, pencil, half metre scale, office pins, graph paper & protector. Formulae Used: The refractive index, 4 of the material of the pr sin( A+2") J Where Dais the angle of minimum deviation & A is the angle of prism. mis given by as) Cateutations: From graph between angle of incidence, Zrand angle of deviation, we get the value of Dy, (angle of minimum deviation): Dz= 37.8 om, fe) _ e079) if “u sul4) sin 30° ait J a eek waisorr [Ss | Anatle of Angle of : No. | incidence Zi | Deviation 2s | = a 35° aa" é 2 402 $ 3 45° 4 50° 5 55° af icidence 1) Result: S. Cia se (i) From Zi— ZDgraph we see that as Ziincreases, ZD first decreases, attains a minimum value (D.) & then again starts increasing for further increase in. Zi (Gi) Angle of minimum deviation = Dy = 37.8° (iii) Refraction index of material of prism, y1=1,5077 Precautions: (i) The angle of incidence should be between 30° — 60°, (ii) The pins should be fixed vertical. (Gii) The distance between the two pins should not be less than 8 cm. Sources of Error: (Pin pricks may be thick. (ii) Measurement of angles maybe wrong, Page 13 (PHYSICS)EXPERIMENT - 11 Aim: To determine the refractive Index of a glass using travelling microscope. Apparatus: A marker, glass slab, wavelling microscope, lycopodium powder. Formulae Used: real depth Refractive index yg =—7°" ©P" _ ‘apparent depth Observations: Least count of travelling microscope = 0.001 cm or 0.01 mm Mean values: 1,= 0mm 681 mm 0.25 mm Observations: Reading of Microscope focused on: Mark without slab | Mark with slab on it | Powder on top of slab + nx LC min I 0 6529x001 2 0 65> 31x001 3 0 65+ 33x0.01=683mm | 10+27x0.01 = 10.27mm Calculations: Real depth = d, Apparent depth Mean d,= 6.81 mm real depth apparent depth, Reftactive index, 41 Result: ‘The refractive index of the glass slab by using wavelling microscope is determined as 1.52 Precauti (i) Microscope once focused on the cross mark, the focusing should not be disturbed throughout the experiment. Only rack and pinion screw should be tumed to move the microscope upward (Gi) Only a thin layer of powder should be spread on top of slab. (iii) Eye piece should be so adjusted that cross-wires are distinctly seen. Page 14 (PHYSICS)Alm: To draw the I~ EXPERIMENT - 12 characteristics curve of p-n junction in forward bias & reverse bias. Apparatus: A p-n junction semi-conductor diode, a three volt battery, a high resistance, a rheostat, a voltmeter (0-3v), a milli ammeter (0-.20 mA), one — way key, connecting wires. > Observations: Least count of voltmeter = 0.02 & 1 Least count of milli-ammeter = 0.2 mA/div Zero err: Least count of micro-ammeter = 2 #2 A/div Zero error = vwidiv Zero error =~ Observation Table: ‘S.No, | Forward Bias Voltage | Forward Current | Reverse bias Voltage | Reverse Current a“ wo (ma) ) (uray T 10x 0.02 = 0.20 2x02 3x2=10 2 0.30 4x0. 3 0.40 6x0. 4 0.50 T1x0. 30 5 0.60 TSx0. 38 6 0.70 48 7 0.80 60 5 0.90) 72 Page 15 (PHYSICS)Calculations: Graph is plotted between forward — bias voltage (V-) (on x-axis) and forward current, Ir (on ¥— axis) Scale: X-axis: 1 em=V of Vr ‘Y~axis: 1 em= mA of Ie Graph is plotted between reverse bias Voltage, Vx (along X° axis) and reverse current, Ix (along Y” axis). Scale: X° axis= 1 m= V of Va Y" axis = 1em= 444 of le Result: The obtained curves are the characteristics curves of tie semi-conductor diode. Precautions: (i) All connections should be neat, clean & tight. (ji) Key should be used in circuit & opened when the cireuit is not being used, (iii) Forward bias voltage beyond breakdown should not be applied, Sources of error: The junction diode supplied maybe faulty NOTE: Beside Practical File ONE Activity file with SIX Activities (A-3, A-4, A-6 and B-8, B-11, B-12 From Any Physics Practical File) and ONE Project Report has to be made by each student from the Elite Manual. Page 16 (PHYSICS)Ge) ACTIVITIES Object ‘To measure the resistance and impedance of an inductor with or without iron core. Apparatus Inductor oil, iron core, resistance box, battery climinator, step down transformer, ammeters dc. and Circuit Diagram: Fig. 11 ‘Theory @ ai @ “@ i) ii) tiv) ‘a. of range0t00.3A, voltmetersa.c. and d.c. of to V, one way key, connecting wires. © @ Indior in ade. ot nme of ean wi (anal one) ss oe, Inductor in an a.c. circuit measurement of impedance with (c) air core (4) soft iron core. D.C.cireuit (@) Resistance ofcoil without iron core yv R=} (©) Resistance ofcoil on introducing soft iron core V; ___de. voltage across inductor T~ direct current through the inductor AC circuit: (8) Impedance ofthe coil without iron core aM. . voltage across the inductor I< altemating current through the inductor (b) Impedance ofthe coil on introducing soft iron core Vic ie voltage across the inductor with core Tye, ” alternating current through the inductor with core Measurement of resistance of inductor: Without iron core Arrange the apparatus and make connections as shown in Fig. 1.1 (a) keeping the key K. open. ‘Connect a 6 V de. source of supply (an eliminator) and .c, instruments ammeter in series with inductor and voltmeter in parallel witht Ensure thatthe polarities of ammeter and voltmeter are rightly connected. Adjust the eliminator to 2 Volt and switch on the eliminator Plug in the key. Measure the dc. current through the conductor add. voltage across the inductor, Page 17 (PHYSICS)[oF «iy wi, wit) o) @ (viii) (xn) «i, wo (xi) @ Set the eliminator to 4 V and 6 V in succession and record the d.c. current through the inductor and potential drop across it. With core of soft iron introduced in the inductor coil. Introduce the given core of soft iron inside the coil such that the core is fully inside the coil. Repeat the step (iv) and (v) and record your observations. Measurement of Impedanc¢ of Inductor Without soft iron core Use the step down transformer with tapings of 2 V, 4 V and 6 V and ac. instruments voltmeter (0 to $ V) and ammeter of range 0:3 A and connect them as shown in circuit diagram, Fig. 1.1 (b. Repeat the stcp(v) and step (v) and record your observations. Now switch offthe supply. With core of soft iron introduced in the inductor coil, Introduce the core of soft iron inside the coil such that the core is fully inside the coil, Switch ‘on the transformer. ‘Repeat the steps (iv) and (v) and record observation as detailed below. For measurment of Resistance of Inductor coil. Rangeof de. volimeter =040 Rangeofd.c. ammeter =Oto... Least count of voltmeter iP Least countofammeter=... A Zero error if any should be adjusted to zero by adjusting the pointer in voltmeter and ameter. No.of | Eliminator Obs. | setting 5 2v a av. x ov ) For measurment of impedance of Inductor Coll Range fac. voltmeter =010.....V Range ofacammeter =010 0A Least count of instruments (in ac. instruments the divisions are non-uniformly spaced, therefore observations, accuracy may vary from one observation to other. ero rrr of instruments: The pointer is adjusted to zero when no curentis passed. Table 1.2 Without Iron Core With iron core No.of [Tans Readings |impedance| Readings | Impedance Obs. | setting [Vogmeter | Ammeter | R= vt Volkmeter Ameer ae (Vott) | (ampere) | Oh™ | cvorty | (ampere) |_ (Ohm) Mean value of Z= Page 18 (PHYSICS)@) () @ (ii) @ di) iii) (iv) ®) (vi) For flow of direct current dc., the resistance of the inductor col is about the same with and Without sft iron cote. Ohm ANd. Ohm respectively. Forlow of alternating curenta.c. (50 Hertz) The impedance ofthe inductor coils obm, On introducing the iron core, the impedance ofthe inductor comesto be =... ohm. Theres a marked increase in impedance on inserting the iron core inthe coil. With iron core, the magnetic field hence magnetic flux fora given current or self inductance increases ‘considerably. ‘The inductor coil should have sufficient number of urns and suitable value of radius, ‘Measuring instruments used should be of appropriate range and low least counts. Zero error of instruments, voltmeter and ammeter should be reduced to zero by adjusting the pointer when nocurrentis passed. A. instruments do not have uniformly spaced graduation, so reading should be taken carey. ‘There should be marked change inthe impedance of the col on introducing the sft iron core inthe inductor. It should be ensured that core is completely inside the coil Pass the current through the coil only for very short interval to avoid change in resistance or impedance due to joulesheating. Page 19 (PHYSICS)iw: Object Power supply Toassemble a household circuit, comprising three bulbs, thee (on/off switches, a fuse and power source. Three bulbs (20 W, 50 W & 100 W), thre (On / Off switches, flexible connecting wire with red and black plastic covering, fuse wire, two pin plug, main electric board with two pin socket and main switeh EE & is 1 PMains Fig 3.13 bulb cireuit Household circuit functions on main suply 220 V, $0 Hz and current rattings of SA for domestic supply for normal appliances, bulbs fluorescent tubes, fans et. ISA forheavy load appliances, reftigerator, air conditioner, geuser ot plates et. Total powerconsumption “Pat any time, Po = P+ P+ P+, where P,P, P,.... are powers drawnby appliances ‘Atapotentil“V", the current drawn from the mainsis Pov iene for Pinwatt and Vin ott, I willbe inamperes. "Normally to protect the appliances from damage when unduly high curents are drawn, fuse of aittle higher rating, 10 to 20% higher than the current normally drawn are connected in series with set of sppliances, ‘Remember that in household circuits, all appliances are connected in PARALLEL with a switch ‘connected in series with each appliance in supply LIVE line. ‘Also for further safety, suitable value MAINS FUSE is connected in series with supply source. Note that fuseis safety device, never use a fuse of much higher rating than the one recommended. (Connect one end of the bulb holder to the re flexible wire through a switch S in series. ‘Connect the other end ofthe bulb holder tothe black flexible wre. Gi) Connect the three bulb switch combination in parallel red wire ends at one point and the black wire end a the other point. (ii) Taketwo long flexible wiresto serve as ead wire, one wireisredand the other isblack. Page 20 (PHYSICS)Page 21 (PHYSICS)Testing ‘Observation Gv) Connect the red wire end othe red wire L,.Itwillserveasalive lead. (8) Connect the black wire ends tothe black wie L,,Itwill serves neutral lead. (vi) Putthe fuse wire F inlivelead (vii) Connecta plug (two pin phig) Pathe end ofthe two leads., (ii) Insert the phug ina two pin socket provided in the main electric board (inserting the upper pin for, imupperhole of the socketand the lower ping for Lin lower hole ofthe socket) Make the switches on one by one. Then pu them offone by one. ‘The bulbs glow when the switch is made on. It stops glowing when the switch s put off Ge) Object Apparatus Diagram Procedure ‘Conclusion LD) Object Apparatus ‘Toassembie the components ofa given electrical circuit say Ohm's law circuit) ‘A voltmeter and an ammeter of appropriate range, a battery, arhedsta, one way key, an unknown resistance coil, connecting wires, piece of sand paper. Sa) He “ Fig. 4.1 : Circuit Diagram (i) Connecttheitems.as shown in Fig. 4.2 Gi) Formeasuring current, ammeter should be connected in series with the components. (Gil) For measuring potential drop, voltmeter should be connected in parallel with the resistance coil orwire. Assembly ofall the components in electric circuit is complate. ‘To study the variation in potential drop with length of a wire fora steady current. A potentiometer, a battery, a rheostat, a voltmeter, a Jockey, one way key, connecting wires. Fig. 5.1 : Measurement of potential drop Potentiometer It is an instrument which is used forthe measurement of potential drop and e:m.£.of a call Principle : If a steady current is maintaned by a battery E, through a wire of homogeneous composition and uniform area of cross-section, then the potential drop V along the wire is directly proportional toits length, i, Vel v or >= K(constant) Whereis the drop of potential per unit length. Its also called as the potential gradient. Page 22 (PHYSICS)Procedure (i) Arrange the circuitasshown in Fig. 5.1 (ii) Positive terminal of voltmeter is connected to positive end of the metre bridge wire. The negative end is connected to the jockey J. ‘The jockey is kepton the wire at 10cm position, Note down the voltmeter reading. ‘The jockey is then kept at positions 20 em, 30 cm, 90 em, 100 cm and the T Potential drop v S.No. prem © L 2. 3. 4. 5. 6 7. 8 9. 10. $2. (The potenti! difference is directly proportional to the wire length when al Gi) The graph between Vand lis a straight line, S16) Fig. 52. Object : To draw a diagram of a given open circuit comprising of least a battery, resistor, rheostat, key, ‘ammeter and voltmeter. Mark the components that are not connected in proper order and correct the circuit and also the circuit diagram. ‘Apparatus : A voltmeter and an ammeter of appropriate range, a battery, a rheostat, one way key, unknown resistance wire of resistance coil, connecting wires, a piece of sand paper Diagram : Anopencircuit (not connected circuit) is given: Sree Fig. 6.1 : Open Circuit Diagram (Components not connected in proper order). Page 23 (PHYSICS)Theory (a) Functional electrical circuit: A circuit is functional only when all the components of the cireuit are connected in proper order, assuming that all circuit components are in working. ‘condition and key is closed. (b) Open electrical cireuit : An open circuit means that there is a break in some part of the circuit. The break may be deliberate suchas key is in open position or three is fault such as ‘broken wire or burt of loose connection, Procedure: (1)_—_-Drawthecircuit6.1 incopy. (2) Write various components & mark those which are not connected in proper order. @) Draw the correct circuitdiagram, (4) Nowelose the key and check up whether the corrected cireuitis now functional, Fig. 62: Arrangement Diagram Result ‘The connected circuit assembled using components in proper order is found functional on checking. Precautions (1) Rangeof Voltmeter and Ammeter should be chosen. (2) Before making connections, the ends of the connecting wires should be cleaned by rubbing. ‘with (sand paper). ACTIVITIES To identify a diode, an LED, a transistor, an IC, a resistor and a capacitor from a mixed collection of such items. Apparatus: Multimeter, Battery, eliminator, reversing key, above mixed collection of items, Page 24 (PHYSICS)>| = -C—+ +} = amiaan & Fig. 8.1 : Some of the commonly available electronic components. For identification, appearance and working of each item will haveto be considered @ «a aii) @w) o {A diode is two terminal device. It conducts when forward biased and does not conduct when reversebiased.Itdoes not emit light while conducting. ALED (light emitting diode) is also a two terminal device. It also conducts when forward biased and does not conduct when reverse biased, Itemitslight while conducting. ‘A transistor isa three terminal device. The terminals represent emitter (E), base (B) and collector(C) ‘AnIC (integrated circuit) isa mult terminal device inform ofactip. ‘Aresisor isa two terminal device. Itconducts when either forward biased or reverse biased (In fact there is no forward or reverse bias fora resistor). It conducts even when operated with A.C. voltage. ‘A capacitors also a two terminal device. It does not conduct when either forward biased or reverse biased (Hence it does not conduct with D.C. voltage) However it conducts with A.C. voltage. {Ifthe iter has four ormore terminals and has from ofa chip itisan IC (Integrated circuit) the iter has three terminals, itis transistor. [fhe iter has two terminals it may be diode, a LED, resistor or acapacitor. ‘Todifferentiate proceed as ahead : Make a series circuit with battery eliminator, reversing key, the item and the multimeter with range set in milliamperes. Switch on the battery eliminator and watch the movement of the multimeter pointer. 7 @ | fpointer moves when voltage is applied in one way and does not move when reversed and ‘there is no light emission, the item is diode i. there is only unidirectional flow of curent and. ‘emitsno light. : Page 25 (PHYSICS)Object Apparatus Diagram Theory Git) ww © wi (wii) ‘Toobserve refraction and lateral deviation of a beam of light incident obliquely on a glass slab, + Glass slab, drawing board, white paper sheet, drawing pins, office pins, protractor, N Fig. 10.1 : Refraction through a glass slab, (0. The lateral displacements given by d=tsecrrsin (i-). (i) Fixawhite paper sheet by drawing pins on a drawing board. (i)__Take a glass slab and put it symmetrically in the middle of the paper and mark its boundary ABCD. Draw a normal at point Q on face AB and draw a line PQ making an angle i with the normal. PQwill representan incident ray. - Fixtwopins atpoints | and20n the line PQ atdistances 8 cm or more between themselves. ‘See images of these pins through face DC and fix two more pins at point 3 ad 4 (8 em or more ‘apart) such that these two pins cover the images of first two pins, all being along a straight line. Remove the glass slab, Draw straight line RS through points 3 and 4 to represent emergent ray. Join QR to represent refracted ray. ‘Draw normal at point R on face DC and measure angle e. It comes to be equal to angle i Produce PQ forward to cut DC at T, Draw TU perpendicular to RS. TU measure lateral displacement. “The ray of light emerging froma glass slab is parallel to the incident light and itis laterally displaced. Page 26 (PHYSICS) ‘When a ray of light becomes incident on a parallel faced glass slab, it emerges from it in same direction as the incident ray. It only suffers a lateral displacement proportional tothe slab thickness.as) ‘Toobserve diffraction of ight due toa thin slit between sharp edges ofrazor blades. Microscope slides (two), two nuzor blades, adhesive tapes, a screen and source of monochromatic light laser pencil), black paper. ‘When light is allowed to pass through fine openings or around sharp obstacles like edge of razor biades such that size of opening or sharpness of edges is ofthe order of wavelength of tight, it bends around comers. Bending of ight around sharp obstacles or comers is termed as diffraction. The angle of iffrction for different orders (n) of diffactionis givens Procedure dsind=nh (Gass Pate ‘Black paper Fig. 12.1 thin slit made by using two razor blades, black paper and glass plate. @ Gi) it) wy) o wi) (wii) Making of fineslit using razorblades. Pace two razor blades with their sharp edges facing each other and extremely close to each ‘other such that there is small gap ofthe order of fraction of millimeter. Fig. 12.1 Paste the blades using cello-tape leaving no gap between paper and glass plate. ‘Cutthe small sitin between the sharp edges of blades. Place the slit about 0.5 m from a wall and.a source of light witha sit infront of tata distance ‘of about 20cm fromthestit. Observe the light falling onthe wall, [twill be observed that instead of having a bright slit like ight on the wall, the light spreads and on either side of slitsecondary maxima i.e. slits with lower intensity are seen. ‘When light waves are made tobe incident on very fine openings (lit they bend and spread showing the phenomena of diffraction oflight, @ «i Gi) ‘Black paper should be pasted such that there isno airgap between the glass plate and paper. ‘Theslit should be madeasthin as possible. Instead of using ordinary electric bul light, laser torch light will give better effect on the Page 27 (PHYSICS)‘To study the nature and size of the image formed by concave mirror using candle and a sereen (for different distances ofthe candle form the mirror) ‘An optical bench with three uprights, a concave mirror with holder, a burning candle, a card board Page 28 (PHYSICS)From distant Point (©) Object beyond Mm 1 > P (0) Object at © uceasescae () Object at F (0 Object erweta F and P Fig. 13.1 (a): Focal length of a concave mirror ‘The position, nature and the relative size of the image of an object formed by a concave mirror ‘depends upon the position of the object with respect tothe pole ofthe mirror. (@ Find rough focal length of the concave mirror by usual method. Gi) Mount the concave micror in holder in first upright and keep it near one end of the optical ‘bench, keeping mirror face inward. ii) Mount the card board sereen on.a second upright and keep it at distance equal to rough focal length of mirror, from first upright. (iv) Mount the burning candle in third upright and keep it near other end ofthe optical bench. (¥) Adjust heights so that the inverted image of erect flame of burning candle is formed on sereen, Move the screen tomake the image sharp. The screen will be nearly atthe focus ofthe ‘concave mirror, (vi) Theimage will bereal, inverted and much more diminished, (vii) Asthe burning candle is moved towards the mirror, the screen has to be moved away from it forgetting a sharp flame image. The inverted image size increases. (viii) When the position ofthe candle approaches centre of curvature ofthe mirror, the screen: approaches the same position. The image size will be equal tothe actual flame size. (ix) Nowiinterchange the upright. Bring candle upright nearer to mirror than the screen upright, (9) Move the candle further nearer the screen has to be moved away for getting an inverted real image on screen. (xi) As the candle reaches the focus of the mirror, the screen may not be able to get its i ‘which will be formed at infinity ic. beyond the length of optical bench. Page 29 (PHYSICS)Position of ‘Nature of image S.No. Realof | Erector | Magnified or ject | Image on Inverted inverted diminished Point Image of L Art Infinity AUF Real Inverted highly diminished 2. | Beyonac | Between Diminished 3 ac | ac . . Same Size Between : . ; 4 | Ramee | Beyond Magnified P 7 : Magified 5 AUF | Atintinity tre 6. Within F ee ‘Virtual Erect ey) mirror magnified Conclusion: Thischangein position, nature and size ofthe image is according wo theoretical prediction. 13(b) Object To study the nature and size ofthe image formed by a convex lens using candle and a screen for different distances of the candle from the lens. ‘Apparatus: An optical bench with thre uprights, a convex lens with holder, a burning candle, a card board screen, a From distant point A (0) Object at laity (Object 2F () Object between 2F and F (6) Object at F (1 Object between F and O Fig. 13.1 (b) Ray diagrams for image formation for various positions of object. Page 30 (PHYSICS)Image Fig. 13.2 (b) Candle and screen method for observing the size of image. The size of the image of an object formed by a convex lens depends upon the position of the object with respect tothe lens. The same has been shown by the ray diagrams in Fig. 13.1 (b). (® _Findrough focal length ofthe convex lens by usual method. )) Mount the convex lens holder in central upright and keep itin the middle ofthe optical bench. (ii) Mount the card board screen on another upright and keep ita distance equal to rough focal length ofthe lens, from the central upright. (iv) Mount the burning candle in third upright and keep it on the other side of the central upright ‘and near the end ofthe optical bench, (v) Adjust heights so that the inverted image of erect flame of burning candle is formed on screen. Move the screen to make the image sharp. The screen will be nearly atthe focus ofthe convexlens. (vi) Theimage willbe real inverted and much more diminished. (vii) Asthe burning candle is moved towards the lens on one side, for geting sharp, for getting sharp flame image. The inverted image size increases, (viii) When the position of the candle is at distance 2f from the lens, the screen is also at same distance on the other side. The image size will be equal to the actual flame size. (ix) Move the candle further nearer tothe lens. The sereen has to be moved away for getting an cenlarged inverted real image on screen. () __Asthe candle reaches the focus ofthe lens, the screen may not be able to getits image which will be at infinity ie. beyond the ends ofthe optical bench. Rough focal length of the convex lens, f= .n....Cm, Size ofthecandle lame =......em S. | Position | Position of candle | Position of | Size ofthe image No. | of tens | flame relative tothe | the image [Gn emy | relative to object (cm) lens (em) ‘At infinity Beyond 2F . | Avr x Between f and 2F ‘This change in position, nature and size of the image is according to theoretical predictions. Sere Page 31 (PHYSICS)ACTIVITY 14 ‘To obtain a lens combination with specified focal length by caring two lenses from the given set of lenses. [No particular apparatus is used. ‘Asset of thin convex lenses lens holder with stand, A white painted vertical wooden board with board ‘stand mails scale. 1, Withaconvex lens, the real image of distance object is formed ata distance equal tits focal length. Reciprocal of focal length in metre is called power of ens, Power of lens is expressed indiopter, 2. Iffand{,be the focal lengths ofthe two lenses and F be the focal length ofthe two lenses and Fbe the focal length ofthe combination, Then Forlenses of power, and, and combination of powerP Then P=P.+P, 1, Setthe fens L, of focal length fin lens upright Combination Fig. Study of focal length of ‘combination of lenses. 2, Obiainthe image of (brightly) illuminate distance object wire gangeon the screen. 3. Measure the distance between the lens and screen upright when two bright and distance image's focused Recordits focal lengthas/, Similarly replace first levis by second length and measured its focal length /,= Nowbring thetwolenses Land, ineontact. CObiain the distinct image (using combined lenses) ofa wel illuminated distance object on thesereen and measured it focal length. 7. Within experimental error find the difference inthe calculated focal length & measured focal length. Calculation observed combined focal length Conclusion Froma given set oftwo lenses, the combined les of specified focal length can be obtained by using therelation.Peombination=P, +P, (AlgebricsumofP, and, Precaution 1. Thinlenses should be taken, 2, Lenses should havessave aperture, Page 32 (PHYSICS)Page 33 (PHYSICS)